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Introduction: the article considers legal issues of assistance in the formation and strengthening of social ties of persons subject to probation, identifies problems that arise in the implementation of these activities by bodies and institutions of the penal system when interacting with probation subjects, and proposes ways to solve them. Purpose: based on the analysis of empirical data from penitentiary bodies, to identify problems arising in their activities when restoring and strengthening social ties of persons subject to probation and propose ways for their solution. Methods: formal legal, empirical methods of description and interpretation, theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. Results: the analysis of the regulatory framework governing probation and empirical information on the restoration and strengthening of social ties of persons subject to probation shows the existence of organizational problems, such as the need to take into account provisions of the Federal Law “On Personal Data” when receiving and providing information about relatives of a convicted person and other wanted persons, the need to cooperate with public authorities and involve public and religious organizations, and other civil society institutions in restoring and strengthening social ties of persons subject to probation. Conclusion: in order to solve the problems arising during the restoration and strengthening of social ties of persons to whom probation is applied, it is necessary to take into account provisions of the Federal Law “On Personal Data”, which presuppose the receipt and transfer of personal data of convict’s relatives and other wanted persons to the convict only with their written consent. It is necessary to expand and improve the practice of concluding agreements between penitentiary bodies and public authorities, public and religious organizations in order to constantly interact on issues of restoring and strengthening social ties of persons subject to probation.

The relevance of the topic under study is determined by the factors of economic and geopolitical instability that have a significant impact on the social well-being of modern Russian society. Under these conditions, the range of distribution of various social risks and deviant forms of behavior, for which the system of intangible values, called social capital, can become a deterrent, is significantly expanding. The purpose of the study is to search for the causes and identify the consequences of the destruction of social capital, to determine the key trajectories for solving these problems in the near future. Within the framework of the issues under consideration, general scientific methods of generalization, detailing, comparison, analysis and synthesis, including the analysis of statistical data, were applied. On the basis of the analysis, it was concluded that the growth of various forms of deviations is a consequence of a decrease in the level of development of the social capital of society. In addition, it is substantiated that in the absence of a competent approach to solving this problem, the considered pathologies begin to be perceived by society as the norm, resulting in the effect of social diffraction. The conclusions are drawn about the need to intensify the development of social capital to combat various kinds of asocial forms of behavior, strengthen the value system based on social solidarity and responsibility. These measures can significantly increase the level of consolidation of society, strengthen social ties, and develop the legal and moral consciousness of the population.

Introduction. Despite the fact that the problem of spatial integration is widely studied by scientists, science has not developed an unambiguous understanding of the factors that ensure it in practice. At the same time, the experience of developed countries indicates an increase in the role of non-economic (“soft”) factors, which include close social ties between territories. The purpose of the article is to study the social ties of the population of the northern regions of Russia from the standpoint of considering them as a “soft” factor in the integration of the socio-economic space. Materials and Methods. The object of research is the European North of Russia as an open regional socio-economic system. The theoretical part of the study is based on a critical analysis of the scientific literature on the issues of spatial integration and the study of social ties as a factor that ensures it. The analytical part is based on the use of a sound methodological approach to the study of social ties of territories, based on the results of a comprehensive analysis of the Big Data of the social network “VKontakteˮ, as well as sociological surveys of residents. Results. The role of social ties as a “soft” factor of spatial integration is substantiated. Using the developed methodological approach, the internal social ties of the northern territories, the trends towards their spatial transformation associated with the active centripetal vector of population migration to the large cities of the region, as well as St. Petersburg and Moscow, have been revealed. This leads both to the activation of agglomeration processes and to the rupture of ties with remote territories. Discussion and Conclusion. The hypothesis about the presence of closer ties between neighboring territories is confirmed, which is especially evident for the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions. However, in order to deepen integration processes, it is also important to support their production, economic, cultural, educational and other ties. The scientific significance of the work lies in the expansion of approaches to the study of spatial integration factors; substantiation of tools for a comprehensive assessment of the social ties of territories. The practical significance lies in identifying trends and directions for the spatial transformation of the social ties of the European North of Russia, which will serve as the basis for the development of effective management decisions in the field of coordinating the socio-economic development of the northern territories of Russia.

The article explores the subject of exile to Karaganda during the late Stalinist period of the USSR history using the example of the dissident Alexander Esenin-Vol'pin. It considers the general subject of exile in the Asian part of the USSR of people convicted previously under article 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR and then recognized as “socially dangerous elements.” Even considering the broad scope of the study of many forms of forced migration in the USSR, this question still remains poorly researched. This is due to the individual character of such repression, carried out by the Special Council of the NKVD-MGB from the 1920s to 1953. The author analyses the exile of Alexander Esenin-Vol'pin to Karaganda in 1950–53, which he regards as a form of punishment by the state. The article provides a description of the everyday life of an exile in a remote region of the USSR with its socio-cultural and economic peculiarities. The author proceeds from the theoretical foundations of relational sociology and answers the questions that were posed to historiography by the “spatial turn.” The problems raised in the article include interregional relations in the late period of Stalinism, social ties of intellectuals exiled to Karaganda, and socio-economic heterogeneity of the USSR regions. The article is based on numerous letters and telegrams of the Soviet dissident Alexander Esenin-Vol'pin and his relatives deposited in the archives of the International Memorial⁎ in Moscow, which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The author draws conclusions about relatively favorable economic conditions in Karaganda if compared to other regions of the USSR, broad opportunities to overcome geographical limitations of exile, abundance of social connections of exiled Moscow intellectuals in Karaganda, and paradoxical conditions of exile, which allowed Esenin-Vol'pin to express the thoughts that would be regarded as “counter-revolutionary propaganda” in Moscow.

The article examines the technical innovations that came to the traditional life of the northern Selkups in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, as well as the new social ties they generate. In the course of the study, the technical means present in different spheres of life of modern nomadic Selkups were identified, the approximate time of their appearance in agriculture was established, and the influence that they had on the tradition was studied. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were made. Technical innovations began to come into the life of the Selkups during the Soviet reorganization of the Selkup economy. The innovators were promoted by cooperative societies, collective farms, state farms and timber industry enterprises, and in the post-Soviet period, agricultural enterprises and regional departments for the affairs of indigenous peoples of the North. Among the main technical means used by modern Selkups are boat motors, snowmobiles, diesel mini-power plants, chainsaws, and welding machines. The technique that came to the Selkup forestry did not violate the foundations of the tradition, but greatly facilitated the difficult traditional life. The acquisition, operation and repair of technical means contributed to the establishment of new social ties within the Selkup community and between the Selkups and the outside world, which became one of the factors behind the release of the Selkup economy from the isolation in which it was in pre-Soviet times, as well as the change of its natural form to a market one.

This research was conducted with the aim of knowing and analyzing the effect of customization and social ties on customer loyalty mediated by the variable of trust. The population in this study is the customer at the South Sulawesi Branch Bank Punggaluku. The total customers of Bank Sultra Punggaluku Branch in 2017 are around 2000 customers. The sample method in this study was determined using the Accidential sampling method. So that the sample taken can be said to be representative, then in this study using the Slovin formula, the sample in this study was determined as many as 116 customers, with sample criteria, namely: 1. Customers who are directly related to multipurpose loans, namely civil servants in southern Konawe, 2. Customers who have multipurpose credit facilities, 3. Customers who have experienced multipurpose loans for about 1 year. The analytical tool used is SEM. The research results obtained based on the results of the analysis are that: 1. Customization ties have a positive and significant effect on the trust of customers in multipurpose banking at South Sulawesi Branch of Punggaluku; 2. Social ties have a positive and significant effect on the trust of multipurpose credit customers at the South Sulawesi Bank Punggaluku Branch; 3. The customization bond has a positive and significant effect on the loyalty of multipurpose loan customers at the South Sultra Bank, Punggaluku Branch; 4. Social ties have a positive and significant effect on the loyalty of multipurpose credit customers at the South Sulawesi Bank Branch, Punggaluku; 5. Trust has a positive and significant effect on the loyalty of multipurpose loan customers at the South Sulawesi Regional Bank Punggaluku Branch; 6. Customization ties have a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty through the trust of customers of multipurpose credit at Bank Sultra Punggaluku Branch; 7. Social ties have a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty through the trust of multipurpose credit customers at the South Sulawesi Bank Punggaluku Branch.

This article examines integration of second-generation migrants from Transcaucasia and Central Asia (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan) in the Tyumen region, namely their social ties, characteristics of their romantic partners and spouses, language competences and ethnic identifications. The empirical basis for the research included 169 interviews with second-generation migrants and experts conducted in eight localities of the region. This fieldwork constitutes a part of a larger project on second-generation migrants in Russia. This project conducted using both quantitative and qualitative methods is the first all-Russia endeavour to study second-generation migrants aged 18–35 years old. The term «second-generation migrants» refers to individuals, whose parents moved to Russia and who graduated from a Russian school, regardless of whether they were born in Russia or moved to Russia at pre-school or school age. The history of the settlement/development of the region in the Soviet period, when the State played a significant role in attracting labour force from different parts of the USSR, contributed to a high level of polyethnicity in the region. This is reflected in a high level of ethnic diversity of the social ties of second-generation migrants at different life stages. Starting from the school years, second-generation migrants in the region continue to communicate in mixed social circles. The share of co-ethnic friends and acquaintances varies but never predominates. Apart from educational institutions, there are two other contexts, which may contribute to changes in the ethnic composition of social circles: mosque and sports activities. Self-identification according to ethnic categories is common but, due to the ethnic diversity of the region, relevant not for all the informants. Romantic relations, which are much more characteristic of male second-generation migrants, are mostly with non-co-ethnic partners. Conversely, marriages are much more often co-ethnic, which reflects the attitudes of the informants’ parents, although the attitudes of the second-generation migrants in this regard vary. All the informants speak fluent Russian, while the level of their parent’s language(s) proficiency can vary.

The urgency is due to the virtualization of communication in modern society, especially among young people, affecting social relations and social support services. Stressed the need for a more in-depth study of network virtualization of social relations of society, due to the ambiguous consequences of this phenomenon among the youth.Purpose. Analyze classic and contemporary theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of social ties and social support in terms of technological progress.Results. The article presents a sociological analysis of theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of problems of interaction and social support among youth through strong and weak social ties in cyberspace and in the real world.Practical implications. The analysis gives the opportunity for a wide range of examining social relations in various fields of sociology, such as sociology of youth, sociology of communications.

The paper seeks to examine the specificity of social relations in the virtual media of social networks. The emphasis is put on the political and economic spheres of social interaction in the Internet. The analysis is based mainly on European material. The author concludes that the introduction of social networks in economic and political reality of Europe is extremely broad, and that the emerging social networks are diverse, but contradictory and complex.

The article deals with the influence of ideas of Reformation and Puritanism on the understanding of the main forms of social ties – family life, leisure, fine arts, theatre, music and dancing among the Englishmen and Englishwomen in the second half of 16th – 17th centuries.

This article seeks to examine the specificity of social relations in the virtual environment of social networks. The authors conclude that it was the introduction of social networking the contributed to socialization of the Internet. Social ties within social networks are both specific and contradictory, they are formed by the reality and, in many ways, construct this very reality.