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The article presents the relevant results of an analysis of the process of regulating private space activities. At the same time, the separate focus is on the development of space law and the main problems that currently exist in space law, including those related to the confrontation between public space law and private space law, for example: regulation of space traffic; determination of ownership of objects obtained as a result of space activities; mining and other aspects of commercialization of space activities. Additionally, a list of the main legal tasks in private space activities that require an early solution is identified, and the steps that have already been taken in this direction are described, namely, new variants of terminology, interpretation, and classification of objects and subjects of space activities, space law, and space legal relations as well as a new theory for determining the legal status of outer space are proposed. In the final analysis, it was concluded that it is necessary to continue research in further formation and improvement of the elements, interpretations, and structure of Space Private Law. To this end, the author proposed an option for further scientific research on the formation of the structure of Space Private Law based on the establishment and definition of the basic principles, concepts, and elements of such law. At the same time, the author identified the main goals, objectives, object, and subject of such research, and also, preliminary, determined the research methodology that is vital to obtain the most effective scientific results. According to the author, the results of the study on the formation of the structure of Space Private Law will be base for future foundations for regulating private space activities and preventing many legal conflicts.

Based on the new archival documents and literature in English, the paper presents the biography of Mikhail Sergeevich Smirnov, representative of the Russian diaspora in Yugoslavia and researcher of a new branch of international law, which began to develop in 1957 with the launch of the fi rst artifi cial Earth satellite. He was a secondgeneration Russian refugee, who was forced to leave his homeland as a little boy. He settled in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia alongside his family. He graduated from Law School in the state capital, Belgrade, then from Paris Law School, where he obtained his doctorate, and then from Paris Law School’s Institute for Higher International Sciences. After the launch of the fi rst satellite in 1957, Mikhail Smirnov, an aviation law expert, started paying more attention to the new aspects of aviation law associated with space exploration: he spoke at a number of international meetings of specialists in this fi eld of law. His works were published in domestic and international journals and his papers were cited by many authors. The scientist became a member of the International Astronautical Academy, the International Astronautical Federation, and the first president of the International Institute of Space Law. Smirnov was even a Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts corresponding member candidate. Nevertheless, he was almost completely forgotten in Serbia.

Focuses on the concept of Space Traffic Management (STM), the matter which has been of high interest for many space actors in the last three decades. With the emergence of the NewSpace era, and flourishment of commercial and economic incentives for space activities, this topic has gained the attention of many space actors in the preceding decades, thus turning into a separate agenda item in the Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. However, establishing and implementing such regulations is a challenging task, especially for new space actors. This article aims to assess the existing challenges of STM and provide solutions to overcome them. Firstly, this article provides the necessity of establishing such a regulation: it is evaluated and discussed while describing the requirements for achieving this goal. Secondly, the paper studies definitions provided by governmental and non-governmental entities regarding this concept and the measures taken towards its realising. Finally, the research discusses the challenges that space actors face regarding implementing this concept, both legal and practical. In conclusion, the authors highlight the importance of promoting endeavours and coordination among all current and potential space actors with due considerations for their relevancy.

What is space now? What benefits can it bring to humanity and who is most interested in its devel-opment? Today, the history of the development of world cosmonautics shows that States at the dawn of space exploration pursued primarily a scientific and research goal for the implementation of their military and strategic tasks. The main feature of modern space activity is its active commercialization. Currently, commercial activities in outer space involve not only States, State institutions and international gov-ernmental organizations, but also private enterprises, as well as non-governmental organizations. Now space is a huge space for profit and its new participant is the private sector. It was private companies that began to invest huge amounts of money in the space sector. Today, the United States of America (USA) is a confident leader in the number of companies involved in space exploration. The comfortable devel-opment of the space business in the US is the result of a systematic, purposeful policy of the US in space exploration and profit from the work carried out, as well as the result of the legislative work of the state. Given the above, the practice and experience of the United States in the issue of space commercializa-tion is of not only scientific, but also practical interest. The article is devoted to the international legal experience of the US in the issue of space commercialization. The authors analyze the main regulatory legal documents of the United States adopted since the beginning of space exploration, which contrib-uted to the process of commercialization of space and space technologies, thereby contributing to the development of the state’s economy as a whole.

In the article, the authors considered the challenges for space law, which are created by the intensive development of production technologies of unmanned spacecrafts and space drones, as well as their use in the space industry. The authors clarified the term “space object”, which is used in the Space Law. This helped reveal the difference between the terms “unmanned spacecrafts” and “space drones”, which are synonymous in the Air Law. The authors investigated the basics of the space law and proved that in the existing formulations, the space law is not able to regulate the modern space exploration. Based on the study, the authors proposed: (1) to consolidate the influence of public organizations created in the space industry and specializing in the space exploration in the space law; (2) to change approaches to space law; space law should be considered as an effective regulator capable of ensuring the sustainable development of the mankind;. (3) under the space law, to create a holistic concept for using all types of space object on the Low Earth Orbit.

This paper reveals the philosophical and legal factors of the private international space law. It is concluded that the world community should develop and approve private international space legislation and law, even before the mass use of space by individuals and colonization of space bodies. It is proved that the research, use and legal protection of outer space, space bodies and space colonization is an objective irrevocable and progressive phenomenon of mankind. It should be implemented on the basis of both public and private international space law. It is revealed that the first is well developed, and the second is at the stage of philosophical and legal approval. The authors emphasize that otherwise; the situation will be able to go beyond the humanistic and legal dimensions. This process might become uncontrollable, lead to space piracy, space wars, violation of people’s right to life and health, violation of property rights, in particular, intellectual property rights.

The article analyzes the problem of the formation of the imperative of explication of human activity in outer space. It is believed that the existing international treaties and legal framework for the regulation of human activities in outer space requires close attention of researchers and thorough study. The main challenges posed by space exploration carry not only potential benefits, but also global threats and risks to the existence of human civilization. The content of the strategy for the development of the comic space is demonstrated taking into account the non-classical paradigm of philosophy and epistemology, which significantly delegitimize the content of modern ethical and axiological principles. The search for strategies of legal support of the policy and strategy of civilization development in the context of space exploration is carried out within the eight formulated trends (space delimitation, prevention of militarization, environmental problems of space exploration, resource potential of space, etc)

The development of space activities provides for economic growth, scientific, technical and social development, strengthening of the defensive power. A developed insurance system protects space operators against financial consequences of a possible damage.States are obliged to compensate any damage to third parties caused by national space activities under the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and the 1972 Liability Convention. To ensure performance of the obligation specific insurance mechanisms were implemented in national space laws. This article analyses regulatory insurance regimes and provides an insight into the current state and perspectives of Russian space law covering third party liability insurance.