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Aim. To assess the influence of concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on the parameters of left ventricular-arterial interaction in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICMP).Material and methods. We examined 130 patients with ICMP and 42 patients with ICMP and COPD. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography using the MyLab 70 (Italy) according standard method, followed by calculation of the left ventricular-arterial interaction and left ventricular (LV) energy. Statistical data processing was performed using the program “Statistica 12.0” (Stat Soft, Inc., USA).Results. We found that patients with isolated ICMP and in combination with COPD often have a functional imbalance between the activity of LV and arterial system, as evidenced by an increase in the left ventricular-arterial interaction ratio. The increase in the left ventricular-arterial interaction ratio is due to an insufficient increase in left ventricular stiffness, but not a change in the elastic properties of the arterial system. This is indicated by a pronounced decrease in left ventricular elasticity against the background of the relative constancy of arterial elasticity. At the same time, in patients with ICMP and COPD we detected significantly more severe impairment in the parameters of left ventricular-arterial interaction and LV energy than in isolated pathology.Conclusion. The presence of COPD in patients with ICMP allows us to consider it as a significant negatively modifying factor that has a negative impact on the functionality of LV and parameters of left ventricular-arterial interaction.

Review

Alexander Schwarz`s review of the book Kote Mikaberidze by Soso Dumbadze, Nino Dzandzava (eds.)

Alexander Schwarz's review of Nikita Lary and Jay Leyda's edited book The Alexander Medvedkin Reader

Aim. To estimate effects of fosinopril and atenolol on autonomic regulation of heart in patients with arterial hypertension (HT) on the basis of spectral characteristics of heart rate variability (HRV).Material and methods. 49 patients (46±7 y.o.) with untreated or inadequately treated HT without end organ damages and associated clinical conditions were involved in the study. Heart rhythm was registered during passive orthostatic test with spontaneous breath within 10 min for each stage of the test. HRV was estimated by parametrical method based on autoregression model. Frequency power of HRV spectrum (ms2 ) in high-frequency (HF: 0,15-0,4 Hz) and low-frequency (LF: 0,04-0,15 Hz) ranges was calculated as well as the total power of a spectrum (ТР).Results. Fosinopril and atenolol reduced in blood pressure levels similarly, atenolol as well reduced in heart rate. Fosinopril and atenolol changed power of LF-range in comparable decreasing manner in upright position. Fosinopril therapy resulted in the same changes with power of HF-range. Atenolol increased power of HF-range in horizontal position and had no effect in upright position. There were not dynamic in TP during treatments.Conclusion. Fosinopril and atenolol have similar effects on the central mechanisms of autonomic heart regulation and HRV, though atenolol effect on sympathetic-parasympathetic balance is more prominent.

Alexander Schwarz' review of Vlad Strukov and Helena Goscilo's edited book Russian Aviation, Space Flight, and Visual Culture

The article is a literature review on the problem of thromboembolic complications in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, the peculiarities of anticoagulant therapy and challenges associated with the selection of drugs for stroke prevention.

Abstract. The effects of cholesterol (Ch) diet, i.p. administration of mevalonic acid (Mev) and their combined application upon nitric oxide (NO) production in peritoneal macrophages, as well as upon biochemical characteristics of kidney function derangements, and histological parameters of tissue alterations, infiltration and fibrosis were studied in experimental model of chronic rhabdomyolysis-induced renal injury induced in C57Bl/6 mice. The effects of Ch diet, Mev and their combination on the degree of renal fibrosis were also studied in a model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. In normal animals, and, especially, in nephrotic mice, Ch diet was shown to cause a dramatic decrease of LPS-induced NO production, whereas Mev did enhance NO production significantly. Administration of Mev during Ch treatment abolished, in part, the suppressive effect of Ch. Ch diet was shown to enhance fibrotic response, without significant effect upon tissue alteration and mononuclear infiltration, whereas Mev enhanced alterative component and slightly diminished fibrosis. We conclude that Ch diet and Mev exert opposite effects upon the course and outcome of chronic nephropathy for their inhibitory (Ch) and stimulating (Mev) effect on mevalonate pathway, which is involved in the control of macrophage M1-M2 polarization.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a leading factor of type 2 diabetes (T2D), the central and governing component of the metabolic syndrome (MS), that also appears as obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and essential hypertension. Recent experimental studies have indicated that proinflammatory cytokines, adipocytokines, and transcription factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of IR, as evidenced by a number of clinical observations in patients with MS and T2D, in whom IR correlates with the status of chronic mild inflammation. Based on the results of these studies, a search for methods for exposure of IR has been initiated, by controlling inflammation. The first results encourage and suggest that anti-inflammatory agents improve tissue susceptibility to insulin and they are promising for the treatment of MS and T2D.

This article gives a summary of the pronominal declension in the five branches of the Altaic lan-guages (till the present time it was not realized at least in any individual branch), reconstructs pro-nominal declension for the daughter protolanguages, and then compares these protosystems. The final result is an attempt to reconstruct the Altaic pronominal protosystem. One can conclude that the personal pronouns in the daughter branches of the Altaic (macro-)family preserve one specific common feature: the opposition of a direct case (nominative) with a base for the oblique cases char-acterized by a nasal extension. Only this extended pronominal stem forms the basis for the case end-ings proper. An internal analysis of these and external comparisons demonstrate that they represent practically the same case markers as in the nominal declension (cf. Blažek – Schwarz2014).When projecting this system into the Altaic protolanguage, it remains an open question whether the different forms of the direct (nominative) and oblique cases in the 1st person sg., namely *(e)bi : *minoin our reconstruction, reflect the primary suppletion or whether they may be derived from a common denominator. Traditionally m- in the 1st person has been explained through na-sal assimilation under the influence of the following -n, but comparably legitimate is the idea of a secondary denasalization *mV > *bVin the monosyllabic morpheme with a final vowel. Prelimi-narily we conclude that this suppletion was functional already on the Proto-Altaic level and only a deeper comparison with the reconstructed protolanguages of Northern Eurasia can confirm the origin of the whole paradigm in one root, both from a genetic perspective (the Nostratic hypothesis of Illič-Svityč; Dolgopolsky) or from an areal perspective (cf. e.g. Doerfer, Vovin).

The purpose of the present contribution is to summarize the Tocharian vessel-names and offer new etymological solutions of terms without satisfactory etymologies. The choice of our linguistic interest in this contribution, vessel-names in Tocharian, was motivated by the fact that vessels are integral part of exchange trade probably from discovery of ceramics and represent an ideal tool for study of mutual contacts between languages. We conclude that the borrowed terms were adopted in various chronological layers, depending on application of typical Tocharian sound rules, and from various donor-languages: (a) Most recent are apparently terms of Sanskrit origin (karute-, kump, kunti, präṅkār / bhräṅkār, bhājaṃ, maybe watsālo and kwalyiye), since practically no sound rules typical for Tocharian appear in them. (b) Iranian loans (tās-, sapule) are probably older. At least in one case (sapule) it is possible to determine the Bactrian source. The Tocharian-Bactrian contact is dated to the 2nd cent. BCE. (c) In the case of cultural terms (lyakace, kwalyiye) the development typical for Tocharian B may be identified. (d) The terms aise & tsere seem to be formed in Tocharian B proper. (e) The term lwāke, if our Chinese etymology is correct, was borrowed in the beginning of the 1st mill. CE.

Aim. To investigate correlations of gastro-esophageal reflux (GER), Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, and myocardial electric instability markers in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and GER disease (GERD). Material and methods. In total, 225 patients were examined: 67 individuals with CHD and GERD (main group), and two comparison groups: 72 CHD patients, and 86 GERD subjects. Markers of myocardial electric instability included: duration and asynchrony of repolarization. To assess GER influence on heart function, Bernstein test was used, combined with 24-hour electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. GERD was diagnosed by endoscopy data. GERD with catarrhal or erosive reflux-esophagitis (CRE, ERE) were registered. HP infection was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histobacterioscopy of gastric mucosa bioptates. Results. In CHD and GERD patients, ST segment ischemic changes, ventricular extrasystolia (VE) were registered more often. With associated ERE, these heart function disturbances were more frequent than in CRE. In patients with combined pathology, high HP invasion of gastric mucosa was significantly associated with greater duration and asynchrony of repolarization. Myocardial repolarization duration was independently linked to CHD exacerbation, red blood cell sedimentation rate, and HP dissemination of gastric mucosa. Inhomogeneity of myocardial repolarization was linked to myocardial infarction in anamnesis and RE severity. Factors affecting heart function during Bernstein test, HP infection, increased level of C-reactive protein, and instable CHD were independent predictors of RE development in imitated GER. Conclusion. In patients with CHD and GERD, myocardial electric instability was linked to RE severity and HP status.

Aim. To investigate correlation between anemia and long- and short-term prognosis in patients with unstable angina. Material and methods. The study included 96 patients (34 females), aged 63.3±10.3 years, with unstable angina. All patients received conservative treatment. Individuals with severe associated pathology and hemorrhages in anamnesis were excluded from the study. Anemia was diagnosed according to WHO criteria; unstable angina class was registered. Short-term, in-hospital prognosis assessment included registering severe, recurrent angina, myocardial infarction (MI), number of ischemic episodes during 24-hour ECG monitoring before discharge. Long-term prognosis was assessed during 6 post-discharge months: death, MI, and combined endpoint (cardiac death, MI, recurrent angina) were registered. Results. Anemia was diagnosed in 38 patients (39.58 %). Angina at rest was associated with lower mean hemoglobin (Hb) level and greater anemia prevalence (46%), comparing to the group of progressing effort angina (25%). Participants with prolonged angina episodes had significantly lower Hb level (122.23±13.3 g/l) than the others (130.9±13.56 g/l). Among patients with ischemic episodes at 24-hour ECG monitoring, anemia was registered in 50%, among individuals without such episodes – in 30.4%. Recurrent unstable angina during 6 post-discharge months was associated with higher anemia prevalence: 57.6% vs 21.05% in participants with better outcome. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated negative independent influence of anemia on combined endpoint. Conclusion. Patients with anemic syndrome were characterized by severe in-hospital course of unstable angina. Anemia was associated with increased risk of MI and recurrent unstable angina in the first 6 months after discharge.

According to standard ECG and daily ECG monitoring, myocardium repolarization processes and heart rate variability in patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) combined with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have been studied.Patients with combined pathology have higher duration and asynchrony of myocardium repolarization processes (average QT duration and dispersion) have been found compared to patients with isolated CHD and GERD. A combination of GERDE and CHD is associated higher heart rate rigidity compared to CHD alone. The results confirm the "complicating" significance of GERD in CHD.

The article offers recent findings on Vitamin D, D hormone and D endocrine system, types of vitamin D deficiency and their role in the pathology. The questions of pharmacological management of various types of D-deficiency with natural vitamin preparations and its active metabolites are discussed.

In the article the nominal declension in five branches of Altaic languages is summarized, reconstructed in daughter protolanguages and these case protosystems are compared to obtain the hypothetical Altaic case protosystem. For this reason the existing comparisons were verified, some of them were replaced by new cognates. A special attention was paid to the Korean case system with respect of Old Korean materials. The final result is an attempt of reconstruction of the Altaic case protosystem.

The background of the hypothesis of the involvement of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in initiation and development of atherosclerosis is presented. Special accent is done on the incidence of endotoxinemia, the time of persistence of bioactive endotoxin in the tissues, association between atherosclerosis and Gram-negative infections, plasma and cellular targets and proatherogenic effects of endotoxin. Suggestion on the possible role of LPS-lipoprotein complexes is proposed and detaily discussed. Literature data on the endotoxin effects upon lipoprotein metabolism and foam cell formation are presented.

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is involved in the pathogenesis of Coronary Heart Disease and myocardial infarction. The crucial component of the RAAS is angiotensin II and its effects are carried out by angiotensin II receptors 1st type (AT1R).Aim of the study: determine the incidence of the mutant allele of the AT1R gene, estimate possible correlations between AT1R gene polymorphism and the extension of endothelial dysfunction in patients who have suffered MI in the age under 45.Materials and methods: 122 men suffering myocardial infarction under the age of 45 have been examined. In all patients we measured a relative increase of brachial artery diameter during the test with reactive hyperemia, the number of circulating endotheliocytes. Identification of A1166C polymorphism of the AT1R gene was carried out by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results: in patients with a history of myocardial infarction in the age under 45 we have found evidence of endothelial dysfunction: increased circulating endotheliocytes, decreased endothelium-mediated vasodilation. Among patients with a vasoconstrictive reaction the incidence of the C allele of the AT1R gene was higher than in patients exhibitng a vasodilative response during a test with reactive hyperemia (P

The role of spoken languages, analogy with present ethnic minorities and high mobility of population allow to refine some questions about the ethnic contacts and chain-loaning of the name Buddha between old Central Asian languages and the role of Tocharian. I start with the comments on Tocharian A and formulation of a new hypothesis of its relation to Tocharian C (§1), then I comment: forms of names in Tocharian A and B (§2), and compare their structure and functional parallelism with the name in Old Turkic (§3). The new etymology of the title χaγan is offered too since the word occurs in the form burχaγan on the manuscript IOL Toch 81 (§4). Further I collect reconstructions of Chinese trancriptions (§5) and offer systematic summary reflecting, that the role of Tocharian diminished in the later stage (§6). To conclude, hypothesis of Tocharian A as endangered but spoken minority language and formulation of the hypothetical relation of Tocharian A to Tocharian C is postulated. The new etymology of the title χaγan as the compound from *ka/ke(y) + *kan "chief-ruler" / "ruler-Lord" is offered. Equivalent forms of the name Buddha in Tocharian and Old Turkic languages document a growing role of the Chinese in the Tarim Basin.

The present article summarises some variants of the name "Buddha" in Indian, Iranian, Tocharian and Altaic languages. The survey of names is collected primarily from secondary sources. From it follows that Tocharian forms "Buddha-god" bear traces of mythic process around the beginning of AD; the usage of genitivus possessivus may be the entail of Iranian imperial titles. The discussion of Tocharian and Sogdian forms covers also their possible role of mediator for Chinese monosyllabic *b'ịuət or *p'iwɘd written by the character 佛; bisyllabic forms were borrowed from Bactrian and Prakrit sources. Old-Turkic form "Buddha-king" is the main source for all Altaic languages, only small isolated Mongolian idioms in North-Western China (and extinct Manchu) use also Chinese or Tibetan loanwords.

In the present study the numerals of Siberian Eskimos recorded by Jan "Eskimo" Welzl are analyzed in context of the "Arctic" languages, wide-spread from Greenland to the archipelago Novaja Zemľa, concretely Eskaleutan, Chukcho-Koryak, Yukaghir, Yakutic, North Samoyedic & Selkup. The answer is unambiguously negative, i.e. there is no correlation with any of the studied numeral systems.

The article presents survey and new demographic data of Tungusic languages with comparison of their classification models and practical bibliography.

In the contribution all seriously interpreted lexemes of the language of one of Old Korean kingdoms, Koguryo, are presented. Although the main source of these interpretations is a very careful philologist Ch. I. Beckwith known for his negative position concerning the genetic model of the Altaic theory, the collected material compared with EDAL and other Altaic idioms (included Khitan and Jurchen) supports the Altaic affiliation of both Old Koguryo and Japanese. Nevertheless the analysis of this article supports the Beckwith's supposition that Koguryo is the closest relative of Ryukyu-Japanese.

Turkic languages are the second largest language family in Europe after Indo-European languages. In the first part of the article some models of genetic and partly geographic classifications of Turkic languages are presented. The second part gives the tables of phonetic correspondences between 22 modern Turkic idioms, Old-Turkic and Middle Turkic language of the Karakhanids. In the third part we describe demographic development and geographic dispersion of all Turkic idioms according to their genetic relations. Synopsis of development of Turkic languages in main periods concludes the article.

In the article the main models of genetic classification of Mongolic languages are introduced, commented and finally compared with our new model based on the recalibrated glottochronological test applying its modification developed by Sergei Starostin. We recognize the "core Mongolic" cluster of languages (Khalkha, Buryat, Oirat, Kalmyk, Ordos, Khamnigan) and "Southern" cluster (Monguor, Baoan, Santa). Shira Yughur is closer to the core cluster, while as the most distant remain Daghur in the East and Moghol in the Southwest. The wordlists with elementary etymological comments accompany our argumentation. In the appendix we add the basic demographic and geographic information about the modern Mongolic languages.