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The possibility of using an aqueous extract of bark-containing mass of wastewater formed during wood processing as growth stimulator for various crops was considered. The proposed technological solution meets the modern requirements to improve the environmental efficiency of enterprises in woodworking industry, contributes to the expansion of the range of goods which can be used in related industries, including the agroindustrial complex to increase its productivity. Studies on testing extractive substances of bark-containing mass at various dilutions as a growth stimulant for a number of test crops (spring common wheat cv. Rada and garden cress cv. Azhur) were carried out. The cambium layer of wood contains all the necessary substances required for higher plants and is most susceptible to destruction under the influence of water and mechanical forces during wood processing at the stage of bark separation. In this regard, the possibility of using aqueous extracts from the bark of various wood species as growth stimulants was investigated. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of a complex of bark extractives on biometric parameters of the test crops depending on the dilution factor of the concentrated bark-containing wastewater from wood processing. It was established that specially prepared aqueous extracts from the bark have pronounced growth-s timulating effects (significant increase in root length by 3540 % and sprouts - by more than 4244 %) and can be used as growth stimulants in seed preparation. The method of producing growth stimulants based on bark-containing wastewater is protected by a patent.

According to the strategy for the development of the forestry complex of the Russian Federation until 2030, approved by Order of the Prime Minister of Russia no. 312r dated February 11, 2021, the contribution of the forestry industry to the country’s economy should increase by 2 times, including through deep wood processing. To this end, enterprises for deep processing of wood raw materials will be actively developed. Consequently, there will be a shortage of wood raw materials, which will lead to an urgent need to expand the raw material base of these industries. Despite this, as the analysis of the practical experience of modern logging enterprises has shown, today, during logging operations, only the stem part of the tree is removed from the cutting area, and the rest of the biomass in the form of stumpwood, branches, twigs and tops is burned or buried, although these parts of the tree are valuable raw materials for the production of many types of products of wood processing enterprises. This state of affairs is due to the lack of effective technology for processing potential raw materials in the places of their formation and a complex of mobile machines for its implementation. As a result, a technology for the production of wood and coniferous flour, technological chips and semi-finished wood-fiber products, as well as mobile equipment for its implementation, has been proposed for the processing of logging waste in the form of tops, branches and twigs. The article presents technological solutions and equipment models built in the SolidWorks computer-aided design system. The introduction of the proposed technologies, machines and mechanisms will increase the share of harvested raw materials per unit area, reduce the environmental load from the logging process, and increase the efficiency of the industry.

Relevance. The need for an ecological and geochemical assessment of the mercury intake characteristics into pine wood in order to identify the factors determining the accumulation of the element by trees. Aim. Quantitative evaluation of mercury content in the annual rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Tomsk region, as well as identification of geoecological and climatic factors affecting the accumulation of pollutant. Object. Annual rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) widely used in world science to obtain information about environmental pollution by chemical elements. Methods. Pine core sampling, samples drying at room temperature. Determination of the number, width of annual rings and growth of wood on the LINTAB device (TSAP-Win and LIGNOVISION software) at the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RAS (Tomsk). Determination of concentrations on the mercury analyzer RA-915+, by atomic absorption (pyrolysis method) on the basis of the Engineering School of Natural Resources of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Calculation of ecological and geochemical indicators: concentration coefficient, temporal allowable concentration, noosphere clark, normalization according to B. Markert, enrichment factor. To assess the climatic response of mercury accumulation by trees, the average daily data for 1933–2021 from the Tomsk weather station were used. Results. The authors have obtained the data on the gross content and geochemical features of mercury accumulation by Scots pine wood in the territory of the Tomsk region. The results of calculations of the main geoecological indicators of the mercury load indicate an excess of element concentrations relative to the background, the average for terrestrial plants, as well as according to scandium rationing data. The paper highlights the period of increased mercury concentration in pine wood (1941–1974) as a result of the influence of the city industry. A similar pattern of pollutant accumulation for 1970–1986 was revealed in the study area, with an excess of 1.6–1.8 times relative to adjacent environments (soil, solid snow sediment, pine needles, mosses). Hg accumulation by wood is affected by the precipitation amount, both per year and during the growing season and during the period with positive temperatures, as well as the duration of precipitation during the year and the growing season.

Introduction. The paper discusses the advantages and features of the main existing methods of connecting wooden columns and crossbars.Materials and methods. It was proposed to increase the load-bearing capacity and reduce the deformability of joints by modifying the joints with the introduction of epoxy resin between the screw and the wood and between the overlay and the end of the wooden element to which it is attached and modifying the design of the overlays.Results. As a result, a constructive solution for connecting wooden columns and crossbars was developed, which has increased reliability compared to the studied connections and is free of their disadvantages. This result was achieved due to the presence of an adhesive layer between the screw and the wood, as well as between the overlay and the wooden element, the making of notches on the sides of the overlays attached to the wooden elements, the increased length of the screws screwed into the overlay with a groove, compared to the length of the screws screwed into an overlay with a tenon, placement of holes for screws at an angle of 90° to the surface of the overlay into which the screws are screwed.Conclusions. An urgent issue is the development of constructive solutions for connections of wooden elements, in particular the interfaces of columns and crossbars. The paper discusses the advantages and features of the main existing methods of connecting wooden columns and crossbars.

Introduction. The article considers the prerequisites for the development and application of new construction technology with the use of renewable natural resource — wood. The problem of providing construction with raw materials for production is relevant. Objectives of the research — determination of the main advantages and disadvantages of CLT-panels as a material used in load-bearing frames; feasibility of CLT-panels in relation to other traditional building materials; identification of the main technological features of construction production with the use of cross-glued panels technology, determination of the advantages of the technology; necessity of research activities on the construction material for updating the relevant building regulations; analysis of foreign experience in the field of construction of wood-based panels.Materials and methods. The review and analysis of domestic and foreign literature, scientific papers, normative documents, information sources on the basis of eLIBRARY.RU were performed. Comparison and systematization of the obtained data. Earlier studies were also taken as a basis.Results. On the basis of the conducted analysis of information sources the description of the main properties and characteristics, as well as production technology of CLT-panels is given; positive and negative sides of the material application, advantages of construction technology of building frames erection are determined. The comparative analysis of domestic and foreign experience in wooden house building is carried out. The problems of cross-glue panel technology development in Russia are defined.Conclusions. The results obtained through the conducted research determine the feasibility of using CLT-panels as a building material for load-bearing structures, characterized by the presence of a list of properties significant for the industry: environmental friendliness, renewability, high rates of work production, reduction in the cost of construction of objects due to the reduction of labour intensity of the construction process.

This paper presents research into the possibilities of using laser perforation to enhance the decorative properties of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) wood. Fir wood is characterized by fairly modest physical and mechanical properties and featureless appearance, which is why it is in low demand. With enhanced decorative properties, fir wood could find its use in the production of finish materials. The literature review reveals that the existing wood dyeing technologies are not really effective for the hard-to-impregnate fir wood. Therefore, laser perforation was used to achieve higher wood impregnation and its controlled coloring to form the texture. The study also explored the features of dyeing laser-perforated fir wood, depending on the set parameters of impregnation and wood structure. To do so, the fir samples (with the size of 165×65×32 mm) were laser perforated to form slots up to 0.2 mm in diameter and 15 mm deep. Then the samples were impregnated in an autoclave. The set parameters were determined in accordance with the two-factor experiment schedule: the pressure standing at 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 MPa, with the impregnation time of 30, 225 and 480 min. The study showed that when perforated wood is impregnated, the dyeing solution penetrates the laser-cut slots first and mainly spreads along the wood fibers. Depending on the impregnation time and pressure applied, the dye moves from the perforated slots along the wood fibers covering a distance of 10.9 mm to 24.6 mm. The dye does not spread as well across the fibers, only coloring a total width of 1.3 to 1.7 mm both ways from the slot depending on applied pressure and time of impregnation. It was found that, first and foremost, the set parameters affect the size of colored areas along the wood fibers and make little difference to lateral coloring in absolute values. Pressure applied to perforated wood during impregnation was determined to have the biggest impact on the size of colored areas. The study proves it possible to use the developed technology in forming artificial wood textures, including those that imitate valuable wood species. For citation: Eliseev S.G., Ermolin V.N., Duk D.V. Using Laser Perforation to Enhance Decorative Properties of Siberian Fir (Abies sibirica) Wood. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 5, pp. 151–163. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036- 2023-5-151-163

Introduction. A distinctive feature of CLT panels is the cross arrangement of planks (lamellae) in different layers of the board. Due to the anisotropy of wood, this design allows for high strength and stiffness in different directions of stress action, which has made this material one of the most promising to be studied in recent decades. This article examines the influence of the thickness of transverse and longitudinal layers in five-layer slabs of cross-glued timber boards, or CLT panels, on the deformation and distribution of the resulting normal and tangential stresses. The relevance of the work is conditioned by the necessity of obtaining calculated data to analyze changes in the strength characteristics of boards with different variations in the thickness of longitudinal and transverse layers in order to choose the most effective configuration of the board.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out by numerical methods using SCAD+ PC using FEM (Finite element method). At the same time, the three-dimensional finite elements are parallelepipeds. The design scheme is defined as a general-type system, whose deformations and its main unknowns are represented by linear displacements of nodal points along the X, Y, Z axes and rotations around these axes. As a design structure, a five-layer slab with cross-directed layers was chosen in such a way that the outer (1, 5) and central inner (3) layers are longitudinal, and the remaining inner (2, 4) are transverse. The simplified design scheme is a pivotally supported beam.Results. The results of the study and calculations made using SCAD+ were applied to make tables and graphs showing dependence of deflection, distribution of normal and tangential stresses on the thickness of transverse and longitudinal layers of the board.Conclusions. The obtained data allow us to evaluate the influence of thickness on deformability and stress distribution in five-layer CLT panels. The significance of the conducted research is in the expansion of scientific and technical knowledge base in the field of wooden structures.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. This study aims to carry out comprehensive comparative research of thermal degradation and inflammation parameters of timber covered with fire resistant biological flame retardants of different chemical composition. We also looked at the efficiency and the action mechanism of the latter. Materials and methods. As the objects of research, the means were selected – phosphorase-containing water-soluble compounds of the nanoscale series, complex biocides and special bioplasticizers (Agent 1) and water-soluble nanoscale diammonium hydrophosphate (Agent 2) applied to pine wood by surface treatment and deep impregnation methods. Results and discussion. Thermogravimetric studies of wood treated with flame retardants have shown that its decomposition occurs in the following temperature ranges: 30–150°C – the process of loss of moisture by wood; 150–400°C – the effect of protective mechanisms of the compositions, as well as the process of decomposition of the main components of wood (hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin) and the formation of a coke layer; 400–800°C – the process of gradual burnout of the coke layer taking into account its thermophysical characteristics up to the ash residue. It has been established that both flame retardants act by the mechanism of catalytic dehydration and reduce the rate of decomposition of wood from 29 to 10%/min. Conclusion. The features of the thermal decomposition of wood protected by two different chemical composition and method of its processing means are determined. The parameters of the flammability of pine wood treated with fire-protective compounds by surface and deep impregnation were obtained, which indicate their high efficiency, which is confirmed by the values of the coke residue at 400°C, the nature of DTG peaks and DSC curves. The possibility of using the obtained materials from wood for interior decoration and cladding of facades of buildings that meet regulatory requirements for their safe use is shown

Plantation-grown Gmelina arborea trees were felled and corewood (3500 mm long) from the base of the logs were sawn. Flatsawn, FS planks (25 mm x 125 mm x 2500 mm) were processed for the experiment. Initial moisture content (IMC%) of planks was determined using the ovendry method. A total of 33 samples each were under air drying shed (ADS, 2.5 m2) and greenhouse-type solar kiln (SK, 4.00m3) located at the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) for 21 days. Drying rate (DR%/day) and Final moisture content, FMC% of planks were calculated with reference to moisture content above and below fibre saturation point (FSP). Daily measurement on temperature-T◦C and relative and humidity-RH% of the atmospheric condition of the study area, and internal environmental condition of the drying facilities were measured. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and regression analysis at α0.05. Average DR%/day ranged from 0.42 to 155.46 and 0.02 to 157.46 in ADS and SK, respectively. Average FMC was 19.42 and 10.40 in ADS and SK, respectively. Atmospheric T◦C ranged from 28.11 to 34.91 while internal T◦C ranged from 31.27 to 38.00 and 32.63 to 40.18 in ADS and SK, respectively. Solar powered-kiln improved final moisture content and drying rate of Gmelina arborea wood. Publishing of this paper sponsored by the Obeng Prime LLC (https://obengprime.com; Saint Petersburg, Russia).

Aspen and poplar are the least required types of wood in the Russian Federation, whose stock is continually expanding. Such wood can be used as a substitute for valuable hardwood, but in this case the strength must be almost doubled while achieving stability in shape and size. Treatment with acetic anhydride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, or hydrothermal care are the most common methods for maintaining the volumetric stability of the wood. Treatment with phenol- and urea-formaldehyde monomers, oligomers, and resins is typically done for strength improvement. The stabilization of the dimensional parameters is especially critical for pressed wood, which has 8 times greater swelling in water than raw wood. Cardanol was chosen as a modifier. It can be derived from cashew nutshell liquid or synthesized. The established technique for impregnating wood with cardanol includes 2–3 % acetic acid, followed by heat treatment at 140–150 °С for 6–8 hours. During this process, cardanol polymerizes with components of the lignocarbohydrate complex of the wood, which does not only improve its characteristics but also provides form and size stability in an environment with changeable humidity. A Mettler Toledo DSC 823e/700 differential scanning calorimeter was used to examine the kinetics. Heat fluxes were measured in 30 µl sealed steel crucibles that could sustain steam pressure up to 15 MPa. At a heating rate of 10 °C/min, the heat flow curve showed an exothermic peak with a maximum temperature of 150.7 °C. Aspen wood with 15 % cardanol content has a compressive strength along the fibers of 69 MPa, a volume swelling limit of 2.6 %, and a moisture absorption limit of 18 %. The ultimate water absorption and ultimate volumetric swelling of wood impregnated with cardanol are comparable to the relevant indications of the modified wood brands Accoja, Belmadur, and Thermowood. For citation: Shamaev V.A., Shishlov O.F. Hardening and Stabilization of Volumetric Properties in Aspen and Poplar Wood with Cardanol. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 155–161. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-155-161

On 15 June at 10:30, a discussion club of Zodchestvo in Siberia-Project Baikal (ZVS-PB) was held in the Irkutsk House of the Architect. It was dedicated to the theme of the festival: SIBIRIAN CODE. The round table gathered representatives from Irkutsk, Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Barnaul, Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Nizhny Novgorod. Elena Grigorieva, vice-president of the Union of Architects of Russia for the Siberian Federal District, architect and publisher was the moderator.

The Bayanovo burial ground dating from the IX – first half of the X centuries is one of the most interesting medieval sites of Perm Cis-Urals . At the moment it is the most studied burial site of Lomovatovo archaeological culture (527 burials have been studied). The article deals with the results of the study of wooden scabbards with metal plates found during the excavation of the monument. Based on the collection, visual analysis of sources and their study with the help of different natural scientific methods, a detailed view of the design of items, the features of their manufacture and decoration techniques are given. The authors found out that birch was the main material for making the base of the scabbard. Birch, leather and textiles were also used. Thin sheets of pure copper or sheets of an alloy with a high silver content were used to make the metal plates of the scabbard. The decoration of the items was carried out with the help of various jewelry techniques. Often the artifacts were decorated with stamped wire with a grainy effect, triangles made of grains, incrustation or squeezed ornithomorphic and anthropomorphic images. Gilding applied with the help of amalgamation was also used.

Since 1957 until 1961, a rich sample of archaeological wood was accumulated during V.V. Kropotkin’s excavations near Bakhchysarai, at the burial ground of Chufut-Kale dated back to the late 5th — 9th centuries. The collection now reposes in the State Historical Museum. It was iron objects which preserve wood in most cases. Among these, knives and fragments of knives were especially numerous, with their blades and hafts displaying residual worked wood which probably left from scabbards and handles. The xylotomical analysis of the total of 52 samples from 19 burials was carried out to determine wood species. Fifty samples are turned to be identifiable. Most of these — 52% — consisted of poplar (aspen), and the rest were oak, maple, hornbeam, ash, linden, etc. Consequently, soft wood species, and above all poplar (aspen), predominated as, perhaps, most suitable raw materials. The wood species mentioned were neither invasive nor introduced in the Crimean flora. Ancient craftsmen are supposed to take their raw materials somewhere in the close proximity of the site, yet some wood species, such as pine, turpentine, and juniper, are known to grow elsewhere, so that their presence may suggest for active trading relations between Chufut-Kale and various regions of Crimea.

The article presents the results of computational and experimental studies of thermochemical conversion of wood biomass to obtain liquid pyrolysis products taking into account their cooling rate. The method of calculating the optimal operating parameters (temperature and cooling rate) of the techno-logical process is presented. An expression is proposed to determine the consumption of wood raw materials depending on the temperature of the thermochemical conversion process. It is noted that the mass yield of liquid pyrolysis products from the reactor poorly depends on temperature and is approximately 0.45 in the range from 573 to 923 K. To assess the effect of the cooling rate of liquid pyrolysis products, a third-order differential equation was used for a model limited by the reaction rate. It has been shown that when liquid pyrolysis products are cooled, the degree of their conversion tends to a certain value other than 1 (depending on the cooling rate). Calculated data on the dependence of the degrees of conversion of liquid wood pyrolysis products on time at different cooling rates and temperatures of thermochemical conversion of biomass have been obtained. It has been established also that the ratio of the mass yield of cooled liquid pyrolysis products to the initial loading of the pyrolysis reactor makes it possible to find optimal cooling conditions for the primary products of biomass pyrolysis carried out at certain temperatures. Graphs of the dependence of this parameter on the temperature of the thermochemical conversion of wood biomass for different cooling rates of liquid pyrolysis products are presented. It is shown that the maximum possible yield of liquid products is provided at a reactor temperature of 923–973 K and a cooling rate of 700000–1200000 degrees/min. However, achieving such cooling rates is rather a difficult technical task. Therefore, more limited temperature 773–800 K is accepted, at which a practically realizable cooling rate of primary biomass de-composition products is achieved.

The article presents the results of the research on the state of conservation of the roof of the Church of the Holy Governors in Ceplenița, which was built in 1802 by the logofat Iordache Cantacuzino-Pascanu and in 1939 was declared a historical monument. Under proper conditions, wood will provide centuries of utilization, however, under conditions that allow the development of wood-degrading organisms, protection must be provided during processing, marketing and use. Organisms that can degrade wood are mainly fungi, insects, bacteria. Molds, most sapwood stains and decay are caused by fungi, which are microscopic microorganisms that must have organic material to live. For some of them, wood provides the necessary food supply. Fungal growth depends on proper temperatures, humidity and air (oxygen). Insects also damage wood and, in many situations, must be taken into account in protective measures. Bacteria in wood are usually of little importance, but some can make wood excessively absorbent. The degradation of wood by organisms has been extensively studied, and many preventive measures are well known and widely practiced. By taking the usual precautions with the finished product, the user can contribute substantially to ensuring a long life.

В данной статье дан анализ современного состояния техники и технологии создания фанеры с предварительной обработкой шпона. Приведены современные представления о теоретических основах процесса модификации фанеры. Изучены работы по повышению прочности клееной древесины и нетрадиционных способов сушки. Целью статьи является анализ изучения отечественных и зарубежных исследований в области производства фанеры. В работе были использованы такие методы исследования как анализ и синтез информации, обобщение и сравнение. В статье приведен анализ взглядов исследователей в области обработки клееной древесины. Результаты представленных исследований свидетельствуют о повышенном интересе к вопросам предварительной обработки шпона в производстве фанеры. Данное направление дополняется также рассмотрением предварительной озоновой обработки шпона для повышения адгезионных свойств фанеры.

Background. Most of the plantings of fruit crops in Russia are located in the zone of risky agriculture. In the European part of Russia, in winter, fruit crops are affected by the impacts of weather conditions (spring frosts, droughts, early frosts, low-temperature stress, a short growing season, and thaws). Frosts cause 98% of the damage to fruit trees.Methods. One-year-old branches were frozen in a Japanese Espec PSL-2KPH climate chamber after prehardening under –5°C and –10°C for 5 days, and damaging factors of the winter period were simulated.Results. The bioresource collection of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) contains 730 appletree cultivars from various domestic and foreign institutions. Apple cultivars from Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Moldova, USA, France, Czech Republic, Sweden and Canada were analyzed for frost resistance components. The resistance of plants to early frosts of–25°C without hardening and after hardening in early winter (Component I) showed that the main tissues (bark, cambium and wood) suffered minor damage in all studied cultivars. In cv. ‘Belarusskoye Sladkoye’, the damage to the bark scored 2.3 points. Among the studied apple cultivars whose one-year-old branches were frozen at –38°C and –40°C (Component II), ‘Coremolda’ (Moldova) showed the highest frost resistance to the negative mid-January temperature of –38°C (damage to the buds and main tissues scored 0.3–1.0 points). Under–40°C (Component II), ‘Coremolda’ (Moldova) and ‘Aivaris’ (Latvian breeding) demonstrated bark, cambium and wood resistance with damages at the level of 2.0 points. These cultivars can be used in breeding programs as sources of frost resistance. Freezing of one-year-old branches under –25°C after a 3-day artificial thaw at +2°C revealed bud and tissue resistance in the American cv. ‘Red Free’ and in cv. ‘Coremolda’ (Component III).

The aim of this paper was to test the Rotfinder® device which use the method of measuring electrical resistances of the wood. Research was conducted in the north of the Eastern Carpathians, in four Norway spruce plots. A total of 1046 healthy standing trees (according with visual inspection) were analyzed. Between 5% and 16% of trees were affected by root rot, the highest values being recorded in the first 5 classes indicated by the Rot-finder® device. The relationship between the value indicated by the Rotfinder® device and the proportion occupied by the root rot in the cross-section of the Norway spruce trees is given by a logarithmic equation. The correlation is very strong and very significant (r = 0.956***). The correlation between the value indicated by the Rotfinder® and the proportion occupied by the root rot in the cross-section have a considerable practical importance because it is possible to estimate the proportion of root rot in the cross-sectional area for different forest areas.

The article provides a comparative analysis of the lengths of early and late tracheids of dominant coeval Scots pine trees. It has been established that tracheids of juvenile wood are characterized by significant differences in length and the difference between them reached 400%, while in the zone of mature wood, the length of both early and late tracheids stabilizes, demonstrating small fluctuations (in within 10%). That makes it possible to use the obtained results to assess forest typological variations. It was shown that the longest tracheids were found in sorrel pine forests, and the shortest – in sphagnum; ericetal pine forests showed intermediate results. The idea of significant differences between the lengths of tracheids in the zone of mature wood of model trees of 3 trial plots is substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The features of macro- and micro-signs of Neolentinus lepideus in the Tomsk region, depending on the substrate affinity, are studied. The article presents an analysis of 70 samples of the species N. lepideus found in the Tomsk region (Western Siberia). Descriptions of macro- and micro-signs are accompanied by original illustrations. A statistically significant difference in the size of the spores and the length of the basidia, depending on their trophic allocation among coniferous and deciduous tree species, is shown. The width of the basidia showed no statistically significant difference. In turn, fruit bodies collected from Pinus sibirica, Pinus sylvestris, Larix sibirica and buried coniferous wood do not have statistically significant differences in the size of microstructures. Thus, based on the data obtained, it can be assumed that the size of the microstructures depends on the trophic allocation of the species.

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THE PURPOSE. Consider a renewable energy source. Compare the proposed design with other pyrolysis technologies and make sure that the proposed design will reduce fuel consumption. METHODS. This article proposes the design and technological principle of the process of pyrogenetic wood processing with the production of various compositions of pyrolysis gas and charcoal. RESULTS. The article describes the proposed design, calculates the heat balance for it, and determines the operational parameters of the technological process. CONCLUSION. The main positive difference between the proposed plant design and technology from other pyrolysis technologies is a high level of fuel economy due to heat utilization at intermediate stages of the process. The heat of the cooled charcoa l and the waste products of complete fuel combustion are utilized. The developed design allows reducing fuel consumption, as well as the range of gaseous components obtained as a result of pyrogenetic decomposition of raw wood in a direct -flow pyrolysis plant can be increased.

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Purpose. The object of research were fire-retardant and fire-extinguishing agents based on ammonium phosphates of bivalent and trivalent metals used for the treatment of forest combustible materials (FCM), including wood and peat. The subject of the research was to determine the fire-retardant and fire-extinguishing effectiveness of these agents, depending on their physical and chemical properties determined by the conditions of synthesis. The aim was to establish common traits or difference in the mechanism of inhibition of combustion of FCM by metallophosphate systems of various chemical compositions, as well as to reveal the role of the processes occurring in the condensed phase under the influence of their thermal decomposition products. The main task was to study the physicochemical, thermal properties of fire-retardant and fire-extinguishing agents, as well as fire-protected samples of peat and other FCM in the temperature range on the burning surface of natural materials (200–500 °C). Methods. X-ray phase analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, chemical analysis. Findings. The factors determining the fire-retardant and fire-extinguishing efficiency of synthetic agents based on phosphates of bivalent and trivalent ammonium metals with controlled properties depending on the synthesis conditions with respect to FCM, wood and peat have been determined. A process has been established that has a dominant effect on stopping their combustion – inhibition of radical reactions in the gas phase by volatile nitrogen-containing products. At the same time, it was shown that when developing new fire-retardant and fire-extinguishing agents, it is necessary to take into account their properties such as the ability to form thermal insulating structures in the condensed phase. Application field of research. The results obtained in this work can be used to create new fire-retardant and fire-extinguishing synthetic compositions based on ammonium phosphates of bivalent and trivalent metals for the treatment of forest fuels.

The kinetic model of wood pyrolysis under pressure is discussed in the present paper taking into account the diffusion of the resulting gas-phase products (i.e. heavy hydrocarbons) and their decomposition reactions. This model is based on a simplified mechanism of wood pyrolysis, including two parallel chemical reactions, viz. the primary decomposition reaction of wood biomass with the formation of solid and gaseous components and the thermal decomposition reaction in the biomass pores of hydrocarbons formed in the primary process. The model takes into account the diffusion processes of the primary pyrolysis products from the resulting pores and thermal decomposition in the pores of these products. Based on the developed model, a computer program for calculating the main parameters of the pyrolysis process under pressure was created and the mass yield of solid pyrolysis products under various conditions was calculated. The calculation took into account the main parameters that affect the yield of solid wood biomass products, viz. temperature and pyrolysis pressure, particle sizes, porosity, etc. The calculations demonstrated that the increase of the pressure at which the pyrolysis of wood biomass is carried out causes an increase of the formation of the amount of solid products, which corresponds to the available experimental data. It was established that at a pressure of 1 atm when a sample size is of 0.025 m, the maximum yield of solid products is observed at the temperature of 600 °C. As the pressure increases the maximum yield increases, while the temperature at which the maximum is reached decreases. So, at a pressure of 10 atm when a particle size is of 0.025 m, the maximum yield of solid products is observed at the temperature of about 500 °C, and it is higher than that at 1 atm by 1.18 times. It was also determined that the temperature of the maximum yield of charcoal decreases with increasing sizes of pyrolyzable samples. Thus, when a sample size is of 0.5 m, this temperature is about 400 °C at 10 atm.

The article is aimed at a statistical analysis of imports of the consumer goods made from agricultural products. The dynamics of the purchase costs for imports of products are analyzed and its place in the structure of the total costs of imports of the national economy for the period 2001–2019 is determined. It is specified that the purchase costs for the imports of the commodity group VIII «Raw skins, leather» during the study period increased from 66.3 million US Dollars to 258.7 million US Dollars, the commodity group IX «Wood and wood products» – from 73.2 million US Dollars to 280.2 million US Dollars, the commodity group X «Mass of wood or other fibrous pulp materials» – from 538.1 million US Dollars to 918.2 million US Dollars, the commodity group XI «Textile materials and products» – from 646.9 million US Dollars to 2.166,5 million US Dollars, the commodity group XII «Shoes, hats, umbrellas» – from 43.8 million US Dollars to 432.3 million US Dollars. The carried out correlation-regression analysis identified a reverse causality between cattle population and the costs of imports of the commodity groups VIII and XII. A reverse causality is also identified between the planting area of linen flax and and the costs of imports of the commodity group XI. It is determined that the costs for the imports of the commodity groups VIII and XII is elastic relative to the cattle population in Ukraine, and the costs of importing the commodity group XI is not elastic relative to the planting area of linen flax. The need to activate the development of crop and livestock industries in order to reduce the import dependence of Ukraine’s economy is substantiated.

The 15th All-Russian architectural festival “ArchBukhta. Teleportation” was held on Olkhon Island from 10 to 15 March. More than one hundred people from seven regions of Russia, from the first organizers to first-year students, took part in the competition. The article formulates the main idea of the Festival – to create art objects from local materials. The article also presents the results of the Festival: 20 art objects arranged on the territory of the Art Residence “Port Olkhon”. Five of them received prizes.

This paper deals with the hygroscopic properties of the wood of the Siberian tree species. We analyzed Siberian larch Larix sibirica Ledeb., Scotch pine Pinus sylvestris L., Siberian spruce Picea obovata Ledeb., Siberian fir Abies sibirica Ledeb., drooping birch Betula pendula Roth., and wood samples of aspen Populus tremula L. using sorption models including the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET), Frenkel–Halsey–Hill (FHH), Zimm–Lundberg (ZL), and micropore volume filling (MVF) theories along with accurate methods, namely thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The isotherms of moisture sorption by wood were used to quantify the most important hygroscopic characteristics. We used BET to calculate monolayer capacity (um), specific inner surface area (Ssp) and ZL equation to find water vapor content and relative pressure when water clusters start to form in the wood samples, FHH model and MVF theory to obtain fractal dimension of «sorption surface» and characteristic sorption energy (Ес), respectively. Application of Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method to TG/DTG data allowed us to identify a dependence of water desorption activation energy on the stage of nonisothermal wood drying and to determine maximum moisture loss rate. Based on the measurement values obtained from DSC experiments, we found the energy spent for the removal of bound water when heating samples at a constant rate. The values of um, Ssp and Ес indicated that moisture sorption differed considerably (8.8 % for um and Ssp and 31.4 % for Ес) among the woody species of interest. A kinetical analysis revealed that the wood of birch, aspen, and larch had higher values of moisture desorption activation energy as compared to pine, spruce and fir. These differences agreed well with the values for moisture evaporation heat determined by DSC method.

The work is devoted to the numerical study of the process of downdraft fixed-bed gasification of woody biomass. Such processes are used to produce combustible gases at lowcapacity power plants. To improve the quality of the produced gas, it is proposed to use a mixture of wood fuel with a non-combustible material that can exhibit catalytic activity in the decomposition of undesired tary products. Adding a non-combustible material leads to lower heat value of fuel mixture, but contributes to a deeper gas purification. The aim of the study is to select the optimal "active material / wood fuel" ratio and to determine the minimum material activity at which its addition to the fuel becomes effective.

An analysis of the process of thermal modification of wood, which was obtained by a controlled heating process, was done. The unique technological properties (durability, low hygroscopicity and dimensional stability) of thermomodified wood make it possible to use it in various scope. Due to the influence of temperature there are some chemical changes in the structures of the wood cell wall components (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose). This leads to an increase in density, hardness, improved hydrophobicity (water repellency), thereby reducing their ability to absorb moisture and swell. The products absorb moisture gradually, are less prone to swelling and shrinkage, but still need the elastic coatings application. It is proved that heat-treated wood turns gray over time under the influence of sunlight, and therefore requires additional surface treatment with a coating. Additional protective substances application on the thermo-modified wood products surface promotes dimensional stability and protects against rapid weathering of the surface in open air conditions. The use of transparent coatings and oils does not protect the surface from discoloration during weathering. They are recommended for products are manufactured from thermomodified wood, which are operated away from direct sunlight and rain. The parameters of moisture penetration into wood are mathematically modeled on the basis of the moisture diffusion quasistationary equation through the polymer coating on the flat sample surface. The dynamics of moisture content changes in thermally modified wood by different schedules parameters has been experimentally studied. The obtained mathematical relations based on the experimental studies results make it possible to calculate the moisture diffusion coefficient in thermally modified wood in the presence of a polymer shell. It is established that the wax coating application on the surface of the product reduces the moisture diffusion process more than 10 times for surfaces treated at a temperature of 160 °C for 1 hour. That is, such products can be used on objects with high humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on materials of archaeological researches of Tara, one of the first Russian cities in Western Siberia. The aim of the work is to show the importance of wood in life of the Siberian city — from construction of dwellings and defensive works to its use as the main fuel for heating of constructions in winter time, for cooking and as the main material for production of instruments of labor and household items. The aim of the research is to show deficit of wood in life of the city of Tara which is examplified by reusing of wood in case new objects were constructed. It is possible to single out several directions of the reuse: economic constructions, bases under structures, fences, zavalinkas, for repairment of pavements and roads, as firewood. The construction of the Market square is used as an example of reusing wood as it was made of logs which had formed part of the wooden fence of the Tara fortress. The study revealed that the main reasons of the lack of wood were numerous fires, high level of groundwater and a large swamped area in close proximity to the paled part of the city. The service class population was forced to pass their time free from guard constantly repairing defensive constructions and administrative buildings of the city which suffered of fire or decayed because of the soil saturated with water. Many labor costs were accounted for making pavements and sidewalks on city streets, building drainage trenches and maintaining them in normal state. We also found it interesting to determine the number of gathered firewood for the winter period: it turned out that the city consumed more than three thousand cubic meters for these needs, which is a very large number for a small fortified city. In fact, a small forest on the area of several hectares was annually cut down. The conducted research showed a certain dependence of the city on regular deliveries of wood, both as a construction material, and as firewood. This situation was typical of most of the first Russian cities in Western Siberia, so the results of our work can be used even in the archaeological research of their historical centers.

The article is devoted to research of above-ground biomass of oak (Quercus robur L.) windbreaks. Described are the morphological, biological, ecological and forest meliorative properties of common oak growing in windbreaks. The dependence between the amount of biomass components and the main mensurational and meliorative indices such as protective height and openness in the crowns of windbreaks has been established. As a result, mathematic models for the assessment of both the above-ground components of a tree,the crown, and a windbreak, as a whole, have been developed. It is determined that the relative density of the trunk has less accuracy than openness in the crown in the assessment of the components of above-ground phytomass of a windbreak. For a separate tree of 36 cm in diameter at breath height, 24 m in height, a 0.8 windbreak density and a 10 % openness of crown in windbreak, the share of trunk biomass is higher in a massive stand in comparison with a windbreak. However, the crown biomass in a windbreak is 6% larger than in a massive stand. The standards for determination of the amount of phytomass components for trunks and crowns of separate trees and oak windbreaks, as well as that of sequestered carbon have been developed. The developed models and standards were analyzed. and the structure of phytomass on the components and sequestered carbon done. The comparative analyze has revealed the trends towards increased share of crown phytomass in the oak windbreaks with increasing their biometric characteristics as compared to massive stands.

Application of waste liquor at a rate of 25% that contains the used quinone and is applied as an additive has shown that qualitative characteristics of the obtained desired product do not differ from a product while using fresh quinone for pulping of cellulose-containing vegetable raw material. For this reason process of obtaining the desired product (cellulose or semicellulose) becomes economically cost-efficient on the basis of calculation and with due account of ecology. While analyzing investigation results pertaining to production of wood pulp from vegetable raw material (sprucewood) it is possible to point out the fact that qualitative characteristics of the desired product have been improved due to addition of quinone in the process of alkaline wood pulping (sulphate and sodic). A number of research publications have described a positive influence of additives on alkaline delignification of vegetable raw material. It subsequently improves the quality of the desired product: reduction of lignin content in the product; an output increase in cellulose and hemicellulose, α-cellulose in cellulose; upgrading of physical and mechanical indices. All the above-mentioned elements and components contribute to better quality of the manufactured packing products. In this case formation of hazardous sulfur-containing compounds is fully excluded.

Cellulose materials such as wood, cotton, linen, paper, and cane and also products of their mechanical and chemical processing are widely used in industry and transport related to combustible materials due to their ability to emit flammable gases and vapors at the time of their decomposition and to leave solid residue (charcoal) as end product of pyrolisis under normal conditions. The research is aimed at defining immediate data as to the processes occurring within the samples of the materials during their dynamic heating in the course of thermogravimetric studies. We studied pine wood sawdust in the atmosphere of both normal air and that containing lowered oxygen content due to additional nitrogen induction. Thermogravimetric study of the processes of thermal degradation under dynamic regime was conducted using Q-1500 D derivatograph in order to reveal the temperature range within which thermal degradation of the materials is the most intensive. The results of the study of the process of pine wood thermal degradation show that endothermic processes take place within the wood samples under research upon reaching temperature equal to 100 ºC, the former are accompanied with loss of the samples' weight. In addition the temperatures corresponding to the commencement and maximum rate of the degradation process served as characteristics of thermal behaviour of the studied gas-air mixtures. The temperatures at which weight loss of the samples reached were determined from the thermograms and stages of the decomposition processes as well as relative weight loss when heated to 800 ºC were estimated. Moreover, we calculated magnitudes of the activation energy for wood thermal decomposition at different oxygen content in the air-gas environment. Thus, comparative analysis of the thermograms of the thermal-oxidative wood degradation at different oxygen content evidences that as the latter lowers in the environment wood pyrolisis occurs more slowly and is accompanied with higher energy consumption. Activation energy for the wood at its thermal decomposition rises more than twice as oxygen content decreases.

Thermal decomposition of wood from coniferous and deciduous species of Siberia has been studied using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The tree species were larch Larix sibirica Ledeb., Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L., spruce Picea obovata Ledeb., fir Abies sibirica Ledeb., Siberian pine Pinus sibirica Du Tour., birch Betula pendula Roth., and aspen Populus tremula L. Thermal analysis of wood samples was carried out under oxidative (air) and inert (argon) atmospheres from 25 to 700 °С at heating rates 10, 20, 40 °С • min–1 (TG/DTG) and from 25 to 590 °С at heating rates 10, 40 °С • min–1 (DSC). The stages of thermal decomposition, the temperature intervals, the mass loss, the mass loss rate, the temperature of DTG/DSC peaks, and heating effects were determined for each tree species. The kinetic thermal degradation parameters of wood were obtained by the Broido and Ozawa–Flynn–Wall models. The wood of coniferous and deciduous species of Siberia was characterized on the base of analysis of activation energy values at various stages of thermal decomposition and the relations of activation energy on conversion level of wood substance of different tree species, and also the comparison of mass loss at the same stages of thermal destruction, heating effects, residual mass and other parameters of TG/DTG, DSC. In our opinion, the results of this work present interest for researchers and specialists in the field of forest pyrology, wood science, dendrochemistry.

Environmental services which are provided by geosystems consist of three types: producing, environment-forming and informational. In the article the first and partly the second types of services of Crimean forests have been estimated. Estimation is largely based on the market value of the goods and services provided by forests. The total cost of Crimean forest is about 6 000-7 400 dollars per hectare / year. It is comparable with the global estimation, which has been made by Robert Costanza for different types of landscapes, including forests. The most significant contribution to the total cost of making the value make such functions as the forest as a source of useful wild plants and water regulation. Recreational possibilities of forests play an important role as well. The total value of the environmental services provided by forest geosystems is at least 100-110 billion US dollars per year. The similar estimation can be made for ecological services of other type of Crimean geosystems, except forest as well as for other territories. However, regional specialties should be taken into account. The results of similar estimation can be useful for environmental management in any region.

The paper discusses the issue of the development of timber production market and timber industry in Poland and selected EU countries. The potential of forest resources in Poland against the background of other European countries is presented, as well as selected aspects exerting impact on the development processes of the sector of production. Particular attention is paid to the structure of ownership of forests in Poland and selected countries of the European Union. The structure of the use of means for research and development is analyzed with particular focus on those branches which allocate the biggest amounts for such purposes. Technological trends in the timber industry in Poland is described. Finally the prospects in the development of timber industry in the near future are discussed.

The paper discusses the issue of the development of timber production market and timber industry in Poland and selected EU countries. The potential of forest resources in Poland against the background of other European countries is presented, as well as selected aspects exerting impact on the development processes of the sector of production. Particular attention is paid to the structure of ownership of forests in Poland and selected countries of the European Union. The structure of the use of means for research and development is analyzed with particular focus on those branches which allocate the biggest amounts for such purposes. Technological trends in the timber industry in Poland is described. Finally the prospects in the development of timber industry in the near future are discussed.

In this study Akçakoca houses of wood and stucco were examined. Primarily, field study was implemented and ornamentation in the Akçakoca houses were designated. Inconclusion a total sum of 74 ornamentation of 4 main types were located in 37 separate structures. Wood materialis extensively used in the county, the architecture and decoration of wooden houses, the most important material. Ornamentatıon in the Akçakoca house materials, techniques, and is studied under the typology. Carving, drilling, cage and çıtakari techniques. ıs evaluate wooden craftsmanship. As the kinds of ornament, floral, geometric, architectural form with the subject and is seen to be of four types. Compositions with different variations of the same motif is enrich.