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A significant prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in SARS-CoV-2 infection is also associated with its fecal-oral transmission, which leads to a progressive increase in the number of patients with diseases of the esophagus, stomach and intestines. In addition, intestinal infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 may be one of the main causes of functional long-term stress-related gastrointestinal disorders, united in the concept of post-COVID syndrome.

The objective of the study was to evaluate structural changes in the margin of gastroduodenal ulcers complicated by perforation, bleeding or penetration in terms of the features of ulcer healing.Methods and materials. Histological and IHC studies were performed on 25 patients of the main group with perforated gastroduodenal ulcers and 23 patients of the control group with chronic recurrent ulcers complicated by bleeding and penetration. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and Van Gieson's picrofuchsin. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed with antibodies to Ki-67, CD68, CD138, and CD34.Results. On macroscopic evaluation, a clear even margin of the perforation was noted. Histological examination with the background of acute dyscirculatory changes clearly shows a zone of necrosis and a weakly expressed layer of granulation tissue, which in majority of the cases was practically absent. The margin of a perforated ulcer consists of a minimally presented, clearly delimited zone of tissue detritus and a practically unchanged muscle layer. Plasma cells dominated in the cell infiltrate, and the index of proliferative activity in the epithelium of the ulcer margins was about 45 %, distributed fairly evenly.Conclusions. Perforated ulcers can be considered as a special group of ulcers with the most pronounced changes of infiltration by plasmatic cells and eosinophils, edema and acute dyscirculatory changes, uniform and fairly high proliferative activity of the epithelium. Changes in the margins of the perforated ulcer allow for complete regeneration without excessive scarring with precise suturing of the perforation.

RELEVANCE Early enteral nutrition is an essential element of intensive care for acute pancreatitis. Its intolerance is manifested by high gastric residual volumes, pain syndrome, bloating, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. The relevance of our study is determined by the lack of information on how the routes of nutrient delivery affect its tolerability considering the gradual «as­per­protocol» increase in nutrition volumes for patients with moderately severe acute pancreatitis.THE AIM OF THE STUDY Was to identify the key factors that determine intolerance to early nasogastric and nasojejunal enteral feeding in ICU patients with the early phase of moderately severe acute pancreatitis.MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted an open randomized controlled trial. Out of 64 patients with predicted severe course of acute pancreatitis, we identified a cohort with moderately severe acute pancreatitis, in which 17 (51.5%) patients received early enteral nutrition through a nasogastric tube, and 16 (48.5%) via an endoscopically placed nasojejunal tube. The criteria for nutrition intolerance were as follows: nasogastric tube discharge of more than 500±100 ml at a time or more than 500 ml/day in comparison with the enterally administered during this period, increased pain, bloating, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Using the method of logistic regression, indicators with prognostic significance were determined. The null hypothesis was rejected at p

Purpose of the study. To find out the abilities of multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) using intravenous bolus injection in detecting and preoperative esophago-gastric junction cancer staging in order to improve preoperative diagnosis of this pathological condition.Materials and methods. The patients, diagnosed esophago-gastric junction cancer (n1 = 76), esophagus (n2 = 27) and medically fit people’s (n3 = 30) findings of investigating have been analyzed. All patients went through computed tomography on Light Speed VEX Plus and Light Speed RT 16 ("GE", The USA). The findings of MSCT have been compared with anatomical data, which were got after histomorphologic study of post-operation and endoscopic recruitment material.Results. Characteristic MSCT signs of the wall of the esophageal-gastric junction (EGJ) were revealed in healthy individuals, with esophagitis and cancer. The thickness of esophagus paries in normal conditions and in case of esophagitis and EGJ cancer is: 5.4 ± 1.01 mm, 10.36 ± 1.85 mm, 22.53 ± 8.19 mm (p < 0.001). The external diameter of the abdominal part of esophagus in the normal condition is 14.2 ± 1.68 mm, in case of esophagitis is 17.96 ± 3.7 mm, EGJ cancer is 27.9 ± 9.48 mm (p < 0.001). The main statistically significant (p < 0.001) qualitative character of esophago-gastric junction canser were: non-visualization of mucic in afflicted areas (96.8 %), bosselated upper and lower contours of narrowing (75.2 %), dissymmetric parries pachymenia (70.4 %), blunt-edged outer contours (58.4 %), cotyloid suprastenotic esophageal distensibility (45.6 %). The delicacy depended on the degree of damage delicacy and was at the stage Т1 – 66.7 %, Т2 – 76.5 %, Т3 – 77.8 %, Т4а – 86.2 %, Т4b –100.0 %, in general, diagnostic accuracy of the method in EGJ cancer Т-staging was 81.6 %.Conclusion. The results of the work showed that the inclusion of MSCT with intravenous bolus contrast in the algorithm of the study of patients with suspected tumor pathology of the EGJ will improve the diagnosis of cancer of the EGJ.

Signet ring cell cancer (SRC) is a rare form of high-grade adenocarcinoma that produces mucin. This is an epithelial malignant tumor characterized by the histological appearance of cells resembling rings. Primary SRC tumors are most often found in the glandular cells of the stomach (SRC occurs in the stomach in 56% of patients) and less often in the mammary gland, gallbladder, bladder and pancreas. SRC usually does not form in the lungs, although several cases have been reported. Among cases of colorectal cancer, the prevalence of SRC is less than one percent. Although the incidence and mortality from stomach cancer have decreased in many countries over the past 50 years, there has been an increase in the number of cases of stomach cancer of the type of SRC. As a rule, SRC grows in the submucosal layer, which makes diagnostics using standard imaging methods, such as computed tomography and positron emission tomography, less effective. In this clinical case, the possibilities of endoscopic diagnosis of SRC in a patient who has not been able to establish a correct diagnosis for a long time have been demonstrated.

Treatment of patients with chemical burns of the esophagus and stomach is a difficult task.Perforation of the stomach or the formation of strictures of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and even the initial parts of the jejunum can be the outcome of chemical burns.Patients with concomitant esophageal and gastric strictures are the most difficult to treat, which often requires multi-stage operations.This article describes a clinical case of surgical treatment of a patient with a combined chemical burn of the esophagus and stomach with hydrochloric acid. One week after hospitalization, the patient had gastric perforation. The patient was urgently operated in the course of peritonitis. The peculiarity of the operation was that the surgeons, having made a gastrectomy, removed the esophageal stump to the anterior abdominal wall in the epigastrium and applied an enterostomy. In such a state with significant alimentary depletion (body mass index — BMI 15) on 11.10.02 the patient was taken to a Moscow clinic. A year later, the main surgical reconstructive treatment was performed — retrosternal bypass esophagoplasty of the right half of the large intestine and the terminal ileum in the isoperistaltic position, as well as extirpation of the esophagus. As a result of long-term treatment and several surgical interventions, a good short-term and long-term result was obtained.

Background. Lack of universal diagnostic parameters that can accurately and reliably diagnose presence of a malignant neoplasm, anticancer drug effectiveness or metastasis development including dormant ones and also to detect the progression or relapse of the disease at an early stage put on the first place studies related to the identification of such markers. Increased secretion and activity of the urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR) accompany many types of malignant neoplasms, contributing their progression and metastasis, as well as the emergence of chemoresistance. So today these proteins are promising diagnostic targets in oncology. Aim. To evaluate the diagnostic significance of the expression levels of uPA and uPAR in blood serum of patients with colorectal and gastric adenocarcinoma and uPA/uPAR distribution in samples obtained from the primary tumor node, to assess the possibility of their use as universal diagnostic indicators in cancer patients at the stage of primary treatment. Materials and methods. The study included patients with colorectal and gastric adenocarcinoma in the amount of 50 people and 25 healthy volunteers. The content of uPA and uPAR in blood serum was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the level of expression of the studied proteins in tumor tissue was assessed using immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to uPA and uPAR. Results. It was found that in comparison with healthy donors uPA serum concentration was significantly higher in all patients with adenocarcinoma, regardless of gender, and the uPAR content in the blood serum was significantly higher in women. Immunohistochemical staining data showed that the expression of these two proteins in tumor tissue significantly exceeds their expression in normal tissue. Conclusion. Based on the obtained data the possibility of using uPA in blood serum as a universal diagnostic criterion in patients with colorectal and gastric adenocarcinoma regardless of gender was shown and uPAR in female patients.

The purpose and objectives of the study: is to create an experimental model of a chemical burn of the esophagus with alkali to study the pathological transformation of the tissues of the upper gastrointestinal tract.Materials and methods. On the basis of the Department of Experimental Medicine with a vivarium of the Privolzhsky Research Medical University, the study of a chemical burn of the esophagus was carried out on 15 sexually mature male Wistar rats. The burn was simulated by exposure to caustic soda (NaOH) with a concentration of 20 %, 15 %, 10 % and 5 % in a volume of 1 ml. As part of the morphological study, the experimental material was fixed in 10 % formalin. After fixation, the preparations were sent to a standard histological wiring using an Excelsior ES apparatus (Thermo Scientific). Pouring into paraffin blocks using the “HistoStar” filling station (Thermo Scientific), staining with hematoxylin and eosin. For morphometric processing and creation of a video archive of the obtained material, a Leica 2500 microscope, ×4, ×10, ×20, ×40, objective, ×10 eyepiece based on the morphology department of NIITO PIMU was used.Results. Seeding with a 20 % alkali solution for animals turned out to be incompatible with life, since a day after the injection of the substance, 3 rats died, 2 were in an agonal state. Morphological examination revealed total necrosis (100 %) of the epithelial lining up to the muscle layer and partially in the muscle layer. When burned with a 15 % NaOH solution, the males were in a very serious condition, out of 5 inoculated in 2 cases, a lethal outcome was noted on the 1st day. Histological examination revealed massive necrosis (70 %) of the epithelial lining. The effect of 10 % alkali on the general condition of the animals did not show a pronounced severity of injury. Necrosis was diagnosed on 15 % of the area of the epithelial lining. A burn with 5 % sodium hydroxide solution did not provoke a severity incompatible with life. In this condition, focal necrosis was revealed, occupying about 5 % of the organ area.Conclusion. Seeds with 10 % and 5 % caustic solutions are relevant for further experimental research, since they make it possible to test different methods of diagnostics, treatment and prevention of scarring at different depths and morphological features of damage.

Introduction. The problem of gastric ulcer is of particular socio-economic importance and has a tremendous impact on the quality of life of people. The relevance of our study is due to an increase in the incidence of peptic ulcer in the population, the variability of the clinical picture depending on the age category of patients, and the peculiarities of the treatment of this gastrointestinal pathology.The aim of the study is to study the features of the course of gastric ulcer in different age groups of patients under dispensary supervision in the outpatient department of the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of the Republic of Moldova “Republican Clinical Hospital No. 5” in the period from 2017 to 2020.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of outpatient records of 100 patients of different age groups with gastric ulcer who were under dispensary observation at the outpatient clinic of the Republican Clinical Hospital No. 5 in Saransk in 2017– 2020 was carried out. Statistical analysis of the data obtained was carried out using the Microsoft Office Excel program.Results and discussion. It was found that gastric ulcer is more often observed in middle-aged and elderly patients and is accompanied by blurring of the clinical picture of the disease, in contrast to young people, who have vivid clinical manifestations of this disease. Ulcerative defects in young and middle-aged patients are more often small in size and are located mainly in the area of the stomach angle, and in elderly and senile patients, ulcers are localized mainly in the cardiac region, can be gigantic and often lead to the development of complications (primarily gastrointestinal intestinal bleeding).Conclusions. The blurring of the clinical picture, the absence of pathognomonic symptoms in elderly patients determine the late diagnosis of gastric ulcer, which ultimately leads to a high incidence of complications requiring surgical intervention. In clinical practice, it is necessary to take into account these features of the course of peptic ulcer disease in elderly patients and to prescribe the necessary complex of laboratory and instrumental studies and preventive therapy in a timely manner.

The Objective of the study was to identify the clinical features of newborns and infants with perforation of the stomach, and to justify the possibility of organ-preserving operations even with extensive gastric necrosis.Methods and Materials. The results of treatment of 32 newborns with stomach perforation was analyzed: not only the risk factors that cause this condition, but diagnostic methods and variants of surgical treatment. All patients with extensive necrosis of the stomach wall underwent an atypical resection within healthy tissues, a gastric «tube» was formed on the drainage probe with a significant decrease of organ volume. In cases of the local damage of the gastric wall, the perforated area was sutured after the excision of the edges of the defect.Results. Mortality rate was 36.5 % (n = 12). The cause of death in 5 children (15 %), in 3 to 8 days after surgery, was multiple organ failure syndrome. In 7 patients (22 %), a fatal outcome occurred due to the severe post-intensive care syndrome at the age of 3 to 12 months of life.Conclusion. The mechanism of perforations of the stomach in newborns and infants is multifactorial. All children with stomach perforation need preoperative preparation. The operation of choice for the stomach perforation is an organpreserving surgery. The function of the stomach is restored in all children after extensive resection of the stomach.

The article describes a clinical case of a rare benign tumor of the stomach – schwannoma. A patient was hospitalized for surgical treatment of cholelithiasis, but a tumor-like mass in the stomach was found intraoperatively. The surgery was stopped for meticulous examination of the patient. After further examination, radical treatment was performed - pylorus-preserving stomach resection. Histological examination did not reveal sufficient findings regarding the tumor structure, which required immunohistochemical diagnostics with the following results: the tumor cells showed positive staining for vimentin, protein S-100 and SOX-10, weak positive for CD34, but no staining for desmin, smooth muscle actin, CD117/c-kit, Dog1, pan-cytokeratin. The identified immunophenotype was indicative of gastrointestinal schwannoma.

Ostriches tolerate extreme environmental conditions well. The reserve of their adaptive abilities is very high. These birds retain heat well in cold weather, covering their large legs with their large feathers, as well as in the heat, fl uttering them to create coolness. As the experience of keeping ostriches on farms in Europe and Ukraine shows, they can withstand temperature to -15 °С, and in the African deserts- temperatures up to +56 °С. Therefore, given the climatic conditions in Ukraine, this branch of poultry, in fact, has the right to be realized and profi table. Due to the growth and development of ostrich farms in Ukraine and the signifi cant lack of literature about the diseases of these birds, which are kept in private farms, zoos, the result of this study will be useful to get a general idea of the digestive system of ostriches and possible pathology, which is related to anatomical features of the digestive system of these birds. The ostrich autopsy was performed in the section hall of the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Polissya National University. Morphological data were analyzed and discussed to establish the etiology of the disease, postmortem diagnosis and cause of the animal’s death. Analyzing the results, it can be argued that the animal died as a result of hypothermia (as much of its body was deprived of feathers) and feeding it large, hard pieces of food, including fodder beets. The autopsy revealed a signifi cant overfl ow of the stomach with feed masses, a large number of stones, leaves, grass and large pieces of undigested beets, blockage of the pyloric orifi ce, which led to acute gastric enlargement, resulting in acute venous stasis in the lungs and liver, developed pulmonary and brain edema. The animal death occurred as a result of asphyxia. The results of the research can be used for comparative pathology of diseases of this species of birds.

Background. Posttraumatic strangulated diaphragmatic hernias are characterized by the complexity of diagnosis and a significant number of diagnostic errors, which are fraught with severe complications, up to a fatal outcome. Materials and methods. This article presents a rare clinical case of strangulated traumatic diaphragmatic hernia in the early postoperative period after surgery on the left lung, complicated by ischemia of the anterior stomach wall. An atypical clinical picture associated with an operating trauma for the underlying disease caused difficulties in making a diagnosis. Results and conclusions. A comprehensive examination using computed tomography made it possible to diagnose a postoperative complication and conduct adequate surgical intervention from thoracic and laparotomic approaches.

The nature and intensity of age-related changes in the De Ritis coefficient, or the ratio of the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase, in the tissues of the diverticulum, cardiac, fundal and pyloric parts of the stomach of purebred different-age pigs grown in different farms were studied. The activity of enzymes was determined by spectrophotometric method in the scientific laboratory of the “Chuvash State Agricultural Academy”. It was revealed that during the four-week weaning of pigs (under growing conditions of the pig complex), the nature and intensity of the age-related changes of the studied indicator have their own characteristics. At the same time, the value of the coefficient becomes more stable in piglets of both farms that are in the definitive or plant phase of feeding. The most intensive age-related changes in the De Ritis coefficient of purebred piglets grown under the conditions of the Student Scientific and Production Center “Student” are determined in the tissues of the diverticulum in the first phase of the milk-definitive diet (reduced by 33.8%). In the tissues of the cardiac part, in the second phase of the milk supply (increased by 31.2%). In the tissues of the fundus of the stomach, the De Ritis coefficient is more pronouncedly changing in the milky phase (increased by 2.3 times). In the tissues of the pyloric part - in the colostrum-milky phase of nutrition (increased by 2.1 times). The most intense age-related changes in the De Ritis coefficient of purebred piglets grown under pig farm conditions are detected in the tissues of the diverticulum in the first definitive phase of nutrition (increased by 1.7 times). In the tissues of the cardiac part of the stomach - in the first definitive phase of nutrition (increased by 3.4 times). In the tissues of the fundus of the stomach in piglets, the value of the coefficient changes more intensively only in the colostrum-milky phase of the diet (decreased by 51.4%). In the tissues of the pyloric part of the stomach, De Ritis coefficient with a high intensity changes in the second and third phases of the milk supply (increased by 3.0 times).

Aim. In this paper, the authors set out toascertain the prognostic value of the rheumatoid factor for the formation of gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (meloxicam).Materials and methods. A prospective, randomized study of 138 patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking methotrexate (12.5 mg per week) and meloxicam — nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug — (15 mg per day) was conducted. The formation of gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers was recorded for 4–8 years during esophagogastroduo-denoscopy (at study entry, following three months, then once a year). The groups of seropositive and seronegative patients comprised 69 people each.Results. During the period of patient monitoring, significant differences were found (P < 0.01) in the frequency of the formation of gastric and duodenal erosions and ulcers in patients with seropositive (79.7 %; 95 % CI: 70.2–89.2 %) and seronegative (4.4 %; 95 % CI: 0.01–9.2 %) rheumatoid arthritis (τ = 0.763; P < 0.01), taking meloxicam. In the course of monitoring patients (for 4–8 years) with rheumatoid arthritis who took meloxicam, the authors established high rates of the prognostic (rheumatoid) factor for predicting the formation of gastric and duodenal erosions and ulcers: forecast sensitivity — 94.8 %, forecast specificity — 82.5 %, the proportion of correct forecasts — 87.7 %.Conclusions. The rheumatoid factor is found to be a significant (P < 0.01) risk factor for gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, who take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (meloxicam).

In the germs of 4.5-5.0 mm in length, the TKD stomach is an asymmetrically enlarged part of the primary intestinal tube concave to the left. The wall of the future stomach consists of two layers epithelial and mesenchymal. The process of forming the stomach is due to the uneven growth of its parts and the formation of large and small curvature. The growth of the dorso-left divisions above the ventral right is dominant, and the uneven growth in the cranial-caudal direction is observed. The gateway is lagging behind in the development compared to the formation of the vault and the body of the stomach. The primary tabulation of the duodenum (duodenal ulcer) is formed as a result of changes in the anterior and middle portions of the primary intestine that follows the stomach. The duodenal wall is presented at the end of the pre-fetal period, the shape of the gastro-intestinal part of the stomach acquires a cylindrical and pancreatic form (12:4 cases), duodenal ulcer horseshoe-shaped and V-shaped (5:3 cases). The upper part of the duodenum in front and on the top touches the right lobe of the liver, as well as the body and neck of the gall bladder, the head of the pancreas adjoins to the bottom and part of it in the back. The lower part of the duodenum case reaches the level of the gate of the right kidney or its lower pole. The lower part is tightly adjacent to the back wall of the abdominal cavity and vessels placed therein. The inner part of the gastroduodenal transition is almost smooth, especially the back wall. However, there are barely noticeable folds of the mucous membrane without clear boundaries between the goalie part and the body of the stomach, mainly on the front of the wall, that is, within the limits of the future goalkeeper cave. In the pre-term developmental period, the closure device of the stomach is formed due to the synthetic effect of the diaphragm (esophagus-gastric transition) and the special spatial form of the goalkeeper and the growth of the muscle lock (gastro-duodenal transition). At the end of the prefetal period, the diameter of the gut gate is 1.9 0.11 mm, the goal-feeding canal is 2.7 ± 0.12 mm, the diameter of the bulb of the duodenum is 2.5 ± 0.10 mm, the length of the goal-feeding canal along the small curviline is 2.5 ± 0,10 mm, the length of the canal channel along the large curvature is 3.3 ± 0.21 mm, the angle of the stomach is 94.7 ± 0.20°. The stomach is mostly spindle-shaped, is located in the left hypochondrium, in the upper quadrant of the abdomen, above the conditional umbilical line. The small curvature of the stomach is determined by the generalized gastroduodenal transition, the angle cut on the small curvature is not differentiated. In the stomach, you can distinguish between the goalie and the body. The gate cavern and the bottom of the stomach are not differentiated. The front wall of the stomach is in contact with the left and square lobes of the liver. At this stage of development, the front wall of the stomach is completely covered with visceral surface of the liver. Typical for gastroduodenal transition in perinatal periarthritis is the following correlation of parameters of its components: the largest diameter has a goal channel, the smaller is the bulb of the duodenum, and the smallest is the gastroenterologist.

The article describes the stages of diagnostics and treatment of a child with the stomach and jejunum trichobezoars, starting from the regional hospital and ending with a children’s medical republican institution. The operation, which was performed 2 days after the child’s hospitalization, consisted in enterotomy, gastrotomy and the trichobezoars extraction. The postoperative period was uneventful. The significant difficulty in trichobezoars recognition in children requires the development of an action algorithm at all stages of the diagnostic process.

We examined the stimulatory effects of lubiprostone, a bicyclic fatty acid derived from prostaglandin E1 and a chloride channel type-2 opener (ClC-2), on HCO3- secretion in the rat stomach and duodenum, with a focus on the EP receptor subtypes involved in this action. Under urethane anesthesia, an ex-vivo chambered stomach or a duodenal loop was perfused with saline, and HCO3- secretion was measured at pH 7.0 using a pH stat-method. Lubiprostone (0.1–30 μM) was perfused in the chamber or loop for 10 min. Indomethacin, ONO-8711 (an EP1 antagonist), or AE5-599 (an EP3 antagonist) was given s.c. 1 h before the lubiprostone treatment, while AE3-208 (an EP4 antagonist) or CFTRinh-172 (a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) inhibitor) was given i.p. 30 min before. Lubiprostone dose-dependently and significantly increased HCO3- secretion in both the stomach (≥ 10 μM) and duodenum (≥ 1 μM). The stimulatory effect in the stomach was significantly abrogated by a pretreatment with the EP1 antagonist, but not the EP3/EP4 antagonists or CFTR inhibitor, while that in the duodenum was significantly attenuated by the EP3/EP4 antagonists as well as the CFTR inhibitor. Indomethacin had no effect on the response of either tissue to lubiprostone. These results suggest that lubiprostone stimulated HCO3- secretion in the stomach and duodenum in a manner that was mediated by different EP receptor subtypes; the former was mediated by EP1 receptors, while the latter was mediated by both EP3 and EP4 receptors. CFTR/ClC-2 may be involved in the response observed in the duodenum, but not in the stomach.

Clinicians pay close attention to the questions related to the diagnosis and treatment tactics of stomach defects with its obstruction in view of their stable frequency and lack of consensus on these diseases development mechanisms. The insufficient individual experience of every clinician leads to the difficulties in early diagnostic and the most adequate surgical intervention choice, and so, high rates of mortality. Purpose of the work. Improvement of the diagnostic and treatment tactic in infants with gastric duplication. Materials and methods. Clinical experience of two cases of the newborn children treatment with rare variants of digestive tract developmental defects is presented. In one child it was a case of stomach cystic duplication; and the other had a cystic duplication of stomach and duodenum. Results. There have been 5 cases of the stomach duplication treatment in the last 5 years in the Pediatric Surgery Clinic of Zaporizhzhia State Medical University. Two children were diagnosed with this pathology in neonatal period. Clinical analysis of these cases is described in the article. Both infants have undergone the early operative intervention. Type and extent of the operation depended on the peculiarities of localization, sizes, clinical signs of the defects and the general state of patients. The main stages and methods of medical-diagnostic process of such patients’ management are presented. Conclusions. The analysis shows that the efficacy of stomach obstruction rare forms diagnosis is achieved by usage of algorithms based on the staged modern diagnostic methods, taking into account their resolution and congenital anomaly type. In congenital stomach and duodenum duplication maximal informativness can be achieved using ultrasound and CT (or MRI) of the abdominal cavity. The most effective and non-invasive is ultrasound method by high-resolution devices. The discussed clinical cases are examples of early diagnosis of the stomach duplication and the right choice of active tactics for such children management that has made it possible to obtain a successful treatment outcome.

The functional state of the gastric mucosa chief cells reflects the ability to break down proteins and fully absorb the substances which are vital for the body under the influence of severe general dehydration of the organism. The aim To reveal morphological and ultramicroscopic changes of the gastric fundus chief exocrinocytes of rats under the influence of sublethal general dehydration of organism. Materials and methods. The influence of sublethal general dehydration was modeled on mature laboratory rats of the experimental series that was achieved on the 9th day of the experiment. During the experiment the animals were kept based on a complete waterless regime and fed dry granulated food. Samples for microscopic and ultramicroscopic studies were prepared according to generally accepted techniques. The results were evaluated using light microscope "Olympus" with a photographic registration of the morphological picture by a Baumer / optronic video camera. Type: CX05c and by electron microscope EM-125. Morphometric studies were carried out using the program «Digimizer». Results. The average values of the cross-sectional area of the chief cells cytoplasm and nuclei, their microscopic and ultramicroscopic changes under influence of severe general dehydration of the organism were studied. Conclusions. Severe general dehydration of the organism is accompanied by a decrease in the total number of the oxyntic cell in gastric glands by 21.22 % (P < 0.0001) and in the number of chief exocrinocytes per one gland by 19.43 % (P < 0.0001), relative to the control group. Percentage of the chief exocrinocytes in the gastric glands on the 9th day of the experiment is 37.66 %. A morphometric study has revealed a decrease in the cross-sectional area of the cells cytoplasm by 37.73 % (P < 0.0001), of nuclei by 21.97 % (P = 0.0110). Ultrastructural transformations of the chief exocrinocytes are signs of a sharp decrease in synthetic processes intensity in these cells, as well as a violation of not only the secret synthesis, but also the process of its secretion from the cytoplasm. The revealed ultrastructural changes in the cell organelles of the gastric fundic glands chief exocrinocytes are results of hypoxic alteration and metabolic disturbances (as general dehydration manifestations) and are destructive-dystrophic with the transformation into necrobiotic nature.

The article describes the observation of successful radical surgical treatment of a giant gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the cardiac stomach in the patient with concomitant pathology: type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, hypertensive disease of stage 3, severe anemia.

The article provides historic development of ideas about the protective mucous barrier in the stomach, a modern vision of the cytoprotection in the stomach is provided, and possibilities of pharmacologic cytorpotective drugs are described. Cytoprotective properties of the bismuth salt based drugs are stated.

OBJECTIVE. The authors created an effective system of prediction of acute erosive-ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum in victims with extensive burns. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The patients (85) were divided into two groups. The first group included 45 patients (53 %) with erosive ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum which developed during 14 days after injury. The second group numbered 40 patients (47 %) without complications. The clinical, laboratory and instrumental methods of investigations were applied. RESULTS. According to data analysis of patient’s examination, the scale of assessment of sign rates was developed. The amount of rates corresponded to the index of prediction (IP). The values of IP were calculated at the interval from -15 to +15 units. The high possibility (85 %) of development of acute erosive and ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum could be expected in cases when IP was about +15 units. CONCLUSIONS. The developed predictive scale of erosive-ulcerative complications of gastrointestinal tract appeared to be highly reliable and allowed doctors to use preventive measures on time.

The article presents data on the causes of the formation of various types of bezoars in children, traces the causes of their complicated course in the form of bezoar disease. Modern issues of diagnostics, methods of treatment and formation of foreign bodies of the digestive tract in children are covered in the article. A clinical case of a giant trichobezoar of the stomach and duodenum in a 14-year-old girl is presented and analyzed. in a histological examination of the gastric wall.

Objective: To study the effect of bariatric surgery on serum ghrelin in patients with morbid obesity., Material and Methods: We experimentally analyzed serum ghrelin in 96 rats. Of these, 84 rats underwent sleeve gastrectomy, and 12 rats comprised the control group (no surgery). We measured body weight and serum ghrelin using ELISA method after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after surgery. Serum ghrelin was studied before and after bariatric surgery in 23 patients with morbid obesity., Results: Baseline serum ghrelin was lower in larger rats and obese patients compared to normal body weight. We found no decrease in serum ghrelin after resection of fundal ghrelin-releasing part of the stomach., Conclusion: Stomach volume changes after restrictive bariatric surgery (sleeve resection or gastroplication) are accompanied by mild increase in serum ghrelin. This increment is greater after more significant body weight loss after surgery. Similar researches will help to find new treatment strategies for pathological obesity.

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This article describes two cases of hair balls in girls between aged 2.5 and 12 years. The reason for this quite rare disease may be trichotillomania (compulsive desire to pull out own hair) and trichophagia (compulsive or impulsive desire to pull out, and then to swallow own or someone's hair) typical for Rapunzel syndrome. Initially, the children were enrolled in the Oncology Centre in view of suspected abdominal tumour. After detection of foreign bodies in the stomach, they were transferred to the Department of Clean Surgery. The following surgeries were performed: median laparotomy, gastrotomy on the front wall of the stomach, bezoar removal. Hair balls were dense felt-like conglomerates with a strong offensive odour. Bezoar dimensions of the younger girl were 855, the elder one — 20108 cm. Postoperative period was uneventful. The children were discharged in a satisfactory condition to be followed up by a surgeon, paediatrician, and psychiatrist in their community.

In 36 residents of Khanty-Ugra with newly diagnosed gastric and duodenal ulcers evaluated the frequency of symptoms of dyspepsia syndrome and their correlation with morphological rearrangement of the gastric mucosa by the results of histological examination of biopsy samples. It was revealed that for the first time revealed ulcers manifest a combination of abdominal pain and dyspepsia in 75% of cases. This is a defining pain, verifiable in 92% of newly diagnosed cases of ulcers of the stomach and duodenum. Symptoms proper dyspeptic disorders, represented mostly by two symptoms: nausea and feeling of heaviness in the epigastric region, are more common than morphological manifestations restructuring coolant in the examined patients. The most frequent complication verified bleeding from the newly diagnosed gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Aim. During the life, the organism continuously consumes nutrients that build tissue and produce energy. The source of nutrients is proteins, fats, carbohydrates along with minerals. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of certain elements in the tissue of the stomach, small and large intestine of residents of the Astrakhan region. Materials and methods. We have taken fragments of stomach tissue as material for the study (n = 25), small (n = 25), and large (n = 25), the material has been obtained by sectional study from deaths from acci-dents of healthy individuals aged from 40 to 68 years (average age - 54 ± 0.63 years). The study of features of a cumulative distribution of elements (EM) was performed with atomic absorption spectrophotometry using atomic ab-sorption spectrometer MGA-915. The analysis results are given in mg/kg of dry matter, and were subjected to statis tic processing (Student's t-test, using software Statistica (StatSoft, USA). Identified values were considered signifi-cant at p

Wintering is one of the most complicated biotechnical processes in pisciculture, and its success depends on a wide spectrum of biotic and abiotic factors, first of all on the fish physiological status before this period. Sturgeon fishes are believed to stop feeding under the water temperature below 4 °C that causes essential reorganization of their metabolism because of transition to endogenous feeding. Physiological status of fingerlings of kaluga and reciprocal hybrid sterlet x kaluga is compared in the beginning, middle and end of wintering, with comparative characteristic of their peripheral blood reaction and understanding of starvation influence on their digestive and hemopoietic systems. The fingerlings of both species were kept in cages of warm-water farm and fed with fodder. The fingerlings of kaluga started the wintering with improper physiological status, with evident pathological processes expressed as eosinophilia, macrocytic hyperchromic anaemia, increase of immature erythrocytes, and pathomorphological changes of erythrocytes (poikilocytosis, anisocytosis, karyorhexis, hemolysis). These symptoms could be caused by either herpesvirus infection or cumulative polytoxicosis, but results of hematological and histological analysis in the middle and end of the wintering confirmed the viral nature. Thus, mass disease and mortality of fish is possible in conditions of the temperature increase in spring. Therefore, prophylactic measures are recommended for overwintered kaluga fingerlings to enhance their immune and physiological status, such as addition of vitamins C and E, probiotics and prebiotics to fodder. On the contrary, the fingerlings of reciprocal hybrid sterlet x kaluga had a high physiological status before and during wintering, in spite of a rather high portion of eosinophiles in their leukogram.

Seasonality and dependence of age and sex is an important question in the development of ulcer of the stomach. Melatonin has an important place among the hormones that are involved in the formation of ulcer of the gastric mucosa. Aim. In order to establish the relationship between the levels of melatonin and testosterone in ulcerative lesions of the stomach in male rats of different ages their level in the blood serum was studied by enzyme immunoassay ELISA. Methods and results. It was found that against the background of gastric ulceration a significant increase in melatonin levels and decrease in serum testosterone occur, most expressed in rats aged 9 months. Conclusion. The obtained results indicate the presence of the relationship between melatonin and testosterone levels in both normal and pathological conditions.

Animal Helicobacter species other than Helicobacter pylori are also able to cause human gastritis, gastric ulcers, and MALT lymphomas. Animal Helicobacter species are presented with typical spiral fastidious microorganisms colonizing the gastric mucosa of different animals. Bacteria initially received their provisional name Helicobacter heilmannii, and out of them at least five species colonizing the gastric mucosa of pigs, cats, and dogs were isolated later on. A high proportion of these diseases are shown to be zoonotic. Transmission of pathogens occurs by contact. The factors of bacterial pathogenicity remain little studied.

We studied biological effects of Human Leukemia Differentiation Factor (HLDF), first derived from the cultural media of human myelogenous HL-60 leukemia cells, on the production of IL-1β, IL-1ra and IL-8 by immune cells from the patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the stomach. To evaluate the influence of HLDF on cytokine-producing function of the whole blood cells, the latter were incubated with this factor or without it. The levels of IL-1β, IL-1ra and IL-8 were determined in supernates of these cells. The stimulation indices of HLDF upon cytokine production were estimated as a cytokine production ratio of stimulated versus resting cells. Histological analysis of gastric mucous tissue samples and removed tumors was also performed. It was revealed that, in chronic atrophic gastritis, HLDF significantly increased IL-1ra and IL-8production. In patients with stomach adenomas and adenocarcinomas, HLDF increased IL-1ra, IL-8 and IL-1β production. In cases of stomach adenomas, the indices of HLDF stimulation upon blood cells cytokine production are significant higher than in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. Interdependence study between the stimulation indices of HLDF and histological parameters of gastric mucosa and tumor samples have shown a negative correlations between the stimulation index of HLDF upon IL-1ra production and the grade of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia of the adenoma epithelium, and a positive correlation between the stimulation index of HLDF on IL-8 production and the intensity of lymphoid infiltration of the adenomas. In patients with gastric adenocarcinomas, a positive correlation between the stimulation index of HLDF on IL-8 production and number of blood vessels with tumor embolus was revealed. One may presume that immune cells activation caused by HLDF may exert following actions: (1) triggering some processes of chronic inflammation that underly malignancy development, and (2) the mechanisms restricting the disturbances of epithelial regeneration. Finally, the results of HLDF effects depend on balance between proand antioncogenic cytokines produced by immune cells.

The stream trout is one of the kind preferring pure ecological conditions, according to this kind maybe an indicator of ecological condition of environment in the Chechen Republic. That’s why studying biology of this kind is actual, to find out its condition in present.

A significant prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in SARS-CoV-2 infection is also associated with its fecal-oral transmission, which leads to a progressive increase in the number of patients with diseases of the esophagus, stomach and intestines. In addition, intestinal infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 may be one of the main causes of functional long-term stress-related gastrointestinal disorders, united in the concept of post-COVID syndrome.

Aim: To determine gastroprotective effectiveness of the oral gel “Quertulin” on rats which received adrenalin at background dysbiosis. Methods: The mucoso-adgesive oral phytogel “Quertulin” (quercetin + inulin + calcium citrate) was used. The dysbiosis was reproduced by lincomycin introduction with water in dose of 60 mg/kg during 5 days. The oral application of adrenalin gel (0,18 mg/kg) made everyday during 10 days. The activities of elastase, urease, lysozyme, catalase and content of malonic dialdehide (MDA) were determined into gastric mucosa. Results: It was established lowering of levels of elastase and MDA, but raise of lysozyme by adrenalin action. The introduction of adrenalin background dysbiosis was raised elastase and urease activities. The oral application of quertulin normalized the levels of elastase, MDA, urease, lysozyme, but raised the activity of catalase. Conclusion: The oral applications of adrenalin has gastroprotective action at the expense of the activity of lysozyme and catalase rise. The oral applications of quertulin make gastroprotective action at introduction of adrenalin background dysbiosis at the expense rise level of antioxidant system and lowering the dysbiosis degree.

Hnatiuk V. V. Characteristics of melatonin-positive-labeled cells of gastric mucosa amount in rats of different sexes in autumn and winter = Характеристика кількості мелатонін-позитивно-мічених клітин слизової оболонки шлунка у щурів різної статі у осінньо-зимовий період = Характеристика количества мелатонин-положительно-меченых клеток слизистой оболочки желудка у крыс разного пола в осенне-зимний период. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(11):622-628. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.200416 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4064 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.11.2016. Revised 22.11.2016. Accepted: 30.11.2016. UDC 612.325: 612.6.057: 616.831.45 CHARACTERISTICS OF MELATONIN-POSITIVE-LABELED CELLS OF GASTRIC MUCOSA AMOUNT IN RATS OF DIFFERENT SEXES IN AUTUMN AND WINTER V. V. Hnatiuk National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine gvalery_nice@ukr.net Abstract The objective of presented study was the state of the melatonin-positive-labeled cells of gastric mucosa in rats of different sex and age in the autumn and winter. It was established that during the seasonal physiological desynchronosis – autumn – the amount of melatonin-positive-labeled cells was lower compared to their level in the winter to 13 % – in male rats, 7 % – in female rats. It determined that melatonin-positive-labeled cells in the gastric mucosa presents 3d cell types, which differ in size and structure. The number of different cell types different in males and females. Melatonin-positive-labeled cells in male rats were significantly lower than the melatonin-positive-labeled cells in female rats in both seasons. Key words: melatonin, melatonin-producing cells, stomach, pineal gland, seasons, sex. ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА КІЛЬКОСТІ МЕЛАТОНІН-ПОЗИТИВНО-МІЧЕНИХ КЛІТИН СЛИЗОВОЇ ОБОЛОНКИ ШЛУНКА У ЩУРІВ РІЗНОЇ СТАТІ У ОСІННЬО-ЗИМОВИЙ ПЕРІОД В. В. Гнатюк Національний фармацевтичний університет, Харків, Україна Реферат Проведено дослідження кількості мелатонін-позитивно-мічених клітин слизової оболонки шлунка щурів різної статі віком 9 міс в осінньо-зимовий період. Встановлено, що в період сезонного фізіологічного десинхронозу – восени – кількість мелатонін-позитивно-мічених клітин була меншою порівняно до їх рівня в зимовий період на 13% – у щурів-самців, на 7% – у щурів-самок. Визначено, що мелатонін-позитивно-мічені клітини в слизовій оболонці шлунка представлені 3-а типами клітин відмінних за розміром на будовою. Кількість різних типів клітин відрізняється у щурів самців та самок. Загальна кількість мелатонін-позитивно-мічених клітин у щурів-самців достовірна нижча за їх кількість у щурів-самок в обидва сезони. Ключові слова: мелатонін, мелатонін-продукуючи клітини, шлунок, епіфіз, сезони, стать. ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА КОЛИЧЕСТВА МЕЛАТОНИН-ПОЛОЖИТЕЛЬНО-МЕЧЕНЫХ КЛЕТКОК СЛИЗИСТОЙ ОБОЛОЧКИ ЖЕЛУДКА У КРЫС РАЗНОГО ПОЛА В ОСЕННЕ-ЗИМНИЙ ПЕРИОД В. В. Гнатюк Национальный фармацевтический университет, Харьков, Украина Реферат Проведено исследование количества мелатонин-положительно-меченых клеток слизистой оболочки желудка крыс разного пола в возрасте 9 мес в осенне-зимний период. Установлено, что в период сезонного физиологического десинхроноза – осень – количество мелатонин-положительно-меченых клеток меньше по сравнению с их уровнем в зимний период на 13% – у крыс-самцов, на 7% – у крыс-самок. Определено, что мелатонин-положительно-меченные клетки в слизистой оболочке желудка представлены 3-я типами клеток, которые отличаются размером и строением. Количество разных типов клеток отличается у самцов и самок. Общее количество мелатонин-положительно-меченых клеток у крыс-самцов достоверно ниже их количества в сравнении с крысами-самками в оба сезона. Ключевые слова: мелатонин, мелатонин-продуцируюшие клетки, желудок, эпифиз, сезоны, стать.

By means of use of morphological, histochemical, histoenzymatic methods there has been studied features of acetate gastric ulcer morphogenesis of 40 rats under chronic enteral organophosphorus pesticide (FOC) – chlorophos injection. For the first time structural and metabolic basics of distortion of mucous membrane regeneration in ulcer area in continuous enteral toxic factor exposure and dose dependence of acute gastric ulcer chronicity are identified.

Abstract. The work presents results of experimental study performed in 58 rabbits, using comparative evaluation of reparative events and dynamics of IgG values in experimental liver wound after surgical autoplastics with a serous muscular rag from the big curvature of stomach (45 animals), or common suture (13 animals). Terms of observation were from one day till 360 days. It is established, that studied autotransplant exerts additional transport of IgG into the liver wound, thus evacuating products of wound lesion and ischemic metabolism, providing a productive type of inflammatory process with adequate regeneration. After performing a liver suture, a trend towards chronic inflammation is noted since the earliest terms, followed by significant outgrowth of connective tissue within liver wound area at longer terms.

Background. The influence of the antigen on a fetus becomes very actual topic in last 10 years. This fact is closely associated with the stimulation of immune reactions in fetus and neonatal. It is known that the delivery of antigens into the body of the fetus causes premature T-lymphocytes exit from the thymus and their migration to various organs. As a result in these organs the terms and temps of main structural components development vary. Objective. To study the dynamics of the distribution of different lymphocyte populations in the stomach wall in the postnatal period after an intrauterine administration of the antigen Methods. Rat’s stomach at normal condition and after the intrauterine administration of the antigen on the 21st, 45th and 90th days of life were investigated. Immunohistochemistry, morphometric and statistical methods were used. Results. After the intrauterine antigen administration the content of CD3+-lymphocytes in the stomach was significantly higher, than the content of CD79α+-lymphocytes. The greatest number of CD3+ and CD79α+-lymphocytes is observed over and under the muscularis mucosae of the stomach. In the perivascular spaces the accumulations of lymphocytes are formed; in later age periods they give rise to the perivascular lymphoid nodules. The dynamics of CD3+ and CD79α+-lymphocytes content changes during the intrauterine antigen administration. Conclusion. In response to the intrauterine administration of the antigen there is an increase in the number of CD3+ and CD79α+-lymphocytes. The immune response of B-cell chain is more intensive and expressed. Citation: Klyuchko SS. [The immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of different lymphocyte populations in the structures of the rat stomach after intrauterine administration of the antigen]. Morphologia. 2014;8(1):46-52. Russian.

Petrenko A. A., Levitsky A. P. Gastroprotective action of Quertulyne in rats with toxic hepatitis. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(12):866-874. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.254426 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4186 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 754 (09.12.2016). 754 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.12.2016. Revised 20.12.2016. Accepted: 25.12.2016. UDC 616.33+342.092 GASTROPROTECTIVE ACTION OF QUERTULYNE IN RATS WITH TOXIC HEPATITIS A. A. Petrenko, A. P. Levitsky SE «The Institute of Stomatology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery of the NAMS of Ukraine» Odessa, Ukraine flavan@mail.ru Summary Aim: To investigate of gastroprotective action of Quertulyne in rats with toxic hepatitis. Materials and methods: The toxic hepatitis was reproduced in rats by hydrazine sulphate. Quertulyne (quercetine + inulin + citrate Ca) introduced per os in dose of 300 mg/kg during 14 days. The state of gastric mucosa was determined by the levels of biochemical markers of inflammation (MDA, elastase), the degree of microbial contamination (urease), index of non-specific immunity (lysozyme), antioxidant defence (catalase, index API), hepatitis existence was determined by the serum levels of liver markers (bilirubine, ALT, alkaline phosphatase). The dysbiosis degree was calculated by relation urease and lysozyme. Results: The levels of liver markers and the degree of dysbiosis in serum was increased at hepatitis. After introducing of Quertulyne these indices were reduced to nearly norm. The levels of inflammation markers and urease were raised into mucosa of stomach of rats with hepatitis. After in traducing of Quertulyne the indices were reduced to norm. The conclusion: The toxic hepatitis develop gastritis, which may be prevent by Quertulyne. Key words: hepatitis, stomach, gastritis, Quertulyne, enzymes.