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Aim: To study the association of bone mineral density (BMD) with serum biochemical and immunological markers in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)., Materials and Methods: The study included 173 women with RA (age 61.0 [56.0; 66.0] years). A survey, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure the BMD of the lumbar spine (L I -L IV ), femoral neck (FN) and total hip (TH), routine blood chemistry, measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor, cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (CCPA), parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D 3 , myostatin, follistatin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-6 receptors, insulin-like growth factor 1, adiponectin, leptin, fibroblast growth factor 23, and tumor necrosis factor SF12 were performed., Results: PTH (β=-0.22, -0.35 and -0.30 for L I -L IV , FN and TH, respectively), CRP (β=-0.18, 0.23 and -0.22 for L I -L IV , FN and TH, respectively) and leptin (β=0.35, 0.32 and 0.42 for L I -L IV , FN and TH, respectively) were shown a significant association with BMD in all sites of measurement. It was independent of age, body mass index and postmenopause duration. Associations were also found between adiponectin and BMD of L I -L IV and TH (β=-0.36 and -0.28, respectively), CCPA and BMD of FN and TH (β=-0.21, -0.24, respectively) and IL-6 and BMD of FN (β=0.37)., Conclusion: The study of biochemical and immunological markers in women with RA demonstrated that CRP, CCPA, PTH, IL-6, adiponectin, and leptin influenced BMD.

Introduction: Tumor-induced osteomalacia is an acquired rare disease manifested by hypophosphatemic osteomalacia due to excessive secretion of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). FGF 23 is a non-classical hormone secreted by bone tissue (osteocytes) and regulates phosphorus metabolism.The aim of this work is to present clinical experience in the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with tumor-induced osteomalacia., Materials and Methods: 40 patients with clinically-confirmed tumor-induced osteomalacia were included in the study, 34 of whom had the tumor localized, 27 underwent surgical treatment and 21 achieved stable remission., Results: The median age was 48 [41; 63] years, 43% were men, the time left from the the onset of the disease was 8 [4; 10] years. Biochemical findings were hypophosphatemia 0.47 [0.4; 0.53] mmol/l, a decrease in the tubular reabsorption phosphate 62 [52; 67]%, and an increase in alkaline phosphatase of 183 [112; 294] units/l. At the time of diagnosis, 100% had multiple pathological fractures, only 10% could move independently, and 77.5% classified the pain as unbearable (8-10 points according to the 10-point pain syndrome scale ). Among the methods used to detect tumors, the most sensitive were scintigraphy with tectrotide with SPECT/CT 71.4% (20/28) and MRI 90% (18/20). In 35% of cases, the tumor was localized in soft tissues and in 65% in bone tissue; The tumor was most often detected in the lower extremities, followed by the head in frequency of localization. 18 patients currently have no remission and they receive conservative treatment (phosphorus and alfacalcidol n=15 and burosumab n=3). In case of achieving remission (n=21), regression of clinical symptoms and restoration of bone and muscle mass was observed. Extensive excision of the tumor without prior biopsy resulted in the best percentage of remission - 87%., Conclusion: Tumor-induced osteomalacia is characterized by severe damage to bone and muscle tissue with the development of multiple fractures, muscle weakness and severe pain syndrome. In laboratory diagnostics, attention should be paid to hypophosphatemia, a decrease in the tubular reabsorption phosphate index and increased alkaline phosphatase. The use of functional diagnostic methods with a labeled somatostatin analogue to the subtype 2 receptor and MRI with contrast enhancement are the most accurate methods of topical diagnostics. In case of localization of the tumor, a wide excision without a preliminary biopsy is recommended.

Aim: To assess physical activity (PA) and nutritional status and their relationship with the sarcopenic phenotype of body composition in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)., Material and Methods: 104 women (mean age 59.5±8.7 years) with RA underwent clinical and laboratory examination, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The level of PA and nutritional status were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaires, respectively., Results: Sarcopenic phenotype was diagnosed in 37.1% of patients. Moderate and low PA levels were detected in 44.2 and 7.8%, respectively, risk of malnutrition - in 50% of persons. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, factors associated with the sarcopenic phenotype were determined: the frequency of vigorous PA<3 times a week [odds ratio - OR 5.12 (95% confidence interval - CI 1.15-22.94); p =0.032], walking <1 hour a day [OR 4.98 (95% CI 1.14-21.74); p =0.033], risk of malnutrition by MNA [OR 4.13 (95% CI 1.12-15.32); p =0.034], body mass index <25 kg/m 2 [OR 8.11 (95% CI 1.86-35.32); p =0.006] and daily calcium intake <500 mg [OR 4.62 (95% CI 1.06-20.08); p =0.041]., Conclusion: 52% of women with RA had moderate оr low PA levels, and 50% of patients were at risk of malnutrition. The risk of sarcopenic phenotype associated with a low frequency of vigorous PA, low walking time, risk of malnutrition, body mass index <25 kg/m 2 and insufficient calcium intake.

Aim: To evaluate the frequency of different body composition phenotypes, physical performance (PP) and their relationship with quality of life in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)., Materials and Methods: The study included 157 women (average age 58.68.8 years) with RA. Clinical and laboratory examination, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, quality of life assessment according to the questionnaires EQ-5D (European Quality of Life Questionnaire), HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and RAID (Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease), determination of muscle strength and the PP of skeletal muscles were carried out., Results: Osteoporotic, sarcopenic and osteosarcopenic phenotypes of body composition were identified in 27 (17%), 16 (10%) and 16 (10%) patients, respectively; 139 (88.5%) people had low muscle strength, and 96 (61.1%) had reduced PP. Quality of life according to the EQ-5D index and RAID, the severity of depression according to HADS in women with different phenotypes of body composition did not differ. Women with osteosarcopenic phenotype had worse indicators for EQ-5D-VAS (VAS visual analog scale), and patients with sarcopenic phenotype had more severe anxiety according to the HADS questionnaire compared to those with normal phenotype (p=0.014 and p=0.027, respectively). The quality of life according to all questionnaires was significantly worse in patients with reduced PP., Conclusion: Pathological phenotypes of body composition were found in 37% of RA patients. A decrease in muscle strength was revealed in 88.5%, and a low PP in 61.1% of patients. The relationship between quality of life and body composition has not been established, at the same time quality of life associated with the PP of skeletal muscles.

Aim: To evaluate the status of vitamin D in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and establish its associations with comorbidity, disease activity, and body composition components., Materials and Methods: 86 women with RA (average age 58.18.5 years) were enrolled in the study. We analyzed the relationship of vitamin D levels with clinical and laboratory parameters and with the results of two-energy x-ray absorptiometry. MannWhitney or KruskalWallis, 2 and Spearman tests were performed using Statistica for Windows 10.0 (StatSoft Inc., USA)., Results: Vitamin D level was 22.4 [17.8; 27.3] ng/ml: deficiency was detected in 33%, and insufficiency in 46% of women with RA. Only 41% of patients with low vitamin D levels received supplements of cholecalciferol, while only 9% in a sufficient dose. 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in RA patients with sarcopenia, obesity, high activity according to DAS28 and in those who did not receive vitamin D supplements. There werent differences in 25(OH)D levels among subgroups of patient according to age, fertility, BMD status, comorbidity index, RA duration, ESR and CRP levels, medical therapy performed., Conclusion: 79% of patients with RA had low levels of vitamin D, while less than half of them received additional cholecalciferol supplements. Low vitamin D levels in RA patients were associated with high disease activity, sarcopenia, and obesity.

Aim: To evaluate the frequency of sarcopenia (SP) according to EWGSOP2 criteria and factors associated with low lean mass in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)., Materials and Methods: 79 women (aged 4075 years) with RA were enrolled in the study. We analyzed clinical data: age, body mass index (BMI), disease duration, methotrexate use, glucocorticoid use, anthropometric measurements, C-reactive protein level, disease activity score in 28 joints-erythrocyte sedimentation rate, bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, femur neck, total hip and body composition by Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Also, muscle strength and functional tests were performed. We analyzed the correlation between disease parameters and low lean mass with the Spearman method., Results: 73 (92%) patients had low muscle strength, 20 (25%) patients had low muscle strength and low lean mass, among them 9 (11%) also had functional disability. There was no correlation between the age of patients and the presence of SP, while the duration of RA in women with SP was significantly greater (p=0.006). There were significant correlations between lean mass and body mass index, glucocorticoids used, methotrexate doses, creatinine and urea acid serum concentration, bone mineral density and falls number., Conclusion: According EWGSOP2 confirmed sarcopenia was found in 25% RA patients, among them 11% women had severe sarcopenia. Lean mass correlated with the factors related to the disease itself and some general clinical parameters, which requires further study.

Aim: To study the frequency and magnitude of a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD) and its association with clinical parameters in patients with scleroderma systematica (SDS)., Subjects and Methods: Fifty-six postmenopausal women aged 45-71 years (58.1±7.1 years) with a valid diagnosis of SDS and 44 age-matched healthy women were examined. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic QDR 4500, Waltham, MA) was performed in all the included patients to measure BMD in the lumbar spine (L(I)-L(IV)), femoral neck, and proximal femur., Results: The patients with SDS and the healthy women showed no differences in body mass index (BMI) (24.7±4.6 and 25.7±3.5 kg/m(2), respectively) and postmenopause duration (9.6±6.4 and 9.5±7.0 years, respectively); menopause occurred earlier in the patients with SDS than in the healthy women (46.9±3.6 and 49.7±3.0 years, respectively (p<0.001). The patients with SDS versus the controls had a significantly lower BMD in the lumbar spine (0.821±0.121 and 0.861±0.092 g/cm(2); р<0.05), femoral neck (0.620±0.129 and 0.736±0.112 g/cm(2); p<0.0001), and proximal femur (0.736±0.148 and 0.884±0.124 g/cm(2); р<0.0001). Osteoporosis (OP) was detected in 29 (52%) of the 56 patients and in only 5 (11%) of the 44 control women (р<0.0001). The patients with diffuse SDS displayed a much greater reduction in BMD in all the regions than those with circumscribed SDS. BMD was significantly lower in the patients treated with glucocorticosteroids (GCS) than in the untreated ones. In the control group, BMD was associated with age, duration of menopause, and BMI. In the patients with SDS, BMD was correlated with BMI and inversely correlated with duration of menopause, and the magnitude of a BMD reduction was closely related to disease duration. The patients also showed an inverse correlation of BMD with the daily dose of GCS., Conclusion: The postmenopausal women with SDS were found to have a lower BMD in 80% of cases. In this category of women, the reduction in BMD was significantly commoner and more pronounced than in the age-matched healthy women. Low BMI, diffuse SDS, disease duration, and GCS use are risk factors for reduced BMD and OP.

Aim: To analyze the state-of-the-art of consulting medical care to Russian patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GCOP) or its risk., Subjects and Methods: This GLUCOST study was organized and conducted by the Russian Association of Osteoporosis. A total of 1129 patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, who had been taking oral glucocorticosteroids (OGCSs) a long time (3 months or more), were examined. The patients filled out an anonymous questionnaire on their own. Whether the measures taken to diagnose, prevent, and treat GCOP complied with the main points of Russian clinical guidelines was assessed., Results: 61.8% of the patients knew that the long-term treatment of GCOP might cause osteoporosis. 48.1% of the respondents confirmed the results of bone densitometry; 78.1% of the patients reported that they had been prescribed calcium and vitamin D supplements by their physician, but their regular intake was confirmed by only 43.4%; 25.4% of the patients had sustained one low-energy fracture or more. Treatment for GCOP was prescribed for 50.8% of the patients at high risk for fractures, but was actually received by 40.2%. Therapeutic and diagnostic measures were implemented in men less frequently than in women. When the patient was aware of GCOP, the probability that he/she would take calcium and vitamin D supplements rose 2.7-fold (95% Cl; 2.1 to 3.5; p = 0.001) and that he/she would follow treatment recommendations did 3.5-fold (95% Cl; 2.3 to 5.3; p = 0.001). Bone densitometry increased the prescription rate for antiosteoporotic medication and patient compliance., Conclusion: According to the data of Russia's large-scale GLUCOST survey, every four patients with chronic inflammatory disease who are on long-term OGCS therapy have one low-energy fracture or more. Due to inadequate counseling, the patients are little aware of their health and do not get the care required to prevent the disease. Less than 50% of patients who have GCOP and a high risk for fractures undergo examination and necessary treatment aimed at preventing fractures.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Denosumab (Prolia), a first-line osteoporosis (OP) medication that is a fully human monoclonal antibody to the receptor activator of nuclear factor xB ligand (RANKL), within an open-label observational study., Subjects and Methods: Patients aged 50 years or older with postmenopausal OP, who were treated with Prolia in clinical practice, were examined. The concentrations of the bone resorption (BR) marker of C-terminal telopeptide and other laboratory indicators (total serum calcium, total alkaline phosphatase, and creatinine) were measured following 3 months. Adverse drug reactions were recorded., Results: Three months after initiation of the investigation, there was a significant decrease in the BR marker C-terminal telopeptide (by 89%; p<0.0001). There were rare adverse reactions: hypocalcemia in 3 (5.9%) patients, arthralgias in 2 (3.9%), and eczema in 1 (1.9%). There were neither serious adverse events nor study withdrawal cases., Conclusion: The preliminary results of the open-label study of Prolia in postmenopausal OP suggest that the significantly lower BR activity determines the efficacy of this drug and its high safety.

Aim: To study effects of one-year therapy with bivalos on mineral bone density (MBD) of the spine in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), effects of bivalos (strontium ranelate) on MBD of the neck of the femur and femur, the levels of bone metabolism markers, quality of life, tolerance of long-term therapy., Material and Methods: The study was made of 60 females aged 54-75 years with PMO. MBD was measured with x-ray absorptiometry in the vertebra and proximal femur. Bone markers in blood serum were detected by enzyme immunoassay., Results: After a year of taking bivalos MBD in lumbar vertebra increased by 4.68 +/- 4.94%, in the neck of the femur--by 2.0 +/- 4.29%, in the proximal femur--by 3.10 +/- 3.34%. A significant 19.5% rise in bone alkaline phosphatase and a 16.5% fall in the level of CT were noted showing a stimulating effect of bivalos on bone formation and an inhibiting effect--on bone tissue resorption. Bivalos treatment raised quality of life of the patients: better motility, regress of depression, improved self-appraisal, decreased number of patients with pain in the spine, attenuated pain. The drug was well tolerated, unwanted effects arose in 15% patients, discontinuation of the drug because of toxicity occurred in 5%. Serious side effects were not observed., Conclusion: Strontium ranelate is effective in PMO and is well tolerated.

Aim: To investigate efficacy, tolerance and safety of the drug vitrum osteomag one tablet of which contains 600 mg calcium (1500 mg calcium carbonate), 200 IU of cholecalcepherol, 40 mg of magnesium, zinc (7.5 mg), copper (1 mg), manganese (1.8 mg) and boron (250 mcg) in women with osteopenia for prevention of osteoporosis., Material and Methods: A multicenter comparative open trial of vitrum osteomag influence on mineral bone density (MBD), change of pain syndrome in bones, index of calcium-phosphorous metabolism covered 334 postmenopausal women with osteopenia. MBD was measured in low-back spine and proximal part of the hip with DEXA method. All the patients were divided into 3 groups: 125 women taking 2 tablets of vitrum osteomag daily for 12 months (group 1); 111 women taking 1500 mg calcium carbonate (group 2); 96 women--control group (only observation)., Results: Vitrum osteomag relieved pain in the back and joints, had a positive effect on bone density (+1.5%) and proximal parts of the hip (0.6-0.93%) exceeding the effect of calcium carbonate only which preserves the initial MBD in low back spine but does not prevent bone loss in the hip. MBD dynamics in patients given vitrum osteomag differs essentially from one in the control group (from -1.9 to -2.91%) which demonstrates a reliable preventive anti-osteoporotic effect of this medication. The drug increases the level of general and ionized calcium in blood but does not cause hypercalcemia lowering the level of parathormone in blood. The rate of side effects in group 1 was 14.4% and did not differ much from that in group 2 (16.2%)., Conclusion: The results of the study allow to recommend vitrum osteomag for prophylaxis of a rapid loss of bone tissue mineral density.

Aim: To estimate mineral bone tissue density (MBTD) and risk factors for osteoporosis in patients with bronchial asthma (BA)., Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study included 119 patients (48 males and 71 females) aged 18 to 49 years who had no diseases or states that can induce MBTD, except BA. The patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) those untreated with glucocorticoids (GC); 2) those who received inhaled GC; and 3) those who permanently took oral and inhaled GC. The patients underwent questionnaire survey, double-power X-ray absorption of the lumbar vertebral column and proximal femur, and X-ray study; forced expiratory volume per sec and peak expiratory function were measured., Results: In Group 1 patients, there was a high incidence of osteopenia that increased with the severity of BA. About 2.5-year therapy with inhaled GC in large and small doses had no impact on MBTD. The prolonged use of systemic GC caused a marked reduction in MBTD and led to the development of osteoporetic fractures. Changes were detected in both the lumbar spine and proximal femur. In males and females, MBTD decreases were equal. MBTD correlated with the duration of GC therapy and with age at its initiation, but not with the daily dose of GC. In 15.4% of the patients, MBTD remained in the normal range despite the prolonged use of GC in large doses. Osteoporetic fractures were observed at the values of MBTD, which had not reached the stage of osteoporosis according to the WHO criteria, which was indicative of qualitative GC-induced bone tissue changes., Conclusion: GC is an important, but not alone, risk factor for osteoporosis in asthmatic patients. The high rate of low MBTD among the patients receiving no GC suggests that it is necessary to make an early diagnosis and to perform rational treatments.

Diagnostic criteria for osteoarthrosis worked out at the Institute of Rheumatology, AMS of the USSR and the criteria for gonarthrosis proposed by the Criteria Committee of American Association of Rheumatology were compared in a clinical trial which involved 76 patients with osteoarthrosis and 29 patients with other rheumatic diseases. The comparative approbation of both criteria has shown their suitability for diagnosing osteoarthrosis of the knee joint and their high sensibility and specificity. It has shown the simplicity and availability of the regression tree method.