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The significance of the study is determined by the fact that education receives a new round in its development. It is specified by modern trends in the digital world economy, which makes special demands on the human capital development, where higher education institutions play a leading role. The education models using individual educational trajectories are considered one of the most promising at the present stage of society formation, as evidenced by the message of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin and the introduction of a number of amendments to the law on education of the Russian Federation.The purpose of the study presented by the authors is to describe, analyze and summarize pedagogical experience of IET implementation in higher educational institutions. The authors chose general and scientific methods as a methodological basis: phenomenological, sociometric methods included pedagogical observation, retrospective and statistical analysis and synthesis. Empirical data are based on the survey result of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd years students (n=117). In spite of the fact that individual educational trajectories are a pedagogical phenomenon, the study can be classified as interdisciplinary, it involves such sciences as psychology, philosophy, and sociology. The IET realization has a number of advantages, at the same time IET is not free from some disadvantages. The problems identified in the course of the study in the implementation of IOT can be minimized, taking into account the recommendations proposed by the authors of the article, which will rationalize and humanize the education-al process. The scientific novelty and practical significance lies in the theoretical and practical significance of the conducted research, which helps understand the IET content and essence in pedagogical practice. The generalized empirical experience can serve a basis for the development of special courses, textbooks, teaching materials and recommendations on the organization of IET in higher education.

Представлен анализ записки, составленной по горячим следам дворцового переворота 25 ноября 1741 г., приведшего к власти дочь Петра I Елизавету. Документ является извлечением из письма, отправленного из Петербурга 19/30 декабря 1741 г. в Польшу мазовецкому воеводе Станиславу Понятовскому. Ряд косвенных данных указывает на то, что автором сообщения, по всей вероятности, был секретарь саксонского посольства Иоганн Сигизмунд фон Пецольд. Автор записки, представленной в публикации, проявил незаурядную осведомленность во всем, что касается политических, придворных и дипломатических событий, происходивших в столице в первые недели после смены власти. Источник, не привлекавший прежде внимания историков, содержит любопытные штрихи, характеризующие переходный период, когда вырабатывались политические принципы, идеология и практика елизаветинского правления, определялся состав правящей верхушки. Документ позволяет почувствовать беспокойную атмосферу победившего дворцового переворота. Внимание автора привлекает судьба семьи и близких свергнутой правительницы Анны Леопольдовны; он сообщает тайные сведения о суде над главными политическими фигурами предшествовавших царствований – А. И. Остерманом, Б. Х. Минихом и др. В угоду новой власти автор-дипломат пытается представить приход к власти Елизаветы Петровны как предотвращение зревшего заговора и восстановление справедливости. Знание российских реалий, возможность присутствия при дворе новой императрицы, налаженные связи с представителями верхушки столичного общества дали автору возможность запечатлеть характерные детали и даже скрытые подробности политической жизни в начале правления Елизаветы Петровны. Документ, изготовленный, по всей видимости, специально для Вольтера, сохранился в коллекции материалов, собранных им в период работы над «Историей Российской империи при Петре Великом» (1757–1762).

The authors of the article prove the need to include a new name for the disease "Progressive Fibrosing Lung Disease" into clinical practice. Recognition of the fact that some lung diseases end in a fibrosing process, which does not have any significant differences depending on the initial disease that led to fibrosis, will expand the indications for earlier prescription of antifibrotic drugs, which will undoubtedly improve the prognosis in this extremely severe category of patients.

Background. The ongoing pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) draws attention to the significance of molecular and genetic monitoring of the SARS-CoV-2 spread among the population of the Russian Federation. The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics of circulation of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in Russia. Materials and methods. The analysis of the circulation dynamics for SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in Russia was carried out, covering the period from 28/12/2020 to 26/6/2022. The analysis included the data from Rospotrebnadzor Report No. 970 "Information about Infectious Diseases in Individuals with Suspected Novel Coronavirus Infection" and the Virus Genome Aggregator of Russia (VGARus). The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was confirmed by the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The primer panels developed at the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology were used for amplification of genomic fragments and the subsequent sequencing. Results and discussion. Using the Russian VGARus platform developed by the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, we received the data on mutational variability of SARS-CoV-2. By monitoring the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in Russia from 28/12/2020 to 26/6/2022, we found that Delta and Omicron genetic variants prevailed at different stages of the epidemic. Conclusion. The data of molecular and genetic studies are an essential component of epidemiological surveillance, being critically important for making executive decisions aimed at prevention of further spread of SARS-CoV-2 and laying the groundwork for creating new vaccines.

The problem of timely diagnosis and proper management of patients with cystic fibrosis is crucial not only in our country, but throughout the world. Experts of the Union of Pediatricians of Russia have considered various issues of etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this genetic disease in a modern light. Particular attention was paid to screening methods for early diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. The principles of complex therapy were justified, including rational use of antibacterial and mucolytic drugs and enzyme replacement therapy that significantly determine the disease prognosis.

The biological diversity of our planet largely depends on human impact on the environment. Globally, there is a large variety of perennial plant species worldwide. One of the methods of genetic preservation of wild species is introducing them into the culture. In the conditions of Altai Krai, scientists have found approximately 28 species of wild-growing onion crops. Wild-growing onion species have important agronomic characteristics. The current research aims to examine, evaluate, and select clones, and create a variety of perennial onion crops. The research objects are samples of three types of perennial onions: Welsh onion, Altai onion, and Chinese chive. The trial establishment, observations, and selections were conducted using instructive methodological regulations. According to the Welsh onion culture, 27 samples were studied. Early growing forms and samples with a long regrowth–bolting period were selected, which determines the duration of economic use in the culture. The least volatile variables were identified. There were 18 samples of Altai onion in the research. A sample of this type with the maximum duration of the regrowth–bolting period was identified. Further research on the selection of clones allowed the identification of promising forms. The selection of clonal material on Chinese chives was carried out using 21 samples. Phenological and morphological evaluation of the samples was performed in this culture, and interesting breeding forms were identified. As a research result, one sample of each type was transferred to the state crop variety testing. According to the results, three new varieties of perennial types of onion crops were zoned: Welsh onion Premiera, Altai onion Viktor, and Chinese chive Zelyeny dol.

Introduction. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus, the international community has been concerned about the emergence of mutations altering some biological properties of the pathogen like increasing its infectivity or virulence. Particularly, since the end of 2020, several variants of concern have been identified around the world, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2). However, the existing mechanism of detecting important mutations are not always effective enough, since only a relatively small part of all pathogen samples can be examined by whole genome sequencing due to its high cost. Material and methods. In this study, we have designed special primer panel and used it for targeted highthroughput sequencing of several significant S-gene (spike) regions of SARS-CoV-2. The Illumina platform averaged approximately 50,000 paired-end reads with a length of ≥150 bp per sample. This method was used to examine 579 random samples obtained from COVID-19 patients in Moscow and the Moscow region from February to June 2021. Results. This study demonstrated the dynamics of distribution of several SARS-CoV-2 strains and its some single mutations. It was found that the Delta strain appeared in the region in May 2021, and became prevalent in June, partially displacing other strains. Discussion. The obtained results provide an opportunity to assign the viral samples to one of the strains, including the previously mentioned in time- and cost-effective manner. The approach can be used for standardization of the procedure of searching for mutations in individual regions of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. It allows to get a more detailed data about the epidemiological situation in a region.

Национальные проекты разработаны органами власти в целях достижения нового качества жизни населения каждого субъекта и муниципального образования и носят долгосрочный характер, поэтому тема работы является актуальной не только для каждого города, но и регионов, а также России в целом. Особо выражен социально значимый характер мероприятий сферы малого и среднего бизнеса. В созданном национальном проекте «Малое и среднее предпринимательство» все федеральные проекты рассчитаны на долгосрочную перспективу и имеют высокие показатели по расходованию денежных средств. В статье рассматриваются индикаторы и мероприятия муниципальной программы крупнейшего города Сибири — Барнаула «Развитие предпринимательства в городе Барнауле на 2015–2024 годы», авторами проведен методологический анализ и эконометрическая оценка потенциала импорта и экспорта, выделены его компоненты, на которые следует обратить внимание (потенциал импортозамещения и детерминированный потенциал экспорта) по г. Барнаулу. В статье обозначены основные проблемы при реализации национального проекта и предложены пути их решения для оптимального развития перспектив малого и среднего бизнеса на территории муниципального образования. Данные предложения могут служить основой развития малого и среднего предпринимательства для повышения уровня жизни населения каждого региона России. В целях реализации достижения наилучших результатов путем выполнения индикаторов национального проекта «Малое и среднее предпринимательство» предложено в плановом порядке организовывать выставочно-ярмарочные мероприятия товаров местных производителей. Это особенно актуально в текущем периоде экономического развития страны.

Currently, a lot of attention is given to SARS-CoV-2 subpopulations and their coexistence with different genomic variants within the same patient. In this study, we performed next-generation whole-genome sequencing and assembly of viruses from samples representing swabs or autopsy specimens obtained from patients diagnosed with СOVID-19, which were initially confirmed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (Ct = 10.4–19.8). Samples were prepared for sequencing by using the SCV-2000bp protocol. The obtained data were checked for presence of more than one SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in a sample. Variants of nucleotide substitutions, coverage for each variant, and location of the variable position in the reference genome were detected with tools incorporated in the CLC Genomics Workbench program. In our search for variable nucleotide positions, we assumed that the sample had two genetic variants (not more); the threshold value ≥ 90% was set for probability of the identified variant. Variants represented by less than 20% of the reads in the total coverage were not taken into consideration. The obtained results showed that 5 samples had variability, i.e. they had several genetic variants of SARS-CoV-2. In 4 samples, both of the detected genomic variants differed only in one nucleotide position. The fifth sample demonstrated more substantial differences: a total of 3 variable positions and one three-nucleotide deletion. Our study shows that different genetic variants of SARS-CoV-2 can coexist within the same patient.

Unveiling origin of infectious diseases with unknown etiology is one of the major issues in contemporary medicine, since a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis may, unfortunately, be obtained solely in very few cases. Because the majority of the most common mid-latitude infections display a typical overt clinical picture, this problem has not been paid a proper attention until recently. Recent rise in incidence rate of infectious diseases lacking typical clinical signs observed lately makes it extremely important to consider the problem more closely. It is believed that such trend is due to a whole body of reasons, including impaired sanitary control, increased both internal and external migration flows, refusal of vaccination in case of long-lasting epidemic wellbeing, emergence of atypical bacterial strains of bacteria resulting from irrational antibiotic therapy etc. Viruses constitute the largest group of organisms on our planet accounting for them as the most common causative agent of infectious diseases of unknown etiology. Some estimates obtained by mathematical modeling propose that at least 320,000 types of viruses capable of infecting mammals may exist, most of which have not been described yet. Hence, monitoring circulation of the known viral pathogens, tracing down their spreading and changes in genome nucleotide sequence as well as revealing new types of viruses become important aspects of epidemiological surveillance necessary for timely response to emerging threats, prediction and early detection of outbreaks both in humans and animals. This review summarizes traditional molecular genetics methods for detection of viral pathogens, such as PCR, real-time PCR, Sanger sequencing with pre-cloning, and methods based on the second and third generation sequencing. Therefore, a more detailed overview was provided to diverse methods based on using such technologies because viral infectious agents investigated with high-throughput sequencing (or NGS — Next Generation Sequencing) has been increasingly appreciated as feasible for diagnostics, disease control, molecular epidemiology and infection control. Finally, a special attention was also paid to the approaches used to enrich the viral genetic material in samples containing low amount of pathogen nucleic acids.

Publications on aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine in children for the last 20 years were systematized taking into account different treatment approaches. The results of radiation therapy, local puncture interventions, surgical removal of the tumor, selective embolization, and of their combinations were reviewed based on the data of 19 publications representing 165 pediatric patients.

This review considers the clinical and pathogenetic aspects of an association between tobacco smoking dependence and depressive spectrum disorders. The comorbidity of these disorders has been established to be to a large extent determined by their common genetic bases. This association substantially affects the efficiency of treatment. Resistance to anti-nicotine and antidepressant medications is associated precisely with the comorbidity of these diseases. To enhance the efficiency of treatment, it is promising to include non-drug methods into the therapeutic complex. This makes it possible to achieve a gradual reduction in tobacco withdrawal syndrome and to prevent an exacerbation of comorbid depression.

The article analyzed main phytolith morphotypes produced and anatomical microscopic structure of grass leaf epidermis in dominant species in the south of West Siberia. Phytoliths are silica microfossils formed inside plant cells that allow identification of plants in paleobotanical studies. The choice of objects in the study was based on presence of strong silicification in selected dominant grasses. For the first time in our region, phytolith assemblage from a plant (% of morphotypes) was compared to the anatomical structure of leaf epidermis in Poaceae. We studied seven Poaceae species that together produced all major morphotypes found in soils of the region: Achnatherum sibiricum, Agrostis gigantea, Elymus dahuricus, Festuca pseudovina, Festuca pratensis, Koeleria cristata, Phalaroides arundinacea. Because all of these species were regionally important dominants, their phytoliths would help diagnose specific plant communities. We showed localization of main phytoliths in the leaves of these species and compared short cell and trichome distribution in a plant with its silicification. The results allowed to better visualize 3D shapes of epidermal cells. Most common phytoliths were formed as cell wall casts that repeat the shape of the cell in question. Some short cells, for example rondels and bilobates, did not match the shape of the cell, indicating active shaping process present inside the cells. An interesting result was a lack of silicification of trichomes in some grasses despite heavy trichome presence. This study will help researchers to avoid mistakes in identifying common dominant plants based on their phytolith record in paleosediments, within West Siberia and across all of Northern Eurasia.

In 1745, some six hundred volumes of French books were transferred from the Summer Palace, in St. Petersburg, to the Academy of Sciences, and in 1750 returned to the court. Here, we show that three inventories of these books have been preserved to this day, two of which contain an indication that they had belonged to Anna Leopoldovna (in 1740-41, regent during the reign of her underage son, Emperor Ioann Antonovich), and were later donated by Empress Elizabeth Petrovna to Ivan Ivanovitch Shuvalov. Thus, the books described in these catalogs are not the library of Elizabeth Petrovna, as was previously assumed, but that of Anna Leopoldovna.

Objective: to evaluate the clinical and radiological features of rare forms of sarcoidosis of the respiratory organs (SRO).Material and methods. In 2006 to 2016, the Research Institute of Interstitial and Orphan Lung Diseases followed up 599 patients with sarcoidosis. 36 patients (6.0%) of them had atypical clinical and radiation manifestations that did not correspond to the traditional radiation pattern and the existing X-ray classification of SRO. Stages 2, 3, and 4 pulmonary sarcoidosis was diagnosed in 26, 7, and 3 patients, respectively. The patients’ mean age was 38.2±7.4 years (the female/male ratio was 26:10). All the patients underwent traditional X-ray studies (radiography in two projections), high-resolution computed tomography (CT), complex external respiratory function examination, and echocardiography.Results. Analysis of the results of radiation examinations revealed the following rare forms of SRO: interstitial edematous, fibrous, and cavitary ones that had recognizable CT patterns. Each of these forms had clinical and functional features. In single cases, the CT pattern combined the features incompatible with the generally accepted classification (Stages 1 and 4 SRO); this was an offstage form. The features of the radiation pattern and clinical course required the differential diagnosis of these patients with more severe diseases (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, lymphogenic carcinomatosis, pulmonary edema, diffuse connective tissue diseases, pneumoconiosis, mycobacteriosis, and exogenous allergic alveolitis) and morphological verification.Conclusion. The accumulation of experience with clinical and radiological examination of patients with SRO revealed its rare forms that are difficult to diagnose and necessitate the development of new approaches to therapy policy.

Objective. To assess the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the army recruits using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Materials and Methods. Sputum, blood, bronchoalveolar lavage samples and oropharyngeal swabs collected from 255 hospitalized army recruits with radiographically confirmed diagnosis of CAP were tested by PCR assay. The comparator group included 270 otherwise healthy recruits. Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzaе, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Legionella pneumophila, adenoviruses, Herpes simplex virus I/II, cytomegalovirus was performed by PCR using commercial AmpliSens kits and GenPak DNA PCR test. Results. The specific causative agent of CAP was determined in 94.1% of the enrolled military personnel. S. pneumoniae was a predominant pathogen of CAP. The high S. pneumoniae carriage rate (86.3%) among the military personnel was found. The incidence rates of M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae were 14.5±2.2% and 13.7±2.2%, respectively. The highest rates of C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae were observed in patients with non-severe CAP (16.2±2.6% and 16.7±2.7%, respectively) compared to significantly lower rates in patients with severe CAP (5.3±3.0% and 7.0±3.4%, respectively; p

Compositional technique, which is regularly found in the oral stories (narratives) of natives and residents of areas of the Angara river, - insert replicas, which are essentially collapsed themes (micro-themes) are considered for the first time. It is noted that insert have a complete composition. It is argued that the appearance of such speech structures is determined by the high importance of designated content for the narrator. The author defines the structure of the narrative as a relatively arbitrary: inset replicas appear in the place of the narrative, which seems appropriate to the speaker. The presence of such micro-thematic inserts allowed the author to assume that the informant, telling about one event or period of his / her life, at the same time implies a general picture of the narrative, that is, correlates the content of the replica with a holistic view of himself in the opposition “part - whole”. For example, as it was shown by the analysis of the collected material, the appearance of insert remarks about the death of relatives (a kind of folded “texts of death”) is dictated not by the logic and the topic of conversation, but by the metha-communicative task of the speaker. The narrator seems to perform mandatory labeling of the main stages of the human life cycle: birth - living - death. The author calls the content of such replicas micro-genealogy, as they are a brief mention of all the family members.

The damage of the respiratory system is a quite common extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is important to note that its clinical symptoms occur in only 20–30% of patients; however, subclinical forms identified by active screening are observed in 70–80% of patients.Objective: to compare the significance of pulmonary complaints, the results of physical examination, and the data of instrumental studies for the detection of lung injury in patients with RA.Subjects and methods. The study enrolled 70 RA patients (63 women and 7 men) aged 24 to 83 years. Only 10% of them had clinically evident lung injury associated with RA. Patients with other pulmonary diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc., were excluded. Physical examination, radiography/fluoroscopy, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the lung, and lung function testing (LFT) with the determination of lung diffusion capacity.Results and discussion. The data of physical examination were nonspecific and unconvincing. Pulmonary complaints (dyspnea, cough, expectoration) were seen in 65% of the patients; an objective assessment revealed changes (vesiculotympanitic resonance, harsh breathing, and pleural friction rub) in 40%. The X-ray films/fluorograms displayed abnormalities (pulmonary fibrosis, focal changes) in only 10% of cases. 92% of the patients had lung HRCT changes including moderate (bronchial obstruction (40%), rheumatoid nodules (10%), ground glass opacities (60%), bronchial thickening (20%), pleural effusion (10%), tree-in-bud opacities (3%)) and severe (pulmonary hypertension (10%), bronchiectasis (10%), emphysema (5%) and lung tissue fibrotic changes as the honeycomb lung (2%)) ones. SPECT showed local hypoperfusion in the mantle and mediastinal parts of the lungs in 80% of cases. LFT analysis demonstrated reduced lung diffusion capacity in 41% of the patients, restrictive disorders in 30%, and bronchial obstruction in 70%. Conclusion. Comparing the clinical and instrumental findings permits one to diagnose subclinical lung injury in patients with RA. Thus, the early detection of pulmonary involvement in RA requires the use of more sensitive methods.

Aim. Establish genetic characteristics, carry out phylogenetic analysis and determination of molecular markers of resistance to etiotropic preparations against influenza A/H3N2 and В viruses that had circulated in Russia in 2013 - 2015. Materials and methods. 80 biological samples containing influenza A/H3N2 virus RNA and 31 samples containing influenza В virus RNA were studied. Sequencing of PCR fragments was carried out in ABI-3100 PRIZMTM GeneticAnalyzer (AppliedBiosystems, USA) and using MiSeq (Illumina, USA). Data treatment and analysis was carried out using CLC v.3.6.5., DNASTAR and BioNumerics v.6.5. programs. Results. In 2013 - 2014 A/Texas/50/2012-like clade 3C.3 influenza A/H3N2 viruses dominated, 10% belonged to subclade 3C.2a and 10% - to ЗС.ЗЬ. Most of the viruses (81%) of 2014 - 2015 were of 3C.2a clade, the portion of viruses belonging to ЗС.ЗЬ and ЗС.За was 9 and 10%. Yamagata-like viruses predominated among the studied influenza В viruses, only 1 virus of 2014 - 2015 belonged to Victoria lineage, 1 reassortant of Yamagata and Victoria lineages was detected. Rimantadine-resistance mutation S31N (М2 protein) was detected in all the influenza A/H3N2 viruses. Mutations determining resistance to oseltamivir (NA gene) were not detected in influenza A/H3N2 and В viruses. Conclusion. Increase of influenza morbidity in 2014 - 2015 was determined by the emergence of influenza A/H3N2 and В viruses, antigenically distinct from those that had circulated previously and those included into the vaccine, thus resulting in the WHO decision to change А/ H3N2 and В components of the 2015 - 2016 vaccine. Simultaneous circulation of 2 lineages of influenza В virus and emergence of their reassortants gives evidence on the necessity of use of quadrivalent vaccines, containing both lineages.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between infection with “persistent” agents of children and the possibility of the development of inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract such as community-acquired pneumonia and acute bronchitis on the basis of risk management concepts.Materials and methods. 701 children in age from 15 days to 16 years were examined in Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod region with clinically and radiologically confirmed diagnosis: community-acquired pneumonia, acute bronchitis. This study was performed in the period from 2005 to 2014. The control group consisted of 127 healthy children of different ages. The detection of M. pneumoniae, Сytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex I/II C. pneumoniae was performed by PCR. The concept of risk determination was based on the determination of the absolute risk in the exposed and the no exposed groups, attributable risk, relative risk, the population attributable risk, as well as determining the standard errors for each type of risk and confidence interval.Results. Attributable risk, relative risk, population-attributable risk are statistically significant figures. Attributable risk of development of community-acquired pneumonia was 29,26%; 27,37%; 25,70%; 20,21% for the M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, CMV, HSV I / II respectively. The relative risk was 1,43 for the M. pneumoniae; 1,38 – for C. pneumoniae and CMV; 1,28- for HSV I / II. The presence of persistent pathogens is resulting in increased incidence of communityacquired pneumonia throughout the population (population attributable risk): 4,75% for M. pneumoniae, 0,23% for C. pneumoniae, 5,59% for the CMV and 1,08% for the HSV I/II. Similar calculations were performed for patients with acute bronchitis. The statistical analysis allowed to exclude C. pneumoniae and HSV I / II of the risk factors for communityacquired pneumonia and acute bronchitis.Conclusion. The findings suggest the influence of M. pneumoniae and CMV in the development of communityacquired pneumonia and acute bronchitis in children. C. pneumoniae, and HSV I / II do not play a statistically significant role in the overall landscape of etiologic agents of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bronchitis.

Objective: to assess the favorable and unfavorable types of lung tissue fibrotic changes in patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILD) detected by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT).Material and methods. The results of examinations were analyzed in 385 patients: 181 with respiratory organ sarcoidosis, 130 with fibrosing alveolitis, 36 with histiocytosis X, and 38 with lymphangioleiomyomatosis. All the patients underwent HRCT; the data were compared with the results of comprehensive functional study of external respiration (CFSER), histological examination (in 70.1%), and the pattern of the disease.Results. Comparison of the clinical and functional course of ILD with the types of lung tissue fibrotic changes detected by HRCT and morphological examination showed that the favorable types of pulmonary fibrosis included stringy central and peripheral interstitial fibrotic changes and the atelectatic type of fibrosis, the occurrence of which failed to affect the development of obvious perfusion and diffusion disorders and to give rise to respiratory failure. The unfavorable types of pulmonary fibrosis included the peripheral pulmonary interstitial fibrotic changes (acinar fibrosis, honeycomb lung), which led to restrictive changes and perfusion disorders, which were accompanied by significant respiratory failure, decreases in quality of life and survival, as well as fibrotic changes in the walls of long-lasting air-containing cysts and a fibrotic cavity mass that resulted in complications (pulmonary hemorrhage, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum).

Pulmonary hypertension unites a group of disorders characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance leading to right ventricular failure and cor pulmonale. Particular interest to the problem of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is explained by the improvements in the diagnosis of PH concomitant with other diseases.

Андрогены - часть нормальной физиологии женщины, хотя их роль в организме женщины не так хорошо определена, как у мужчин. Внимание исследователей всего мира сейчас сосредоточено на поиске новых механизмов развития гиперандрогении и ановуляции, возможном участии в этих процессах инсулина и факторов роста. Хочется надеяться, что эти усилия приведут к открытию новых терапевтических возможностей в лечении бесплодия у пациенток с хронической ановуляцией и гиперандрогенией.

Дисгенезия гонад относится к генетически обусловленным формам задержки полового развития (ЗПР) человека. Несмотря на редкую встречаемость в популяции, проблеме дисгенезии гонад придается важное значение во всем мире В настоящее время широкое распространение для заместительной гормональной терапии (ЗГТ) у женщин перименопаузального периода жизни получили препараты, содержащие так называемые классические или натуральные эстрогены, наиболее идентичные эстрадиолу женского организма. Публикации о результатах применения натуральных эстрогенов у девочек с дисгенезией гонад малочисленны и отрывочны.Среди обследованных нами больных у 126 пациенток с дисгенезией гонад был изучен исходный статус и у 82 девушек - динамика состояния органов-мишеней репродуктивной системы в процессе ЗГТ. ЗГТ назначали с момента постановки диагноза. У больных с У-хромосомой в кариотипе терапию проводили после оперативного удаления гонад. Объективизацию результатов лечебного воздействия производили с учетом динамики гормонального статуса и состояния органов-мишеней. Согласно полученным данным, препараты дивина и дивигель оказывают более полноценное влияние на органы-мишени по сравнению с этинилэстрадиолом в виде микрофоллина и в составе КОК, что позволяет рекомендовать их для длительной заместительной терапии больным с дисгенезией гонад.

Introduction: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus, the international community has been concerned about the emergence of mutations altering some biological properties of the pathogen like increasing its infectivity or virulence. Particularly, since the end of 2020, several variants of concern have been identified around the world, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2). However, the existing mechanism of detecting important mutations are not always effective enough, since only a relatively small part of all pathogen samples can be examined by whole genome sequencing due to its high cost., Material and Methods: In this study, we have designed special primer panel and used it for targeted highthroughput sequencing of several significant S-gene (spike) regions of SARS-CoV-2. The Illumina platform averaged approximately 50,000 paired-end reads with a length of ≥150 bp per sample. This method was used to examine 579 random samples obtained from COVID-19 patients in Moscow and the Moscow region from February to June 2021., Results: This study demonstrated the dynamics of distribution of several SARS-CoV-2 strains and its some single mutations. It was found that the Delta strain appeared in the region in May 2021, and became prevalent in June, partially displacing other strains., Discussion: The obtained results provide an opportunity to assign the viral samples to one of the strains, including the previously mentioned in time- and cost-effective manner. The approach can be used for standardization of the procedure of searching for mutations in individual regions of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. It allows to get a more detailed data about the epidemiological situation in a region.

Aim: Establish genetic characteristics, carry out phylogenetic analysis and determination of molecular markers of resistance to etiotropic preparations against influenza A/H3N2 and B viruses that had circulated in Russia in 2013 - 2015., Materials and Methods: 80 biological samples containing influenza A/H3N2 virus RNA and 31 samples containing influenza B virus RNA were studied. Sequencing of PCR fragments was carried out inABI-3 100 PRIZMTM GeneticAnalyzer (AppliedBiosystems, USA) and using MiSeq (Illumina, USA). Data treatment and analysis was carried out using CLC v.3.6.5., DNASTAR and BioNumerics v.6.5. programs., Results: In 2013 -2014 A/Texas/50/2012-like-clade 3C.3 influenza A/H3N2 viruses dominated, 10% belonged to subclade 3C.2a and 10% - to 3C.3b. Most of the viruses (8 1%) of 2014 - 2015 were of 3C.2a clade, the portion of viruses belonging to 3C.3b and 3C.3a was 9 and 10%. Yamagata-like viruses predominated among the studied influenza B viruses, only 1 virus of 2014 - 2015 belonged to Victoria lineage, 1 reassortant of Yamagata and Victoria lineages was detected. Rimantadine- resistance mutationS3 lN(M2 protein) was detected in all the influenza A/H3N2 viruses. Mutations determining resistance to oseltamivir (NA gene) were not detected in influenza A/H3N2 and B viruses., Conclusion: Increase of influenza morbidity in 2014 - 2015 was determined by the emergence of influenza A/H3N2 and B viruses, antigenically distinct from those that had circulated previously and those included into the vaccine, thus resulting in the WHO decision to change A/ H3N2 and B components of the 2015 - 2016 vaccine: Simultaneous circulation of 2 lineages of influenza B virus and emergence of their reassortants gives evidence on the necessity of use of quadrivalent vaccines, containing both lineages.

Glycolysis is a main catabolic pathway of glucose metabolism, accompanied by ATP synthesis. More than 30 enzymes are involved in glycolysis, and genes that encode them can be considered housekeeping genes due to the high conservatism and evolutionary antiquity of the process. We studied the expression of these genes in kidney papillary cancer and planocellular lung cancer via the bioinformatic analysis of transcriptome database and method of quantitative real time PCR. Quantitative analysis of mRNA level demonstrated that only a part ofgenes that encode glycolysis enzymes maintain relatively stable mRNA level, including the HK1, ADPGK, GPI, PGK1, and PKM2 genes in kidney papillary cancer and the ADPGK, ALDOA, GAPDH, PGK1, BPGM, ENO1, and PKM2 genes in planocellular lung cancer. The frequent increase in the mRNA expression of PFKP, ALDOA, and GAPDH genes in kidney cancer, as well as the GPI gene in lung cancer, were detected for the first time by real time PCR. For other genes, their differential expression was demonstrated; the cases of both a decrease and increase in the mRNA level were detected. Thus, several genes that can be used as control genes in transcriptome analysis by real time PCR in kidney and lung cancer, as well as a number of differentially expressed genes that can be potential oncomarkers, were identified.