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The desire to improve living conditions and social well-being has always determined efforts of both researchers and reformers, especially since the last quarter of the 20th century, filled with different types of development ideas. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Agenda implies accelerating the pace of basic human development with “leaving no one behind”, focusing mainly on improving the standard of living. However, in the contemporary world, well-being has become a multidimensional rather than a purely objective-economic concept, which determines the need for relevant approaches and methods for assessing and ensuring social well-being, especially in the non-western, developing countries. The first part of the article presents an overview of conceptual approaches and empirical methods typically applied in the study of well-being as rather a universal and unambiguous phenomenon, which is not relevant for the contemporary social realities. The second part of the article presents a specific case (Ghana) proving the validity of criticism in relation to the objectively ‘biased’ measurements of social well-being. One of the key social-economic challenges in Ghana is the low standard of living, especially in rural areas and northern regions suffering from the “multidimensional poverty”. In Ghana, basic studies of welfare and measurements of poverty (supported or conducted by the state institutions) rely on the monetized consumption and income approaches, following the European Commission’s definition of poverty as a state of economic deprivation, thus missing its subjective and social dimensions crucial for ensuring equity and social justice. The authors suggest an interpretation of social well-being as a combination of personal (overall satisfaction with life), relational (quality of social connections) and societal (social integration, acceptance, contribution, actualization and coherence, institutional trust) measurements, i.e., a combination of economic wellbeing, life satisfaction and societal well-being in the assessment of poverty and inequality at the national level. This interpretation was tested in the sociological survey conducted in 2022 as a basis for such an understanding of social well-being that aims at reducing inequality and improving living standards through better informed policies and programs.

The article analyzes statistics, closed for many decades for an ordinary user, on the budgets of families of peasant collective farmers in 1958. Comparing with the indicators of the period of the beginning of agrarian reforms, we can conclude that the position of the collective farm peasantry has improved somewhat due to the reduction of taxes and fees. At the same time, cash and natural income were small, the structure of expenses did not undergo significant changes. The socio-economic situation of collective farmers inthe second half ofthe 1950s remained difficult.

Introduction. The article discusses the main problems that hinder the development of rural areas. An assessment of the social infrastructure of rural areas of the Nizhny Novgorod region was also carried out and the trends of their development were identified. Materials and methods. In this work, data materials from the territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Nizhny Novgorod region were used. Results. The result of the work is an analysis of the current state of rural areas and proposals for their development. The following methods were used and applied in the study: monographic, abstract-logical, economic-statistical, observations, comparisons. Discussion. During the analysis, the main reasons that slow down progress in the development of rural areas were identified: limited information, a shortage of labor (highly skilled personnel), limited funds for the development of territories, the geographical location of territories relative to urban settlements. To solve these problems, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive measures, including increasing financing for infrastructure development, attracting qualified personnel to work on projects, improving access to relevant information and creating conditions for project implementation. Conclusion. To date, the issue of increasing the density of the population living in rural areas is particularly acute and is a priority in the development of the country. As well as improving health and quality of life, ensuring social protection of citizens of the Russian Federation. To achieve the set strategic goals, programs are being implemented to support rural areas, measures are being taken to improve the quality of life of the rural population, working conditions, health care, etc.

The article focuses on the problem of social polarization in the global context and on the level of particular countries. The subject of the study is the economic and social parameters of functioning mechanisms of territorial development in the conditions of existing instability and social risk. Income differentiation is considered as a key factor of social distancing of society and as a determinant of social instability. The authors compare data from reports of international economic organizations, statistical bulletins and publications of the scientific community. The proportions of income inequality are analyzed in the cross-country and intra-country contexts; as an example, the regional differentiation of the Russian Arctic territories, as well as the urban and rural population of China, are assessed. Dynamic changes in absolute and relative terms of living standard indicators confirm the hypothesis of increasing social polarization. The development of the Russian Arctic territories demonstrates an imbalance between the living standards of the population and the perceived quality of life, while the main trends of regional inequality in China have clear group characteristics. The identified patterns can be used to adjust social and regional policies, to determine the parameters of development strategies and the content of government programs and projects.

The authors analysed the system of measures at the federal and local levels aimed at improving the standard of living of the population in such areas as transport system development, affordable housing, demography, medicine, and salary. We conducted an empirical study using a survey method to determine the satisfaction of residents of Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk region, with the quality of life in the city and to identify the most pressing issues, the solution of which will help improve the standard of living of the city population. 330 adult men and women, residents of Magnitogorsk, differing in social status, participated in the survey (in the form of a questionnaire). Ultimately, the authors concluded that the quality of life in Magnitogorsk is low. Many residents are dissatisfied with the environmental situation in the city, the quality of medical care and financial income. This indicates that it is necessary to pursue a social policy aimed at solving these problems. At the same time, the majority of respondents highly appreciate the opportunities for a comfortable life: relatively cheap property, a sufficient number of places in kindergartens and schools, a fairly high level of professional education, employment and career opportunities.

Background. The problem of socio-economic development of Russian society is urgent, which is due to the low indicators of the standard and quality of life of various segments of the population. According to the rating, Penza region is among the regions with a low level of social and economic development. In this regard, there is considerable interest in studying the key provisions of the Penza Region Development Strategy, analyzing the quality and standard of living of the population of Penza region and comparing them with all-Russian indicators. The purpose of the research is to study the main socio-economic indicators of the development of Penza region. Materials and methods. The study of the socio-economic development of Penza region is based on the study of the Regional Development Strategy, as well as the analysis of data on the quality and standard of living of the population in the region, presented on the Rosstat website from 2020 to 2023. Results. The use of Rosstat data and research materials made it possible to analyze all-Russian and regional indicators of the standard and quality of life of the population, including examining such indicators as wages, poverty level, unemployment, labor market tension, birth rate and mortality. Conclusions. The study showed that the level of wages in the Penza region has been constantly increasing from 2020 to 2023, but it is still low enough to meet the necessary needs of the population. The level of registered unemployment in the Penza region is lower than the national average, which allows us to talk about a favorable situation when seeking employment. An annual decline in the birth rate was recorded in the Penza region, as well as an excess of the mortality rate over the birth rate by more than two times from 2020 to 2022.

In today’s rapidly developing world, young people play an important role in the segment of active consumers of goods and services. Their behaviour in the consumer market is formed under the influence of subjective moods, ideas, assessments, and expectations. The purpose of this work is to study the state and dynamics of consumer sentiment among young people in the Vologda region using the results of public opinion monitoring and using the index method of processing sociological information. The results of the study showed that the consumer behaviour of young people has a number of specific characteristics: rationality, responsiveness to new products, spontaneity, desire to follow fashion, status. The formation of various consumption models and practices among representatives of the younger generation is largely determined by consumer sentiment. During the measurement period, young people’s assessments were dominated by negative characteristics of their financial situation, opportunities for purchasing goods and services, current economic situation and prospects for its further development. The unfavorable consumer sentiment of the youth significantly deforms its typical features of consumer behaviour, hinders the formation of modern consumer practices and the development of the regional consumer market in accordance with new all-Russian and global trends. Improving the consumer sentiment of young people is directly related to enhancement of the state’s youth and economic policies aimed at improving the socio-economic situation of young members of the Russian society and creating sufficient guarantees for young citizens to exercise their rights and freedoms.

The population in the Russian Arctic is dwindling, primarily due to migration outflows linked to significant disparities in living standards across the nation. This underscores the importance and objective of this article, which aims to evaluate the standard of living in strategically important regions of the country and propose a comprehensive set of measures for improvement. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the authors’ introduction and validation of a methodology for standard-of-living assessment distinct from the official approach. To attain the study’s goal, a broader array of indicators was employed, encompassing material conditions, employment rates, housing conditions, and the development of infrastructure for education, health, culture, and sports. Findings reveal that inhabitants of Arctic regions generally experience a lower standard of living compared to residents of other Russian territories. Noteworthy disparities include a substantial deviation from the average Russian level in the ratio of income per capita and its principal components to the subsistence level, higher poverty rates, higher unemployment rates, a significant number of families requiring improved housing conditions, and limited access to quality higher education and cultural services. The Chukotka Autonomous District, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, and Murmansk Region exhibit more favorable living conditions, while the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Nenets Autonomous District, and Krasnoyarsk Territory face greater challenges, as per Rosstat data for 2021. This study advocates for the exclusion of average monthly income as an indicator in the Strategy for the Development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation, focusing instead on three key indicators: the ratio of income per capita to the subsistence level, the proportion of the population with income below the subsistence level, and the proportion of families in need of improved housing conditions. Target levels for these indicators are proposed, accompanied by measures to improve the standard of living in Arctic regions. The proposed approach can be used to assess the standard of living in other Russian regions.

This research focuses on the statistical analysis of the standard of living in the Russian North. The objectives of the study encompass a theoretical review of both Russian and international literature on living standards and an analysis of key indicators from the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), examining income, expenses, and consumption patterns in the northern regions of Russia. The standard of living is recognized as a multifaceted social and economic category, reflecting the level of providing the population with consumer goods and services. This provision aims to shape a mix that best satisfies demands. In Russia’s northern regions, this domain is influenced by distinctive factors, including challenging natural and climatic conditions, limited transportation, and the application of a regional pay system, which includes Northern benefits. The research identifies a gap in Russian studies concerning the differentiation of the standard of living by regions, particularly in lacking tools to assess rational consumption patterns. The use of the living wage proves challenging due to its monetary nature, and the utilization of a fixed market basket overlooks the necessity to consider difficult natural and climatic conditions. The scientific novelty of this study lies in terminology updates and an integrated approach to analyzing regional differentiation in the standard of living within the Russian North. The long-term implications of further research revolve around the imperative to develop a method for assessing such differentiation and to upgrade research and practical recommendations for improving living standards in the northern regions of Russia.

Purpose of the study. Statistical research of the socio-economic development issues of the region acquires special significance in crisis situations. Statistical methods make it possible to quantify the current situation, identify the impact of crisis phenomena and forecast the development of the region. In the analysis of socio-economic development, both economic characteristics (GDP, production and distribution) and direct indicators of the standard of living of the population (unemployment level, personal income and wages) are the key ones. The purpose of this paper is to statistically assess the impact of crisis situations on the socio-economic situation in St. Petersburg.Materials and methods. The information base for the study was official data from the Federal State Statistics Service. The paper uses methods of time series analysis, cluster analysis and analysis of structural changes.Results. Based on the results of the study, the main periods in the dynamics of the main socio-economic indexes were identified. Special attention is paid to studying the structure of GRP of St. Petersburg. Emphasis is placed on comparing the dynamics of regional indexes with data for the federal district and the Russian Federation as a whole. The features of the city’s development are considered using cluster analysis according to the current range of factors for different time periods. An assessment of the achievement of key planned indexes is given and a comprehensive index is proposed for assessing the development of the dynamics of the socio-economic development of the region. Particular attention is paid to analyzing the impact of crisis situations on the socio-economic status of the region and assessing the degree of their impact.Conclusion. Based on the results of the analysis, recommendations were given for the development of the region, which can be used in the implementation of socio-economic policy. Particular attention is paid to indexes of living standards.

The article deals with the issue of the level and quality of life of the Japanese. Data from two sources of information are analyzed and compared – official statistical data and opinion polls conducted by private and public organizations. The statistics show that, according to a number of indicators (the level of per capita income, household provision of housing and durable goods, life expectancy, distribution of income and wealth among the population, etc.), Japan is among the highly developed nations, providing the absolute majority of its citizens with a high level of material well-being. Although, in general, the data of sociological surveys, which represent subjective assessments by the Japanese of their financial situation, do not refute this thesis, in some aspects they significantly correct it, showing that not all citizens of the country are satisfied with their standard of living and some of its components. While some of these assessments seem controversial, this does not diminish their importance as a valuable source of information. These assessments, in particular, show that Japanese society is far from being as homogeneous as it is commonly believed, that it consists of groups that differ not only in income and wealth, but also in lifestyle, in their ideas about the value of work, about the importance of certain aspects of life, about social justice, etc. In other words, by complementing statistical indicators, these assessments help us to get closer to understanding how diverse and complex the life of contemporary Japanese society is.

The authors examine the history of the establishment of the system of sanitary inspection and medical care for workers of the Caspian-Volga fisheries. There is considered the fishing legislation of the XIX - early XX century. It is stated that, despite the approved rules, fishery workers actually had no qualified medical care, the provision of which was entrusted to the owners of the fishing business. The authors come to the conclusion that the supervision of the sanitary condition of the fisheries was not effective due to a number of reasons: unresolved personnel problems, the large territorial expanses of sanitary areas with a lack of vehicles for sanitary doctors, the difficulties of bureaucratic interaction between the Department of Fisheries and Seal Fisheries, regional authorities and owners of the fishing business, etc. The shortcomings of the sanitary and medical services for fisheries, as well as the specific geographical location and natural and climatic conditions of the Astrakhan province contributed to the wide spread of various epidemic diseases. Due to the lack of the public free healthcare system and qualified medical personnel, there emerged infectious diseases, which led to high mortality among fishery workers.

The article analyzes social and economic standing of low-income people. In spite of legislative standards protecting key groups of socially vulnerable population from absolute poverty such categories, as old-age pensioners, disabled persons, young children and even employable population, the so-called poor workers still belong to the low-income population. It is obvious that the major proportion of low-income people consists of individuals, who get allowances and social payments therefore their financial provision depends mainly on state. When poverty proliferates among the population of the Russian Federation, the development of the effective model of material provision for people dependable on state, for instance indexation of various social payments with due regard to the inflation rate and volatility of consumer prices is an essential challenge of today. It is especially acute in the current situation, when home economy encounters constant pressure, the more effective the model will become, the quicker the goals aimed at cutting the poverty rate and improving social and economic standing of people will be attained. However, the model shall be developed and other steps taken with due regard to realistic possibilities of federal and regional budgets.

Migration, which is a consequence of the uneven socio-economic development, poverty, and environmental problems of various regions, on the one hand, has significant potential and can help improve economic and social conditions, and on the other hand, it becomes a generator of socioeconomic and other risks, influencing the strengthening inequalities. The purpose of the article is to identify the main forms of socio-economic risks of internal migration of the population of Kazakhstan and assess their impact on the socio-territorial stability of the regional society. To assess the socioeconomic factors affecting the dynamics of internal migration population flows, a systematic approach was applied, and methods of component analysis of the regional standard of living, sampling and grouping of quantitative and qualitative indicators were used. The main directions of the impact of socio-economic risks of migration on the socio-territorial mobility of the population are substantiated. The main forms of socio-economic risks of internal migration of the Kazakhstan population are determined. It is substantiated that the closest relationship exists between the level and quality of life systems and the increase in migration flows. The study concluded that migration is a complex process, which is influenced by the changing socio-economic conditions for the economy and society development and affects the standard of living and lifestyle of the population. This necessitates not only the regulation of migration processes in the country but also the development of mechanisms to reduce the socio-economic risks of migration and their impact on life support systems and livelihoods.

The topic of the article is relevant due to the fact that the well-being of people and their physical and social health affect the level and quality of life of the population and the economic stability of society as a whole. The purpose of the research topic is to reflect the standard of living of the population in Kazakhstan and to reflect the main ways to solve problems. During the study, such methods were used as absolute and relative changes in indicators, a comparative analysis of indicators by region, a graphical method, deduction and induction, an economic and statistical method. Conclusions and recommendations based on the results of the research conducted by the authors are aimed at further development and improvement of the economic development of the country and regions in order to improve the standard of living of the population. According to the results of the conducted research, measures to improve the standard of living of the population are proposed, which include: increasing the income of the population as one of the main criteria; supporting and developing of the social sphere, reducing the level of poverty of the population; providing the population of countries with high-quality and affordable food and clothing, etc. The research topic is relevant and extensive, and therefore it seems impossible to reflect on the problems and ways of improving the standard of living of the population in one publication. In this regard, it is planned to further study and study the problems in various aspects.

Relevance. The topic of the well-being of the population is quite relevant and the research conducted in this direction touches upon the problem of assessing and measuring this social phenomenon. It should be noted that researchers often consider the terms «life satisfaction», «well-being», «happiness», «quality of life» interchangeable and present different interpretations of these definitions. To date, the issue of assessing and measuring the well-being of the population is being dealt with not only by representatives of various fields of scientific knowledge, but also by heads of state structures in relation to the need to make effective management decisions. The purpose of the research is to determine the common and distinctive features of Russian and foreign approaches to measuring the well-being of the population. The methods of the research are comparative analysis, synthesis of information, analysis and generalization of data. Results. Existing approaches to the study of well-being can be divided into two main areas: objective – statistical data are used, and the leading role belongs to social structures; subjective – the leading role is assigned to the actor, and the main research methods are questionnaires, sociological and psychological experiments. In addition, integral approaches should be singled out, which combine statistical data and the results of assessing individuals in their own lives. It is noted that, first of all, in these approaches, attention is paid to social and economic indicators, while indicators of the political sphere of public life are focused only in integral approaches. Also, the existing approaches to the study of well-being do not take into account the factors that can affect the quality of life of the population, equating the results without taking into account geographical, cultural and religious characteristics. The conclusion of the work consists in the necessity of developping an approach to the study of the well-being of the population, which would take into account the advantages and disadvantages of existing methods, and also correspond to modern conditions.

The article analyzes the foreign economic potential of Latin American countries in the context of its development in the last decade, characterized by significant global crises and geopolitical upheavals. Considering that Latin American countries are active participants in international relations, including with the Russian Federation, and also play a significant role in the international division of labor, we have set the goal of the study – to quantify the changes and the state of the main economic indicators that reflect both foreign economic and domestic processes in the leading countries of the region under consideration, which determine their foreign economic potential. To achieve this goal, traditional methods of scientific knowledge, analysis and synthesis, as well as methods of analytical tools for working with statistical data were used: tabular, graphical, coefficient method, analytical indicators of time series. Based on the results of the study, a number of patterns of recent years have been identified. In particular, the region under consideration experienced the colossal destructive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, however, under these conditions, it generally retained its position in the share of world GDP, which is demonstrated by the analyzed international statistics. According to the results of the analysis, it was noted that the realization of the potential of Latin American countries and the development of their economies is ensured through significant structural changes with priorities for such sectors as the agro-industrial complex and high technology, which largely provides prospects for further development of foreign economic activity and strengthening its position in world markets. The data of international statistics demonstrate the effectiveness of the efforts of the leadership of these states to reduce dependence on the export of the oil and gas industry and develop other types of economic activity. A special place in the economies of countries and their potential as a global supplier is occupied by the modernizing agro-industrial complex, and the tourism services sector plays a significant role. The development of enterprises in the field of information and communication services and digital technologies is assessed by experts as the potential for new positive qualitative changes both for the domestic economy and for international cooperation. However, despite the potential, the economies of Latin America are also subject to systemic problems, which are also clearly reflected in the statistics. The main ones are: corruption, which prevents the formation of a favorable market environment; the complexity of organizing business activities; negative investment flows reflecting capital flight; low standard of living of the population as a whole. As a conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the main systemic problems that prevent the countries of Latin America from realizing their socio-economic potential, as well as about the possibilities of foreign economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and them

Background. The economic growth of Saint Petersburg is the result of an increase in labor productivity and the share of high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries in the gross regional product (up to 45 % by 2035), the development of priority industries in the region, as well as the use of various tools to stimulate socio-economic growth. In previous years, there has been a trend towards a slowdown in economic growth in Saint Petersburg, which may indicate the failure to achieve the goals and objectives stated in the strategic documents, as well as the inefficiency of the applied tools for the development of the city. The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of the gross regional product of Saint Petersburg in order to identify existing trends in its dynamics. Materials and methods. During the study, the dynamics of the GRP of Saint Petersburg for the period 1998–2020 was analyzed. using various statistical techniques and methods, including regression analysis and the hypothesis of time series stationarity (ADF-test) of the dynamics of GRP and GRP per capita in Saint Petersburg, the rating of regions was used to determine the place of Saint Petersburg among the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the standard of living of the population (GRP and GRP per capita). The methodological basis of the study was general scientific (synthesis, induction, deduction) and special methods of economic analysis (logical and statistical analysis), the work presents the methodology of system analysis, and also uses a comparative method when comparing regional ratings by economic growth, applied econometric methods for analyzing stationarity dynamics of the gross regional product of Saint Petersburg. Results. Economic growth rates in 1998–2020 tended to decrease, there was a noticeable decrease in the positions of Saint Petersburg in the ranking of regions in terms of GRP per capita, economic growth rates are lower than in the Forecast for the socio-economic development of Saint Petersburg until 2035, which indicates insufficiently effective stimulation of the socio-economic development of the region. Conclusions. It is necessary to search foIt is necessary to search for new growth points for the region's economy and their subsequent stimulation, the implementation of a structural economic policy with an emphasis on the development of high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries, which in the future can contribute to achieving high sustainable economic growth rates of at least 5 % annually.r new growth points for the region's economy and their subsequent stimulation, the implementation of a structural economic policy with an emphasis on the development of high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries, which in the future can contribute to achieving high sustainable economic growth rates of at least 5 % annually.

The Russian language, being widespread over a vast territory, from Eastern Europe to the Far East, had a very great potential for territorial and cultural development. It has become the only one of the 10-12 leading world languages, which over the past 30 years since the collapse of the USSR has been steadily losing its position in all regions of the world without exception, including in the former Soviet national republics, where it dominated for almost throughout the twentieth century. Turkmenistan has also been subjected to Russia's language policy. But the process of de-Russification is still going on here. Turkmenistan is the most ambitious post-Soviet state in implementing de-Russification. The country has been conservative in its assessment of its political role, while being economically dependent on Russia; Turkmenistan is building positive economic relations with other countries of the world. The national policies of Turkmenistan's presidents have led to a number of changes not only in demography but also in the standard of living and education of the Turkmen people. Only by being economically strong and independent can Turkmenistan finally conclude the process of derussification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction. The preservation and growth of the population is a key task of the Russian Federation Demographic Policy Concept until 2025. Nevertheless, in recent years, the achievement of this task has been difficult due to escalation of socio-economic and demographic problems. The purpose of the article is to determine and compare birth rates and reproductive attitudes of the population in various periods after the beginning of the 2000s, which differ in the socio-economic context and the list of demographic policy measures, including under the latest circumstances – the worsening epidemiological situation. Materials and Methods. The study is based on a statistical analysis of time series data indicators for conditional generations that reflect the demographic situation of fertility in Russia and the Komi Republic – crude and total fertility rates, natural population growth (decline), the number of women in reproductive age (15–49 years) in total structure of the female population, the number of women aged 15–24 in the structure of the female population of reproductive ages. Also, the methodological basis of the presented work is based on the results of three sociological studies, conducted by a team of scientists of The Institute for Social Economic and Energy problems of the North of the North Federal Research Center Komi Science Centre UB RAS in 2008, 2013 and 2020 among the population of the Komi Republic. Results. It is revealed that the most successful period of demographic development in Russia was 2013–2016 and in the Komi Republic in 2011–2016, which consists in achieving natural population growth. Further, there was a decrease in the birth rate. It is determined that the situation in the field of population reproduction has worsened in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia and the Komi Republic. The study reveals that reproductive attitudes in all generations are the best in 2013. The significant success in this period is the growth of reproductive attitudes even among young cohorts. Further in 2020, the expected number of children decreased in all age cohorts. In 2020, the pattern remains – the lowest reproductive orientations are in the two youngest age cohorts of 1996–2000 and 2001–2005 birth. Discussion and Conclusion. The main result of the work was the confirmation on the example of the northern region of Russia the thesis that the growth of the standard of living is accompanied by an increase in the reproductive attitudes of the population and the birth rate, and vice versa. From a theoretical point of view, the usefulness of the article lies in the description of the processes of fertility and the dynamics of the reproductive attitudes of the population, taking into account the changing socio-economic and epidemiological conditions. From a practical point of view, the information obtained can be useful as an assessment of future fertility prospects and confirmation of the high role of the socio-economic well-being of the population in addressing the issue of increasing the level of children in the families.

The topic of the standard of living is one of the most relevant in the modern world, because everyone strives for development, improvement and comfort at different social levels, starting from ordinary workers and ending with the presidents of countries. Every country strives to create the highest quality conditions for a better life for its population. But the question arises as to which factors contribute to a better quality of life. Therefore, in the modern world, leading countries and countries with developed economies are trying to research in more detail and develop effective strategies for the development of people's well-being. This work covers the topic of happiness, well-being and the modern perception of the standard of living of the population. The problems of perception of these parameters and their assessment are considered. Socio-economic models were obtained, which are mathematical models of the dependence of the level of happiness on the set of available factors. Based on the data of the global rating of the happiness level of the countries The World Happiness Report, socio-economic models of the quality of life of the population were built and studied using the method of regression analysis of multifactor models, also such methods of building a multifactor model as the method of stepwise inclusion of factors, the method of stepwise exclusion of factors were additionally used and the ridge regression method. According to the results of the constructed models, the structure of the factors in the model and the level of their influence on the explained variable were investigated. The most important indicators, which have the highest frequency in explaining the dependent variable, are highlighted. The dependent variable in the function of the regression model is the happiness rating of the countries, the independent variables affecting this indicator are the following factors: GDP per capita, healthy life expectancy, social support, freedom to make life choices, generosity and perception of corruption. The main stages of the research will be carried out in a special package of Statistica application programs, additional auxiliary calculations will also be performed in Microsoft Excel.

The purpose of the article was to study changes in living conditions in megapolises as they grow, identify negative social consequences and develop recommendations for overcoming them. Methods of retrospective analysis, logical and comparative analysis, generalizations, methods of descriptive statistics, index, graphic, methods for assessing the improvement of the housing stock of megacities, the demographic capacity of the city were used. The analysis of changes in living conditions in Kazakhstan’s megacities as they grow is carried out. The social consequences of the growth of megacities are revealed: a decrease in the standard of living of residents of the southern capital; an increase in demand for housing and its higher cost; a decrease in the level of well-being in Almaty; poor environmental conditions, an increase in atmospheric pollution in conditions of high population density; a higher level of mortality of the urban population compared to the rural population during the pandemic; an increase in destructive behavior of young people. Recommendations are given to overcome the negative social consequences of uncontrolled urbanization. The necessity of developing a Strategy for the development of Kazakhstani cities is substantiated. Measures are recommended: to solve the problem of affordable housing for young families, specialists, orphans; to create jobs, modernize transport, communal and social infrastructure, to foster patriotism and social responsibility.

The provisions of international standards of human right to an adequate standard of living and their impact on national legislation have been investigated. It has been emphasized that since Ukraine gained independence and up to now the issue of ensuring a sufficient standard of living has remained one of the most problematic for our state. European integration processes, which provide for the modernization of Ukraine’s socio-economic policy towards improving the quality of life of each person, also increase the need for scientific research. It has been emphasized on the relevance and importance of studying the issues of regulation of the right to an adequate standard of living in view of the existing social problems, which have become much more acute with the beginning of the full-scale war of Russia against our country and have a huge negative impact on the living standards of Ukrainian citizens. The purpose and objectives of the study are to analyze the provisions of international standards of the right to an adequate standard of living and to find the best ways to implement international standards of this right in the legislation of Ukraine in modern conditions, to determine further prospects for their development. The scientific novelty of the study is due to the lack of scientific analysis of the armed aggression impact on the right to an adequate standard of living realization and provides proposals for the effective implementation of international standards in the field of protection of the human right to an adequate standard of living in national legislation, taking into account these aspects. Modern methods of scientific research have been used, in particular formal and legal, historical and legal, systemic, logical and semantic, analysis and synthesis, etc. At the same time, the analysis of the right to an adequate standard of living has been based on the dialectical method, the use of which made it possible to understand doctrinal and normative sources in the researched area, to find out the content of the human right to an adequate standard of living both at the international and national levels and its essential characteristics. It has been concluded that even in the conditions of war, the state should take measures aimed at preventing the decline in the living standards of its citizens below a sufficient level. It has been proven that the national legislation is primarily aimed at maintaining the minimum standard of living of a person, which largely diverges from concrete steps in the sphere of ensuring a decent standard of living of the population.

The world community emphasizes the problem of growing inequality in the world, among the causes of which are the rapid development of technologies and globalization processes, and pays a special role to increasing social mobility as a key direction for solving this issue. The increasing influence of social mobility on the economy, confirmed by the results of a number of studies, increases the relevance of determining the level of social mobility, including for the Republic of Belarus. The absence of a country among the participants of the GSMI (Global Social Mobility Index) rating and the consequences arising in this regard, primarily related to the difficulty of assessing social mobility in the republic, increase the need to develop an integrated approach to this issue. Thus, the article proposes the author’s methodology for assessing the social mobility of the labor force in the Republic of Belarus, taking into account the national peculiarities of providing official statistical information in open access, suggesting a comparative analysis of the country’s regions in three directions: equal employment opportunities, fair and safe work, and improving living standards.The purpose of the research is to determine the level of social mobility in the labor market of the Republic of Belarus, having previously studied the results of foreign experience in assessing and regulating this phenomenon.Empirical base and research methods. The empirical base is the data of the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, formed both at the national level and in the context of the regions of the country. The work is based on general scientific research methods, as well as comparative analysis methods.Results. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were solved: according to the developed methodology, the positions of the country’s regions in the proposed rating of social mobility of the workforce were determined, followed by their comparison with the national level; a “problem field” was formed for each region separately; the leaders and “outsiders” of the rating have been identified. A number of barriers preventing a comprehensive assessment of the social mobility of the labor force in the Republic of Belarus were identified. In particular, a number of indexes are listed that are of interest from the point of view of their application in calculating the proposed index, but are not used due to statistical inaccessibility in a regional context.Conclusion. The practical value of the paper lies in the possibility of applying its results in the process of making managerial decisions in the field of state regulation of the labor market. The proposed methodology for determining the level of social mobility of the workforce can significantly expand the understanding of the social and labor sphere of the Republic of Belarus, complementing the traditional approach to analyzing the state of the labor market of our country. The formation of an appropriate database, taking into account the proposed recommendations for the provision of individual statistical indexes by regions of the country, will significantly increase the objectivity of the rating of social mobility of the workforce presented in the framework of this study.

The purpose of the study is to determine the level of effectiveness of institutional mechanisms of the population adaptation of the region. The relevance of the study is related to the problems of reflecting the essence of the institutional mechanisms of the population adaptation, which affect their effectiveness in the transition to dynamic development. It is assumed that the determination of the effectiveness of institutional mechanisms of the population adaptation of the region is evaluated on the basis of characteristics of population reproduction, growth of value added and people’s standard of living. The interaction of institutional mechanisms of the population adaptation with six institutional sectors of the economy is considered. The research methods are the theory and methodology of statistics, including the index and tabular method, grouping of data, series of dynamics and comparative estimates. To determine the essence of the institutional mechanisms of the population adaptation of the region, a statistical approach was used. The author gives an assessment of the level of effectiveness of the region according to 9 main quantitative and qualitative indexes that objectively reflect the general state of the economy, the standard of living of the population and the evolution of institutional mechanisms of the population adaptation for the period 1990-2020.Research results: the concept of the institutional mechanism of the population adaptation is clarified as a set of consistent actions of socioeconomic institutions, ensuring their effective interaction through the implementation of formal and informal rules, norms and standards in order to improve the level and quality of life of the population. In this regard, a toolkit has been developed to determine the effectiveness of institutional mechanisms of the population adaptation in terms of population reproduction, value-added growth, and the standard of living of the population. Over the past 30 years, there have been significant changes in many regions of the country regarding the use of institutional mechanisms for the population adaptation, which have contributed to improving the level of efficiency of business entities and revealing the characteristics of specific territories. However, in a number of regions of the country, including the Kurgan region, there is a significant decrease in the number and migration outflow of the population, real incomes of the population are slowly increasing.Conclusion: the use of the statistical approach makes it possible to determine not only the effectiveness of institutional mechanisms of the population adaptation, but also the effectiveness of the implemented development strategies for the future and the quality of the adopted decisions by management bodies. The interrelations of the used institutional mechanisms of the population adaptation with the level of economic potential of the territory are revealed. It is established that the population adapts faster to improved institutional mechanisms, while reducing social tension and increasing support for people in crisis situations. The main directions of further research on the problems of changes in the institutional mechanisms of the population adaptation and assessment of their effectiveness in the transition to dynamic development are substantiated.

The article illuminates current tendencies in the spread of poverty in Ukraine and substantiates the prospects for overcoming it, taking into account the necessity to increase the level of well-being of the population. Analyzing, systematizing and summarizing the scientific works of modern researchers, the theoretical aspects of the concept of «poverty» are considered and its substantive content is determined. As a result of the study, current tendencies in the spread of poverty in Ukraine are identified, taking into account the diagnosis of the impact on the standard of living of the population of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, hostilities and temporary occupation of territories. Thus, among the negative tendencies affecting the well-being of the population, it is worth noting the low level of incomes and their significant differentiation, a decrease in the level of employment and the shadowing of the economy. Therefore, first of all, to overcome poverty, it is important: to optimize the level of differentiation of incomes of the population based on the principle of social justice; to ensure the development of entrepreneurship, which will provide opportunities to create new jobs; to form effective mechanisms for price regulation and anti-inflationary policy; increase minimum social standards and create conditions for decent wages. The up-to-date statistical information on poverty levels, incomes and expenditures of the population, and other indicators of living standards is highlighted. The authors’ vision of the prospects for overcoming the problem of poverty of the population in Ukraine is substantiated on the basis of the determined directions for the implementation of leading foreign experience. In particular, the need for prospective measures aimed at reducing poverty in Ukraine has been identified, including the following measures: revising the minimum social standards and bringing them in line with the social standards of the developed EU countries; reducing the tax burden on the wage fund; development of entrepreneurship; improving the mechanisms for providing social support on the basis of increasing the targeting of payments and control over the targeted use of funds; deshadowing of employment and remuneration, development of non-traditional forms of employment and self-employment of the population; introduction of lifelong education, improvement of educational and scientific spheres; reimmigration of Ukrainians and creation of conditions for the realization of their potential in Ukraine; formation of effective mechanisms of the State regulation; budget financing, taking into account the priority of the social sphere. Prospects for further research in this area are to determine the priorities for improving the level of well-being of the population at the stage of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine.

It is necessary to identify the national features of development in Russia to establish appropriate methods, in view of the different approaches to the analysis and modelling of the standard of living and quality of life of the population in various countries and international integration associations. This article analyzes the practical aspects of the most signifcant areas of interaction and development groups of indicators of standard of living and quality of life in the Russian Federation. The study used a systematic approach and statistical methods. The groups of indicators of quality of life summarized by the author were compiled on the basis of normative legal acts and expert documents: material wellbeing, healthcare, education, environment, self-perception, power. The content analysis was conducted of open-source commentaries on the issue of representation of a “better life” to determine key problems and propensities. The most and least pronounced groups of preferences among the population are identifed. Differences in the opinions of Russians on the importance of groups of indicators depending on gender, age and in connection with the pandemic are demonstrated. The author has come to conclusion about necessity to take into account such variables, it is substantiated the need to make changes to the current standards for the transition to new models of the standard of living and quality of life

Permanent technological renewal in the context of the demographic aging of the population actualizes the need to include new technologies in key areas of life of the elderly. However, their age and mental characteristics, educational and financial opportunities form barriers that reduce the demand for digital technologies by older people, thereby creating challenges to their level and quality of life. The noted conditions made it possible to formulate objective of the study as identifying the relationship between the elements of the technological space and the standard of living of older people. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, regression analysis. Using the regression method, based on data from a comprehensive observation of the living conditions of the population, an empirical analysis of the influence of the elements of the technological space on the standard of living and economic activity of older people was carried out. Results. The article confirms the existence of relation between the elements of the technological space and the standard of living, a positive and negative effect is noted in relation to the level of monetary income. Conclusions. The results obtained in the study demonstrate that the influence of the subjective indicators of the elements of the technological space on the standard of living and economic activity of the elderly has a positive effect, which reflects the importance of introducing technological changes in various spheres of life of the elderly, facilitating many routine operations (purchasing goods via the Internet , payment for utilities) and a negative effect, which indicates the lack of involvement and complexity of the older generation's adaptation to new digital practices and the need to form tools to involve older people in digital practices.

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The article examines the influence of ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) factors at the macroeconomic level. The changes in economic growth from the implementation of environmental, social and managerial aspects of sustainable development in 21 countries for 2000–2022 are analyzed. The study was carried out using the methods of cointegration, correlation and regression analysis. It was found that there is a positive relationship between ESG and GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita. The results obtained could be used for subsequent theoretical and empirical developments in the field of implementation of ESG principles, as well as the humanization of economic growth. In addition, the integration of environmental, social and managerial factors into macroeconomic analysis is not so much a choice as a necessity. Identifying emerging trends and assessing potential consequences in the form of opportunities or obstacles to growth is also important for making effective investment and financial decisions.

In this paper we analyze the socio-economic situation in the Far Eastern Federal District in 2021. We consider the main types of economic activity and territorial-administrative regions and base our analysis on operational statistical, analytical, and expert information. We take up the problems of functioning of the branches of the real sector of the economy, the social sphere, and foreign economic activity under the influence of the mitigation of restrictive measures of functioning in the conditions of the ongoing crisis caused by the pandemic. We note an increase in investment activity above the level of the pre-pandemic period of 2018–2019 as projects in the field of mining, transport, logistics, and gas-chemical projects had a positive impact on the increase in investment resources. Against the background of the positive dynamics of the production activity of regional industrial enterprises, a slowdown in the intensity of recovery relative to national parameters was noted. The manufacturing industry of the macroregion has demonstrated significant growth rates, but multidirectional production trends persisted in the two largest Far Eastern subjects of the Russian Federation (from the point of view of the extractive industry) – the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (growth), and the Sakhalin Region (decline). Positive aspects (weak growth) were recorded in overcoming the real incomes crisis. The real income is still, however, below the pre-pandemic level of 2019. The growth of monetary incomes of the population in real terms was observed in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Primorsky Krai and Kamchatsky Krai, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Amur Oblast, and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. At the same time, only in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug the growth rate of real incomes of the population exceeded the average Russian level. The process of population decline continues due to a decrease in the birth rate and an increased number of deaths, which was noted back in 2020; positive factors include an increase in the population due to migration growth in the five Far Eastern regions of the Russian Federation

The article presents the results of a study of the dynamics of the main indicators of the socio-economic development of the federal districts of Russia for the period 2005–2020, which caused the presence of problems associated with the uneven spatial development of the country and correlated with the standard of living of the population. It is shown that the excessive unevenness of the economic development of regions has the most negative effect on their social condition. As part of the study, the analysis of socio-economic indicators in the context of federal districts was carried out on the basis of statistical data from Rosstat, which ensured their comparability for different periods of observation. Long-term trends have been identified, indicating a steady increase in the level of differentiation of a number of indicators between federal districts. The study allowed us to identify three groups of federal districts of Russia, showing: accelerated growth of indicators of socio-economic development above the average level in Russia; relatively insignificant growth rates; the increasing decline in indicators.

The article reveals the content and essence of the concepts of quality and standard of living, characterizes the indicators and defines the constituent elements of the quality of life, identifies countries with the best and worst indicators of the quality of life. The process of human development is considered at the present stage as the goal and the most important criterion of social progress, if we consider the quality of life as a system, it includes the quality of a person, and the standard of living is defined as the well-being of the population and lifestyle. Taking into account the objective and subjective characteristics of all spheres of human life, the main task of the study is based on the maximum coincidence of objective and subjective quality assessments. According to different methodology, indicators for assessing the level and quality of life are systematized and the need to form social standards for a new quality of life for the population of Ukraine is substantiated. An objective assessment of the quality of life of the population is determined using a set of indicators: income of the population; household spending; communal payments; well-being; comfortable life, etc. Subjective evaluation indicators are formed according to a sociological survey and reflect the degree of satisfaction with life, the need for quality products (services). The quality of life assessment system requires constant improvement, but the main aspects that need to be taken into account are the implementation of international ISO standards and quality management systems in production. It is the quality control and assessment system that will reduce the acuteness of food security, the availability of proper nutrition, necessary for an active and healthy life, and the creation of comfortable conditions for human life.

In this article, the author shows the relationship between model libraries and their impact on the quality of life of the local population. The aim of the research is to analyze the processes of influence of model libraries on the quality of life of people and to establish a connection between them. In conclusion, the author draws conclusions about the research done, confirming the relationship between the quality of life of the population of the Omsk region and model libraries

The purpose of the article is to study the relationship between the income level and the quality of nutrition of the population of the republic, per capita consumption of basic foodstuffs by population groups with different disposable incomes, the main problems, and ways to solve them. The main source of information was the official data of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The theoretical basis of the research was the works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of the level and quality of life, materials of the FAO. The study was conducted using general scientific methods of cognition, as well as special methods of economic and statistical analysis - grouping, graphical research method, ranking of the dynamic series, calculated indicators of the analysis of dynamic series. The scientific novelty of the study is to assess the impact of changes in disposable income on the concentration and differentiation of income of the population, food consumption in different income groups of the population of the republic. The authors analyzed the main modern concepts of measuring the standard of living and selected the most acceptable information from the point of view of accessibility, which was the basis of the study. The results of the study can be used in the formation of medium- and long-term programs to increase the income and quality of nutrition of the population, as well as a basis for further research in this direction.

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In the post-Stalinist period, a new era was coming, which made the economy turn in the direction of the social problems of Soviet society. The country's leadership took urgent measures to raise the standard of living of the population. The Khrushchev "thaw" is characterized by real progress in the daily life of Soviet citizens. During the Khrushchev "thaw", the material wealth of the population of our country and the supply state of the Soviet people with durable goods significantly increased. A significant increase in the use of consumer goods meant important changes in the life of Soviet society. Consumption gradually resulted in a change in life stereotypes and values among a part of the population. In Soviet society during this period, the role of consumption as a positive factor in personal development was underestimated. Sociocultural transformations began with changes in the attitude of Soviet citizens to housing conditions. The author of the article shows how the very principle of the attitude of Soviet citizens to everyday life has changed, pays special attention to mass housing construction, which opened a new era - individual urban life. The Soviet family in a separate apartment before other Soviet institutions felt the taste of individual private life. The leap in the quality of living conditions was the most significant and important result of the development of Soviet society in the 50s and 60s.

The aim of the research is to investigate the evolution of eating practices in the 1920s-1930s and to analyze the role of the Book of Tasty and Healthy Food, which was published in 1939, in the process. The author underlines that in a totalitarian state, even such routine practices as dietary habits fell under the scrutiny of the state. The methodological basis of the research is universal principles of historical reliability, objectivity, investigation, unprejudiced assessment, and comparative historical analysis. The research shows that in the 1920s, the major goal, which consisted in creating a public catering system aimed at relieving women’s domestic drudgery, was not fulfilled. House-communes and communal kitchens proved to be ineffective for the development of the Soviet economic system. The analysis shows that the publication of the Book of Tasty and Healthy Food in 1939 was aimed at promoting food products produced by the Soviet food industry, at encouraging people to cook food at home, and at urging people to work harder and to earn more. The analysis of personal archive materials of A. I. Mikoyan shows that the Book was designed to promote new food products which were available in the 1930s and were created with the use of American principles of food technology. The analysis of cooking recipes shows that the book embraced the idea of social stratification, for it contained simple and cheap recipes as well as complicated and intricate recipes available only to the Soviet elite.

The article includes an analysis of the most significant trends in the socio-economic development of the Far Eastern Federal District in 2020 in the context of administrative units and main types of economic activity. The analysis is based on advanced statistical, analytical, and expert information. The article considers the most important factors and issues of the functioning of the real sector of the economy, the social sphere, and foreign economic activity in the conditions of uncertainty in the oil and foreign exchange markets, as well as the implementation of quarantine and restrictive measures due to the propagation of the coronavirus infection. There is a decrease in investment in Amur Oblast, Sakhalin Oblast, Primorsky Krai, and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), which are the main ‘investment-intensive’ regions of the Far Eastern Federal District. There is still a significant industry asymmetry when it comes to attracting foreign direct investment, most of which is concentrated in the exploration and production of fuel and energy resources. The negative impact of macroeconomic shocks has led to a decrease in the volume of production in the industrial complex of the macroregion, especially affecting mechanical engineering, oil refining, and production of construction materials in Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai. The failure to implement the plans for the development of the railway infrastructure in the context of the growth of cargo flows to the seaports of the Far Eastern basin led to restrictions on cargo transportation. The reduction in the real monetary income of people in most regions of the Far Eastern Federal District is becoming a factor in reducing the attractiveness of the Far East as the high income area. The population of the macroregion has continued to decline not only due to migration outflow, but also due to natural population decline as a result of both factors of objective decline in the birth rate and the social and economic consequences of the pandemic

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The article presents the results of a study of the dynamics of indicators that characterize the standard of living of the population of Federal districts of Russia. The author hypothesizes that despite the growth in the values of indicators of the standard of living of the population of Federal districts for the period after 2010, there is a stable pattern of increasing their differentiation, and he has received its confirmation. This circumstance allowed usto determine the nature of changes and identify two groups of Federal districts that are moving away from each other at an increasing rate in terms of the standard of living of the population. The analysis raises the issue of the need to improve the state policy of Russia in order to enhance the standard of living of the population, ensure a balanced socio-economic development of regions and neutralize the negative consequences of their further differentiation.

Russia occupies a leading position in the world ranking of countries with the richest natural resources, but lags behind many countries of the world in terms of living standards. Studies of Russian sociologists also suggest that, according to Russians, negative dynamics are manifested in many indicators characterizing the main areas of life of Russian society. To overcome this situation, a close study of the laws of functioning and the cyclical stages of social processes is necessary, which is impossible without reliance on socio-psychological knowledge, which is increasingly being integrated into international models for assessing the quality of life at the macro, meso- and micro- levels. Recent studies convincingly demonstrate the relationship of psychological factors with the quality of life of society, there is a realization that these factors can serve as important levers in optimizing socio-economic processes, can increase their productivity and are effective in implementing public administration programs. In modern conditions, no scientific field can give a complete answer to the question about the nature of the factors (legal, economic, social, psychological, etc.) that determine an increase in the standard of living of the population and ensure the stability of its social development. Accordingly, the optimization of the social sphere is a complex interdisciplinary problem, which, in one of its manifestations, is associated with the need to identify various historical and everyday cycles that affect the effectiveness of economic and political processes, as well as the mindset of the population. In this direction, the development of information technology creates serious opportunities for combining the efforts of representatives of the humanities, social and technical sciences, and the organization of large-scale integrated research.

The Arctic territories of Russia were explored and populated rigorously and purposefully during the Soviet period. The settling pattern was then based on the industrial capabilities of the Arctic areas (mineral deposits), considering the need to develop relevant transport infrastructure. The incentive component of the Soviet propaganda of Arctic development was aimed at mobilizing the skilled workforce. The market transformation in the late 20th century caused a rapid deterioration in the social and economic situation nation-wide: the state abandoned protectionism of the Arctic territories so that state-provided preferences were significantly reduced. Such transformations eventually entailed the reduction of social and economic services and a large-scale migration outflow in the Arctic territories. The current social and economic situation in the Arctic is still characterized by a negative migration balance, which determines a decline in the level of labor force participation. The negative migration balance is attributable to the lower economic attractiveness of the region, which again brings about the issue of unemployment in the Arctic. Destructive processes in the social and economic development of the Arctic territories of Russia shape multi-faceted threats to its stable evolution. Thus, the analysis of the long-term pattern of the social space in the Arctic territories of Russia is an essential aspect of new emerging conceptual approaches towards research and practical plan for Arctic development. The purpose of the survey was to review the pattern of the social space in the modern Arctic territories of Russia between 1950 and 2018, with one of its objectives being the analysis of its social development stages based on historiographic, problematic / chronological, retrospective and comparative-historical methods. The survey shows that transformations in the consistent long-term pattern of the social space in the modern Arctic territories of Russia are determined by the intensity of its industrial development, the scale of government support, and the long-term interests of the national economy.

Problem and purpose. The main problem of the modern Russian economy has been the declining dynamics of population incomes. Revenues determine the socioeconomic orientation of the economy and are indicators of the standard of living of the population. These are key indicators of social welfare, which are a source of meeting diverse needs. The aim of the article is to study the main trends in the indicators of living standards. Methods. The research methodology is based on the analytical method. In particular, the incomes of the population are examined and the state of living standards of the population is estimated. Results. In the course of the analysis, the dynamics of the average per capita cash income of the population (per month), the real disposable cash income of the population, the volume and structure of the cash income of the population by source of income, the distribution of income, the dynamics of the living wage, and real wages are determined. The analysis carried out in the article allows us to determine the degree of change in the standard of living of the population. In 2014–2015, there was a decrease in the standard of living of the population. In 2016-2017, the economy is growing slowly. Conclusions. A stimulating income policy is needed to improve living standards. In particular, it is necessary to expand the expenditures of the state budget to support poor citizens. Also, an increase in the living standard may become an instrument of income policy

The paper examines the social and economic aspects of integrating the Republic of Crimea into the Russian Federation. This study is making a new contribution to sociology, as it brings together social and economic statistics and studies of the population’s perception of the impact that the new region’s integration has had on Russian society (conducted as an online survey).We analyze the population’s quality of life indices: average per capita income, expense structure, and minimum wage. The study allows us to conclude that the region is falling far behind the national average per capita income, as well as the relevant figures in most other regions of the Southern Federal District. In order to provide a counterpoint to these statistics regarding Russians’ opinion on the consequences of the Republic of Crimea joining the country, we conducted a sociological online survey (n=1012) among both Crimean inhabitants and people living elsewhere in Russia. The survey shows that the evaluation of the peninsula’s integration into Russia is mostly positive (72%) and neutral (18%), and that a lot of Russians, even though they may never have even visited Crimea, show great concern regarding the region’s social and economic issues, such as the condition of its infrastructure, local tourism, banking and loan restrictions, etc.

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The relevance. The article is devoted to the consideration of a question that would seem to be of a purely medical and philosophical nature, when a person, under aggressive influence and sophisticated pressure of the media, chooses a pattern of his eating behavior that differs markedly from the generally accepted behavior, called normal. Adhering to the chosen method of eating behavior, the consumer brings his body to a certain degree of weakening, mental torture and with a diagnosis of “Nervous orthorexia” turns into a patient of specialized rehabilitation clinics, becomes the ward of narrowly oriented doctors for the treatment of white brain. For any organism, the consequences of such a diagnosis are usually destructive.Objective. The authors of the article are trying to investigate the genesis of this little-studied problem and find any connection with the level and quality of life of Russians in recent years, with the quality of food consumed and with the general psychological state of society during its testing with an excessively long crisis.Methods. Diagnostic packages, testing of the functional state of patients according to Donini&Marsili, ORTO-15 and their clinical surveys are already as respondents. A large statistical sample of the online survey is represented by 612 respondents of different sexes and different age groups. To assess the standard of living and morbidity by Nervous orthorexia, statistical methods were used to measure the relationship of Spearman, Pearson, structural averages, etc.Results. Nervous orthorexia has been found to be characterized by the phenomenon of avoidant behavior that is included in the group of nonspecific eating disorders of the patient.Conclusion. The results of the retrospective period confirm the working hypothesis about the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the decline in the standard of living of urban population in the Northwestern Federal District and the incidence of Nervous orthorexia in its various manifestations.

The study of problems related to the study of living standards is quite relevant in modern economic conditions. The socio-economic category “standard of living” is used in legal and regulatory documents, in scientific literature to characterize the degree of satisfaction of physical, spiritual and social needs of people in society, i.e. the quality of life of the population, the magnitude of its well-being and well-being and serves as an important socio-economic criterion in the selection of directions and priorities of economic and social policy of the state. On the one hand, the standard of living of the population is determined by the composition and magnitude of the needs for various life benefits (food, clothing, housing, transport, various utilities and household services, education, health care, cultural and educational activities, etc.), on the other - the ability to meet these needs, based on the proposals on the market of goods and services and real incomes of people, their wages. The ongoing socioeconomic transformations in Russia, which have caused an intensive process of economic stratification of the population with the phenomena of a significant decline in the standard of living of the prevailing group of families, pose to society at the present stage a number of serious problems that require urgent solutions. Both the attention and the demands on living standards have now increased. A very important area is the use of indicators of living standards for conducting comparisons on an objective calculation basis: in time - to assess the impact of socioeconomic changes on the life of the population, for individual income and property groups of the population – to determine the degree of economic differentiation of society, as well as in different regions of the country – to assess and take into account differences in the level and living conditions of the population in them. The aim of the study is to characterize and analyze inter-regional comparisons of indicators of the standard of living of the population. The article provides an economic and statistical analysis of the variation of indicators of living standards of the subjects of the Volga Federal district. To identify regions with a similar level of material well-being of the population, a multidimensional classification of the subjects of the Volga Federal district was carried out. Statistical tools of the study were the method of grouping, variational method of analysis, methods of multivariate analysis; tabular and graphical methods of data visualization.