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Refusals have proven to be problematic since they are the source of so many cross-cultural misunderstandings in that they are face threatening acts, which require that the speaker utilize redress, mitigation or politeness markers. The present study’s goal was to investigate the realization of the speech act of refusal in the Iranians and Americans contexts to identify the similarities and differences. It also explored the effect of social status on the choice of refusal strategies. Two well-known popular family drama film series were selected as the sources of the data. Totally, 455 refusal words, expressions, and utterances were collected from the two series. The collected data was coded using Beebe et al.’s (1990) taxonomy of refusal strategies. Descriptive statistics, Binomial, and Chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. The frequency of the refusal strategies and also the frequency of utilizing these strategies with respect to the interlocutors’ social status were analyzed. The results revealed no statistically significant differences between the two cultures with respect to the prevalence of refusal strategies, shift, and content of semantic formulae used in refusals. However, there were statistically significant differences in the frequency of the two major refusal categories, namely, Direct and Indirect strategies. Furthermore, concerning social status, the differences were statistically significant in the frequency of the refusal strategies utilized by the three social levels as regards the main categories in both cultures. The findings enhance intercultural understanding and provide valuable insights into the realization of refusals in different cultural contexts, the influence of social status, and the implications for intercultural communication. It highlights the significance of pragmatic issues and cultural awareness in promoting effective communication and mutual understanding across cultures, hence, ameliorates mutual cross-cultural communication and warrant teachers and material developers about the significance of pragmatic issues in developing the learners’ communicative competence.

The article identifies the main directions of changes in the social and labour sphere under the influence of green economy development (creation of green jobs, transformation of traditional jobs; changes in the organisation of labour and social status of workers who work in green jobs). The author formulated the main characteristics of a green workplace: compliance with the concept of decent work; organisation of labour, which assumes the absence of environmentally harmful materials in the workplace, resource saving, use of modern harmless and environmentally friendly technologies of production and service provision, favourable socio-psychological climate in the team, use of modern forms of employment, which allow preserving health and efficiency of personnel, rational work and rest regimes. The characteristics of the required competencies of employees (professional, personal, managerial), who work in an organisation making the transition to a green economy, are given. The factors that have a positive impact are identified (increase of job security provided that the workplace conforms to the concept of decent work; improvement of sanitary and hygienic and psychophysiological working conditions; increase of the level of wages and living standards of employees provided that the workplace conforms to the concept of decent work) and factors of negative impact on social status of workers in the conditions of transformation of workplaces towards green economy. Recommendations on the regulation of the green labour market are formulated.

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Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the evolution of the practice of hiring foreign specialists for the Russian civil and military service from the second half of the 17th to the first quarter of the 18th century. The author examines continuity and innovations in the methods of recruitment and the documentation of the processes associated with this. The paper identifies the main groups of people engaged in hiring foreigners. This aspect is important because the personalities of mediators left an imprint on the practical and legal basis for recruitment. It is concluded that, from a practical point of view, recruiters (who were sent abroad to hire foreign experts) faced similar tasks both during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich and later, in the era of Peter I (these included problems of material support, the transportation of craftsmen, attracting specialists by favorable proposals, agreeing on conditions of service, etc.). The author also notes that as early as the second half of the 17th century there was a practice of issuing written contracts to foreign specialists, but this was only episodic. During the era of Peter the Great, the contract became the key basis for the admission of foreigners to the Russian civil and military service, and such contracts were based on the same principles as in the previous period. In order to attract a large number of foreign specialists, Peter I and his agents had to take into account the requirements of foreigners and legally expand their rights and privileges. This undoubtedly led to an improvement in both the social and legal status of foreigners as well as in the system of relations between the Russian state and its non-Russian hired specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the processes of genesis, renewal and evolution of the modern Russian society is impossible without studying innovative social and cultural roles and norms, where special attention is paid to a fundamentally new way of women’s existence in ethnocultural communities. Their social and cultural status is changing in the modern globalization and information society, in connection with which the issues related to the revision and adjustment of traditional positions and views on gender stereotypes, the distribution of emphasis in the field of gender equality, and ideas about the business activity of women are being actualized. To solve research problems, a structural-functional method, comparative analysis, a socio-gender approach with the use of the principles of consistency, historicism, objectivity have been used, allowing to analyze the nature of modifications in women’s business activity. It has been noted that in the region under consideration there is a special transformation of gender stereotypes, a specific delimitation of the space of “masculine” and “feminine”, which, on the one hand, are conditioned by the patriarchal nature of traditional culture, the presence of stable religious factors, a special mentality, and on the other hand, by the general desire for the processes of globalization, development of civil society. In this regard, the problem arises of the formation and assimilation of values by women in modern society. It has been revealed that modern representatives of the fairer sex are clearly aware that it is necessary to strive for greater financial independence, to have their own stable income in order to feel confident in the future, despite the ongoing socio-economic changes that have lead to the transformation of family relations and the culture of society. At the same time, a woman’s business activity is aimed at controlling time in favor of preserving many traditional views on the position of women in the community of the region and finding a balance between work and family, innovations and traditions.

This article examines the forms of social evaluation of writers' work in modern Russia. As a methodological basis, the theory of the “literary field” developed by Pierre Bourdieu and his followers is used, on the basis of which a conceptual and empirical reconstruction of the concepts of social status and reputation was carried out. Based on an empirical thematic analysis of public interviews with leading Russian experts in the field of literary process, a set of topics regarding the social status of the writer and his literary reputation in the Russian literary field has been identified. A discrepancy in the opinions of various groups of experts was found, which may indicate the presence of antagonism in the modern literary field. This circumstance, coupled with the dependent state of the literary field on the political one, confirms the hypothesis of the marginalization of these concepts and, accordingly, related social practices in modern Russia.

The paper examines the social position and reputation of artists, primarily painters, in Byzantium and the countries under its cultural influence, in the area of the socalled Byzantine Commonwealth. It concludes that painters were treated like all other craftsmen in many aspects of social life from the time of the Book of Eparch (from the tenth century). Nevertheless, some artists were highly respected, and this prestige manifested itself in different ways: prominent painters were praised for their artistic skill or their wisdom and education, some were engaged as witnesses or guarantors in court cases due to their civic and personal credibility, some enjoyed a reputation that stemmed from their other profession - many of them were members of the clergy (priests, hieromonks, monks, hegoumenoi, chartophylaxes, metropolitans), some were elected state, city or military officials, and judges, and some were sent on diplomatic missions. Accordingly, many painters were addressed by the title kyr (Sir), which also testifies to their reputation and social status. Others, however, were forced to earn a living by trading, sometimes even by farming or herding. On the other hand, sources testify that occasionally figures of the highest social ranks (emperors, archbishops, metropolitans, nobles) also dabbled in painting, but they usually did so for fun, and are thus rightly seen in scholarship as amateur painters and cannot be used to illuminate the social status of painters. It seems, however, that the artist’s reputation, about which this paper provides original testimonies and a range of other indicators, generally did not bring a better or higher social status to the painters themselves, so until the end of the Middle Ages, much as in the tenth century, as evidenced by the Book of Eparch, they retained the status of artisans. To corroborate that claim, the paper brings original data on the social strata from which apprentices in painting workshops were recruited and the social circles from which came the spouses of painters or their family members.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper will analyze a number of grammatical and lexical features of the festive epistles of the Serbian Orthodox Church, published in the last ten years, as a special genre of the religious discourse. By analyzing the inventory of lexical units, we will determine the specifics of the language of the epistles, taking into account the fact that these texts are addressed to priesthood and monks, as well as to the widest circle of believers of the Serbian Orthodox Church, of different education and social status, which is why they should be clear and understandable. On the other hand, epistles must, by their very nature, also contain lexis of a religious and theological character, in order to convey a sublime and edifying message. Based on the linguistic inventory of epistles the aim of our research is to determine the specific grammatical and lexical characteristics of this genre, as well as the relationship of the lexicon of this genre and the language of everyday communication. The subject of the work was the analysis of some grammatical and lexical features of the festive epistles of the Serbian Orthodox Church, a special genre of religious discourse. The texts of the epistles mostly contain general vocabulary, which is understandable to all speakers of the Serbian language. The characteristic of the epistle as a genre of religious discourse is the use of special linguistic means which achieve the main goal of these texts, that is conveying a sublime and edifying message on the occasion of the greatest Christian holidays - Christmas and Easter. The analysis of the inventory of the used lexemes showed, first of all, that nouns are the dominant type of words in the texts of this character, and that there are also numerous adjectives used in the service of epithets. One of the most important features of the language of the Epistles is the use of the participle ending in -ći, which is, after all, a feature of the religious discourse in general. An important part of the lexicon of the festive epistles is made up of compounds created by different creative patterns, through which these texts are given a sublime, festive character. This type of lexicon was inherited from the old Church Slavonic period and is a feature of the holiday epistles among other Orthodox Slavic nations as well. The epistles also contain a lexicon which indicates important social topics for that period, that are intertwined with the representations from the life of Christ given in the New Testament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents an assessment of the level of social prestige of the academic profession in Russia and European countries. In literature a thesis about the crisis of academic profession in prevail. The empirical part of the study is based on the results of in-depth interviews with academic staff in Europe (45 informants, 2016–2019) and Russia (120 informants, 2019–2021). Informants from European universities note the high prestige of the profession, but aslo point out its decrease from the end of the 20th to the beginning of the 21st century. One of the reasons is the ignorance of society about the professional activities of scientific and pedagogical workers and their official duties, which are much broader than the transfer of knowledge to students. In addition, socio-economic factors, insufficient funding for higher education, multitasking and multidisciplinary functions of academic workers, consumer attitude of students to the educational process were named as reasons for the decline in prestige. In opposite to foreign colleagues, Russian informants has noted the increase in the prestige of the profession in recent years. At the same time, this trend does not apply to all scientific and pedagogical staff, but only to those who meet high qualification requirements. Informants from Russian universities note a positive and respectful perception of the academic profession, both by the general public and by the social environment.

The relevance of the article stems from the fact that in today’s world, in order to maintain a quality of life, the state must pay increased attention to the economic and social well-being of citizens, and ensure all basic material needs of the individual without conditions or restrictions. One of the instruments of economic and social support for the population is the unconditional basic income. The aim of the study is to develop the concept for applying the unconditional basic income as one of the attractive methods for addressing poverty and eliminating economic and social inequalities in the Russian Federation. The key components of the poverty’s problem and the state’s approach to tackling it were analysed. Approaches to defining the term “unconditional basic income” and the phenomenology behind the term were explored. The key factors of social life, contributing to the practical implementation of unconditional basic income, were determined. A review of the world practices of its implementation is reflected and possibilities of its application in the Russian Federation are considered.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The authors publish a selection of the Eneolithic – Bronze Age burials from the North Caucasus and the North Pontic region, in which the remains/traces of headdresses have been found. A comparison with the corresponding metal finds from the Balkans and the Near East is presented. The interpretation of the finds as markers of high social status of the buried is suggested. The finds of details and traces of headdresses indicate that the Eneolithic – Bronze Age society developed in the direction of increasing the complexity of the social structure. The hierarchical, vertical social model prevailed over the age and gender model, as evidenced by the finds of symbolically significant headdresses in adult and children’s burials. Ceremonial headdresses reflect similar processes that took place within a wide area in different types of societies at various development stages – from civilizations of the Near Eastern type to the mobile pastoral groups in the North Pontic region and the Fore-Caucasus. The difference in the level of social and economic development resulted in the phenomenon of imitation of valuable items (metal diadems) using the available material (bone, paint).

The article contains an analysis of German empirical research on the transition from the education system to the labor market. It reflects the specificity of the German discourse on this issue, which results from the empirically grounded belief in the lifelong durability of the relationship between the origin and social status of an individual and their chance for a successful life career, including effective transition from one system to onother. A characteristic feature of this discourse is the shift towards the issues of social inequalities, especially inequality of opportunities, educational poverty and ineffectiveness of social and educational policies, especially activities of educational and other institutions aimed at equal opportunities.

Social status reflects the hierarchical position of social groups within society, their prestige as perceived by members of their society. The existing literature shows that age groups differ in their status considerably across countries, and that their status is linked to socio-economic modernization. This study investigates the determinants of elderly people’s status in post-communist countries in comparison to other countries. Using two large international datasets — from the World Values Survey (58 countries) and European Social Survey (29 countries) — as well as multilevel regressions, we found that elderly people in post-communist countries were at the bottom of the status hierarchy. Compared to other regions of the world, this low status was only in part explained by country modernization level, implying that some other factors may have had an effect. Moreover, only in postcommunist countries the perceived status of older people decreased with respondent’s age. We suggest that the low status of older people in post-communist countries was caused by the social and economic transformations that followed the fall of the communist regime — which led to the older generation losing human capital — and then exacerbated by the ageist legacy of the Soviet industrialist ideology. Finally, we insist that the very low status of older people is a problem of society as a whole rather than this particular age group.

Copyright of Journal of College of Languages is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the development of Russian women's citizenship from the standpoint of the theory of citizenship and describes the main directions and milestones of its formation on the historical material. The article proves that the main subjects of the setting up of women's citizenship on the one hand are the women's, feminist, suffragist movement, which put the problems of its social (gender) group before the authorities and sought their solution. On the other hand, there are ‘broad masses of women’, i.e. women of various classes and social groups, who, by changing their daily practices, actually expanded their civil rights and duties. The History of Russian Women as a historical discipline in recent years has accumulated significant factual material about various aspects of the life of Russian women, which made possible such a historical and sociological analysis of the phenomenon of women's citizenship in Russia.

The aim of the work is to study the prevalence of alcohol consumption and features of alcoholic behavior among working urban women with different professional and social status. The situation with the involvement of various groups of women in alcohol consumption is analyzed on the basis of quantitative and qualitative long – term studies conducted by the team of Sector of Sociology of Deviant Behavior of ISRAS – FCTAS RAS. The article analyzes the features of alcoholic behavior – the regularity and intensity of alcohol consumption, the structure of consumed alcoholic beverages – among women leaders, specialists with higher education without subordinates, women employees and workers of various qualifications. The main motives of alcohol consumption in these groups were revealed. It is shown that, despite the recorded positive trend of recent years towards a decrease in alcoholism among women in large cities, the nature of alcohol consumption in some socio-professional groups of women has changed significantly. Business women with a high social status who drink alcohol have a heavier alcohol habits. The article considered the influence of the epidemic of coronavirus infection and the self-isolation regime introduced by the government of the Russian Federation in spring of 2020 on alcoholic behavior of women with different socio-professional status. It was found that according to many indicators of alcoholic behavior, business women represent a high-risk group. The factors contributing to the alcoholization of business women are identified, the role of alcohol in their life, the motives of consumption are considered. It is shown that significant factors of alcoholization of business women and women-leaders are the need to follow the business culture with its inherent practice of alcohol consumption, the desirability of a woman’s compliance with opposing social norms, as well as work stress. In an effort to adapt to the current difficult conditions, business women resort to alcohol.

The purpose of this article is to consider the features of the development of the socioprofessional structure in the Republic of Tuva. The socio-professional structure of the population of Tuva is generally similar to the structure of Russian society, although it has its own regional differences. These differences are related both to the peculiarities of the transformation processes in Tuva and to the historical specifics of social development. Over the past century, Tuva’s society has transformed from an archaic agrarian society into an agrarian-industrial one. This type of society persists to this day. Today, the transformation processes taking place in the Russian Federation as a whole and in the Republic of Tyva in particular have a significant impact on the structure of employment and determine the formation of the regional social and professional space. New strata of property owners and the poor emerged. A layer of employees has formed, whose main economic potential depends on the income of employment in organizations of different types of ownership. There is a specific stratum in the social and professional structure of Tuvan society-the so-called independent arats, which are agents that reflect the specifics of the labor space of the republic. They are self-employed by any ethnic type of activity: shepherds, yak breeders, reindeer herders, embroiderers, stone cutters, shamans, throat singers, etc. Also traditional for the republic are collectors of wild plants, hunters and fishermen who are engaged in these activities for profit. They are not integrated into the social and professional structure of modern Tuva, as their professional affiliation is not formalized. The process of legitimizing some professional groups has only just begun. The labor market was also not ready for the emergence of archaic forms of employment. This led to the temporary exclusion of individual groups.

The paper explores teenagers’ attitude towards protest demonstration and exremism. The analysis is based on the data of a questionnaire survey carried out by the staff of the Centre of Sociology of Education (Institute of Education Management of the Russian Academy of Education).The survey involved 4873 students of grades 7th–11th of schools located in 3 regions of Russian Federation: Zabaikalsky Krai, Tulskaya oblast’ and Smolenskaya oblast’. The data obtained in the research reveal specific gender and age differences. Male students choose active forms of protest whereas female students prefer discussions with friends and family or hiding their protest. The legitimate protest activity increases with age. The data showed that protest demonstration depend on student’s social status: those with high status among classmates tend to choose active protest forms like participating in public protest events, appealing to the authorities, going to court. According to the survey teenagers’ readiness to participate in active protest forms and involvement into extremist organizations’ activity are connected to their activity in social media and aggressive behavior on the Internet (p≤0,05 for all comparisons). The results allow us to conclude that teenagers’ protest activity and their involvement into extremist organizations’ activity and attitude towards extremism are a part of their overall life position and determined by personal characteristics.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the problem of literary reputation, which is urgent for today’s literary science, in the context of modern reputation theory. Among the many aspects that together create a public image of the writer, the main focus is on the role of the media. Based on the analysis of the reception of one of the characteristic works, it is shown how the modern contributed to the creation of the “phenomenon” of Leonid Andreev.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anthropology Magazine is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the author explores the issue of the social status of boierinaşi in Bessarabia under Tsarist rule. The author notes that after the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, the imperial authorities equated the boierinaşi with Russian personal nobles, granting them various privileges. The Regulations of the administrative organization of the Bessarabian region of April 29, 1818 says that “under the name of boierinaşi is meant a social class that is not of noble origin and has not reached the highest boyar posts, but who received the lowest ranks below the vel şătrar”. Paying attention not only to holding senior positions, but also to the role in the administrative institutions of the region, the Russian authorities from the very beginning did not approve of this social status, despite the fact that although the boierinaşi had not performed important administrative functions until that time, some of them belonged to very old families. In accordance with the Regulation on social status rights of the inhabitants of Bessarabia of March 10, 1847, the tsarist authorities equated the Bessarabian boierinaşi with the personal nobles of the Russian Empire, later calling them personal nobles. Consequently, the number of Bessarabian boierinaşi gradually began to decrease. If they did not perform any administrative functions, they were required to enter the category of mazili. Small boierinaşi were often seen as a kind of patriarchs of the peasant community. However, with the disappearance of the generations that witnessed the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, their descendants replenished the ranks of mazili, and after the elimination of mazili as a social stratum and rutaşi as a fiscal category in 1847, they were considered odnodvortsy. Thus, the tsarist authorities, trying to eliminate the dissimilarity or inconsistency with the Russian social system, unified part of the Bessarabian social categories with the Russian ones, which led to the disappearance of the boyars as a social category.

Background. Tuberculosis is an infectious socially significant disease. Apart from individual traits of the disease pathology, drug sensitivity and the availability of effective medicine and prevention, an important factor of its control is the patient’s social status. Social patient profiling in various locations across the country is vital for developing and deploying a high-quality and feasible tuberculosis care programme.Objectives. Social profiling of tuberculosis in St. Petersburg as an example of large urban area. Methods. We developed a questionnaire to assess 40 social parameters of a patient with tuberculosis. The study sample was representative and surveyed 666 (63.4%) and 704 (65.7%) patients with primary diagnosis in 2017 and 2018, respectively.Results. The survey showed almost no impact of external migration on tuberculosis epidemiology in St. Petersburg. Internal migrants counted 76 (11.4%) in 2017 and 96 (13.4%) in 2018, thus suggesting the majority of primary tuberculosis patients being permanent residents of St. Petersburg. The contribution of individuals with no fixed abode to the incidence rate was also insignificant, 2.4% and 1.9%. Most patients were unemployed people of working age, 236 (35.4%) in 2017, 261 (37.1%) in 2018. Incidence among students as a younger population was lowest, 2.1% and 2.8%. Smokers accounted for half of total patients, 370 (55.6%) and 368 (52.3%). One in five patients carried HIV infection, with half of them not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Patients with unfinished secondary education and residing in collective dwellings were significantly more frequent, whilst the proportion of persons with high income decreased. Over half of the patients had no family at primary diagnosis, and over a third had never been married.Conclusion. The social profile of primary tuberculosis in an urban area is as follows: single man, near 40 years old, permanent resident, unemployed, working-age, smoker, resides in private abode, has secondary or secondary vocational education, low to average income.

The article discusses the results of an empirical study focused on the comparative analysis of the characteristics of the social situation of development in normatively developing primary school children and children with disabilities studying in inclusive education. The study sample consisted of 14 primary school teachers and 328 students from two educational complexes in Moscow at the age from 7 to 11 years, including 18 children with a disability status , confirmed by the PMPK. The following methods were used: sociometry, the “Color Test of Relationship”, criterion-oriented observation in the classroom, interviews with teachers, analysis of individual cases. Research data indicates that the social status of children with disabilities is on average lower than the social status of their normatively developing classmates. In addition, children with disabilities have a low level of self-esteem more often than their peers without disabilities. It was shown that primary school children more often demonstrate positive emotional attitude than positive social attitude, i.e. choosing as partners for joint activities, towards their classmates with disabilities.

The paper presents the results of an empirical study aimed at the identification of empirical types of social maturity in young people; its relevance is due to the lack of typology of social maturity in modern socio-psychological literature. The study was performed on a sample of young people aged 18 to 30 years old (347 people, including 178 women and 169 men). We assumed that there are various empirical types of social maturity in young people depending on the evaluation of actualized personal and social resources, the orientation of social experiences, value orientations, and behavioral activity. We used methods based on the comprehensive program developed by A. B. Kupreichenko and A. L. Zhuravlev, as well as L. M. Smirnov’s method “Basic Values and Disvalues of Russians”. The aim of this study was to distinguish the main types of social maturity from an integrative position, reflecting the view of this phenomenon as a compound, including not only socially oriented, but also individual psychological components. It is shown that the systematic approach to the study of social maturity allows us to present this phenomenon as a unified socio-psychological construct. The following components are distinguished as components of social maturity analyzed in the study: cognitive, value, emotional and conative ones. Five empirical types of social maturity were found: “ascetic”, “ambitious”, “not actualized”, “asocial”, “socially mature”. The distinguished types of social maturity are differentiated according to the grounds of the social maturity components. In the future, these types can also become the basis for creating methodological tools that diagnose parameters distinguishing subjects with different manifestation and orientation of the social maturity phenomenon.

Background. Modern processes of social stratification in Russian society are an urgent problem in Russian sociology. There are significant changes in the social structure. There are social groups forming new, future social strata, in which signs of social statuses acquire qualitative differences. Among such layers, a relatively new one is the precariat, the question of which is also relevant because for university graduates and people with higher education there is a fairly high probability of falling into this social stratum. The purpose of the work is to analyze the possibilities of the emergence of a new layer – the precariat, and to make qualitative predictions about the probability of future replenishment of the precari-at by university graduates. Materials and methods. The research methodology is presented by a systematic approach and the sociological concept of social stratification. The research methods are a questionnaire survey of university teachers about the conditions and pro-spects of their work (n = 850), conducted on the initiative of the Ulyanovsk State Technical University with the participation of the authors, and a secondary analysis of the research results of other Russian sociologists. Results. The factors influencing the employment of university graduates and the probability of their entering the ranks of the precariat are clas-sified: geopolitical, educational, socio-institutional, socio-value. Based on the results of a survey of teachers of higher educational institutions, it was revealed that the introduction of distance learning creates opportunities for changing ideas about the organization of work and affects the motivation of students’ work. Conclusions. Changes are taking place in the higher education system that affect the social mobility of graduates of higher educational institutions and their acquisition of social status. Higher education acquires the content of a kind of terminal for individuals, who are then more likely to enter the precariat groups rather than work in their specialty. Variants of forecasts of the appearance of the precariat are derived, taking into account regional peculiarities.

The financial situation and incomes of Simbirsk residents of the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that understanding urban everyday life is impossible without an idea of the income that the citizens had. It is noted that in the period under review, class division is gradually turn to the division of society in the capitalist way, differentiation by income is confirmed, which is reflected in the mentality and administrative management. The difference between the population of Simbirsk and other Volga cities is shown: the share of the nobility among the urban population was twice as high as in neighboring cities, and the share of the peasantry was half that in Samara and four times less than in Saratov. A review of statistical information on the income of various classes and categories of employment is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the development of entrepreneurship and merchants and income in this area. It is noted that in Simbirsk, the development of entrepreneurship was slower than the average Russian values. The results of a comparative analysis of the standard of living and material situation of citizens living in Simbirsk with the indicators of other cities are presented. It is stated that for the sustainable development of capitalist relations, the introduction of financial organizations and entrepreneurship from the outside was necessary in Simbirsk.

This paper aims at reconstructing the genealogy of Siberian Tatars of Knyazevs (Western Siberia), identifying the origins of their surname, which is not characteristic of the Tatars, and at analysis of the influence of socio-political and socio-economical processes in Russia in the 18th through 20th centuries on the social transformation of the family. The sources were represented by the materials of the Inventory Revision Book of Tarsky District of 1701 and census surveys of the end of 18th through 19th centuries, which allowed tracing the Knyazev family through the genealogical succession and identifying social status of its members. In this work, recordkeeping materials of the 18th–20th centuries and contemporary genealogical and historical traditions of the Tatars have been utilized. In the research, the method of genealogical reconstructions by archival materials and their correlation with genealogies of modern population has been used. The history of the Knyazev family is inextricably linked to the history of modern village of Bernyazhka — one of the earliest settlements of the Ayalintsy (a group of the Siberian Tatars) in the territory of the Tarsky Irtysh land which became the home to the Knyazevs for more than three centuries. The 1701Inventory Revision Book cites Itkuchuk Buchkakov as a local power broker of the Ayalynsky Tatars in the village. During the 18th century, this position was inherited by his descendants who eventually lost this status in the beginning of the 19th century in the course of the managerial reforms by the Russian government. Nevertheless, the social status of the members of the gens remained high. In the mid. 19th century, the village moved — the villagers resettled from the right bank of the River Irtysh onto the left one. As the result, the village was situated nearby the main road connecting the cities of Omsk and Tara. At the same time, the village became the center of the Ayalynskay region. That led to the strengthening of the social status and property enrichment of the descendants of Itkuchuk Buchkakov. The Knyzevs’ surname first appeared in the materials of the First All-Russia Census Survey of 1897. Some of the descendants signed up under this surname later in the Soviet period. During the Soviet years, members of the Knyzev’s gens had different destinies: some worked in the local government, whereas the others were subjected to political repressions and executed. Knyazevs took part in the Great Patriotic War and seven of them perished. Presently there are no descendants of the Knyazevs in Bernyazhka as they spread over the villages of the Omskaya Region, some living in Omsk and other towns of Russia and abroad.

Starting from the fact that there is no consensus on the way in which school factors mediate the influence of social status on achievement, we wanted to examine how teaching practices affect the relationship between social status and student achievement. More precisely, we tried to determine whether the intensity of the correlation between social status and student achievement on the TIMSS test differs among students whose teachers use different ways of teaching (practices that are more in line with transmissive teaching or practices more in line with engaging teaching). To answer this question, we used the data collected within the TIMSS 2015 research conducted in Serbia, which included 160 schools, 192 primary school teachers, and 4036 students. The collected data were analyzed using factor analysis of variance and correlation analysis. The results showed that (1) there is a moderate positive correlation between social status and student achievement, (2) that there is no correlation between teaching practices and student achievement, and that (3) teaching methods mediate the relationship between social status and achievement. The mediating role of teaching approaches is reflected in the fact that the stronger intensity of the correlation between social status and achievement is, the teaching itself tends to be more transmissive and less engaging. The obtained findings suggest that teaching approaches in the classroom can alleviate social inequality, and that their concept has to be as much as possible in accordance with the principles of engaging teaching.

The article analyzes subjective assessments of social well-being and happiness in the context of their relationship with the characteristics of individuals in various areas of the social system. The similarities and differences in assessments of these categories are analyzed in the context of age, socioprofessional and income groups. It is shown that in older age groups, as well as in low-income groups engaged in low-skilled physical and non-physical labor, the categories of happiness and well-being are not actually divided in subjective assessments. On the contrary, in younger age groups, as well as those who belong to the middle and high-income groups mainly engaged in highly skilled non-physical labor, a discrepancy is found in assessments of social well-being and happiness. In the first case, the similar perception of the categories studied is evidence of weak motives for achievement and of focus on the reference groups in assessments. In these groups, the principle of “living no worse than others” prevails. In the second case, the difference in the estimates of well-being and happiness can be explained by the more stable position of these groups in the social system. They are better aware of the possible levels of social well-being that one can strive for. The empirical basis for the analysis was the 26th wave of the annual RLMS-HSE survey monitoring the Russian population’s economic status and health, which was conducted in 2017.

The article reveals social characteristics of the State Duma deputies. The author shows that due to the censorship nature of the electoral law of 3 June 1907, the deputy corps was dominated by the representatives of the elite groups of population (nobles, large landowners). Besides, the important role was played by the deputies from the church and the officials. Most of them, according to their political views, were supporters of the conservative centre. Deputies focused on the Stolypin’s land reform and the draft law on the introduction of elected zemstvos in the western provinces of the Russian Empire. In 1915, part of deputies of Duma IV from Mogilev province joined the «Progressive coalition», took part in the fight against the tsarist government, and B. A. Engelhardt, as a Chairman of the Military Commission of the Provisional Committee in the State Duma, played an important role during the February Revolution of 1917.

At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the new ideas on poor relief began to find their way into Russia. On the one hand, they were based on the assessment of need, and on the other hand, on the moral qualities of the potential recipient. N. P. Sheremetev and A.F. Malinovskiy, who managed the construction of the Almshouse and developed its system of in- and outdoor relief, drew their attention to the “Rumford system” and the related practice of Hamburg Patriotic Society that developed the principles of selection of the recipients of outdoor relief. These systems focused on the “new poor”, i.e. working people whose earnings were not suffi cient to provide for themselves and their families. The adherents of this system did not consider poverty to be a consequence of personal immorality, as the British social reformers insisted. Still, these systems complemented each other. The Hamburg society applied the assessment of need and an individual approach when granting assistance; B. Thompson Rumford taught the inmates of the workhouse labor skills and fed the poor on the regular basis. Sheremetev and Malinovskiy decided to cut off “parasites” and “vagabonds”, because they did not aim to reeducate them, thus having excluded the lower urban strata. They also abandoned the idea of “Rumford soup” but did not abandon the idea of selecting the needy who would be “worth” to be granted allowances. They took into account not only the objective criteria (large family or illness) but also the years of “immaculate” service, one’s industry and “decency”. As a result, the Moscow middle-ranking offi cials and officers, who belonged to Malinovskii’s milieu and had obtained recommendations from the well-known persons, prevailed as the perspective recipients of the outdoor poor relief, and social status turned to be the main criterion of selection.

The objective of this study is to provide a quantifiable measure of the distributional content of education and its implications on earnings distribution by gender across different groups of people by using survey data in India. We analyze educational disparities among the children with age up to 14 years by gender, and household specific characters with Indian data. The study observes that, in the rural economy, the girls have less access to full time education than boys. In the urban region, on the other hand, the access to full time education at primary level is more for girls than for boys. The estimated coverage is less in the rural areas than in urban areas. The HOI is more among the urban children than among the rural children. Parent’s education has the highest contribution to inequality of opportunity to full time education at primary or upper primary level.

Introduction. This article deals with a pressing problem of historical science: the analysis of the social status of the parish priesthood in the South of Russia, and its transformations on the example of the Don Host region. Methods and materials. Some pre-revolutionary regional research works, as well as some published and unpublished materials, are used as references. This article is based on sets of documents of central and regional archives, most of which being introduced scientifically for the first time ever. The methodological basis for this article is made up of the principles which are traditional for this type of research: scientific objectivism, systematic approach and historicism, and the general scientific method of structural and functional analysis that allowed to determine the social position of the priesthood in the regional community of the Don region. Being guided by the historical and comparative method allowed revealing and specifying the peculiar conditions of the priesthood in the Don region against the background of the changes in the cultural and historical situation. Analysis and Results. By the middle of the 17th century, being part of the Don Host, the local priests had acquired a status that made them really different from priests of other provinces of the Russian Empire, for they only reported to the army authorities and were considered to be part of the Cossack community, without having any signs of making an independent estate. Since the establishment of the independent Don and Novocherkassk Diocese in 1829, the priesthood became subordinate to the diocesan archbishop, that allowed to speak about the initial stage of the formation of the priesthood and its social status that corresponded to it. In the period of the reforms introduced by emperor Alexander II, aimed at improving the social status of the parish priesthood of the Russian Empire, the social status of the Don priesthood, due to the completion of integration into the all-Russian practice, significantly increased and got unified with the all-Russian social status. The highest point of development of the social status of the Don priesthood is the time of existence of the All-Great Don Host (1918–1919), which, in accordance with its peculiar ideology, provided the priesthood with exclusive rights and privileges in conditions of the Civil war.

Copyright of Journal of College of Languages is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article studies official address forms in the Azerbaijani language in historical retrospect as well as identification of features wording of expression and interpretation of thought, the speech functionality in various spheres of public and private life. In the process of communication the historically established forms of the official address and their sociolinguistic meanings in the ethno-cultural space are developed. The influence of historical and social events and phenomena on the language is expressed, among other things, in the forms of address. Differences in social classes and groups of society determine the features of their speech. The analysis of words meaning in this speech is a separate object of the research.

Copyright of Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnography of the Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts / Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU is the property of Institute of Ethnography, SASA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper explores teenagers’ attitude towards social media: their opinion about functions, specifics, and content of the interaction. The analysis is based on the data of a questionnaire survey carried out by the staff of the Centre of Sociology of Education (Institute of Education Management of the Russian Academy of Education). The survey involved 2074 students of 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th grades of schools of the Moscow Oblast. The data obtained in the research reveal specific gender and age differences. In using social media male students aim at expanding their social contacts, whereas female students are more interested in its informational and educational functions. The interest in the topic of personal relationships increases with age. The data showed that use of social media depends on student’s social status: those with high status among classmates value interaction in social media for its “freedom”, while those who have low status in real life emphasize the possibility to have a different self—representation in social media. According to the survey motives and activity in social media of those adolescents who consider their profiles as ‘provocative’ or ‘explicit’ significantly differ from those who want to keep their real-life personality (p≤0,05 for all comparisons). The results allow us to conclude that to a modern adolescent social media is a social testing ground where they solve their age-related and social conflicts.

Seaweed was firstly cultivated in Nemberala Village in 1998 by Ibrahim Agustinus Meda who then ran as the regent of Kupang Regency. Since then, seaweed farmed has become a favourite job in Nemberala. This study aims to describe the socio-economic condition of seaweed farmers in Nemberala village. This study was conducted in Nemberala Village, West Rote District, East Nusa Tenggara by using a qualitative approach. Its result shows that the socio-economic status of seaweed farmer in Nemberala village is in the middle class. Seaweed farmer in Nemberala village has improved the level of education and community well-being as a result of the high income.

The publication deals with the problem of correction of an object that occurred during the social experiment carried out by one of the first Russian sociologists, a follower of Auguste Comte, Dmitry Arkadievich Stolypin (1818 – 1893). In accordance with the level of development of sociological science of the last quarter of the XIX century the definition of the concept of «social experiment» was formulated. The reasons for the social experiment, conducted by D.A. Stolypin during 1874 – 1893 in Mordvinovka Village of Berdyansk District of Taurida Governorate (present Mordvinovka Village in Melitopol District of Zaporozhye Region) were identified. Among them, as the main ones, are indicated the crisis of landlord economy and peasant land shortage, in the conditions of the development of agrarian capitalism in the south of Ukraine. It is proved that the goal of the social experiment completely coincided with the direction of the search for social support in the village by the imperial top. The analysis of historical sources allowed the authors to establish that its essence was to create rental farms on landowner lands increasing the profitability of the latter and to popularize among the local peasantry the leading forms of intensive local economic management. Research revealed that in accordance with the sociological concept of D.A. Stolypin local peasants were the object of the experiment, who were asked to break economic ties with the rural community and get the farm in the medium-term lease. The formulation of criteria for comparative analysis made it possible to distinguish three stages in the course of the experiment – 1874-1877 years, 1878-1888 years, 1889-1893 years. The main argument in favor of such approach was not the fact of introducing changes in lease agreements with farmers as much as the involvement of peasants from different social strata in the experiment. Authors found that at the first stage farmers were the representatives of the kulak and prosperous strata of the peasantry, at the second – among the wealthy tenants there were peasants of medium welfare, and at the third – the wealthy and middle peasants were equally divided. The intermediate results of the social experiments by D.A. Stolypin, which were researched in terms of improvements of material facilities, increasing the area of cultivated land and monetary incomes, including farmers in the channels of upward vertical social mobility and changing their social status. At the same time, the article emphasizes that scientific heritage of O. Comte, A. Smith, G. Spencer, as well as the foreign experience of agrarian transformations and knowledge of local economic traditions which were used by sociologist-amateur betrayed the ideas of the formed farm settlement. Social experiment D.A. Stolypin is described in the publication as the longest in the history of national sociology.

During Russia`s capitalist modernization in the second half of the nineteenth century, guberniia and uezd officialdom acted as an intermediary between the top echelons of power and the people, bringing the legislature to the latter and adapting it to local conditions. At the same time, bourgeois reforms created a “modern” official who was to represent the looming rule of law state (pravomernoe gosudarstvo). A modernizing Russian society demanded an updated administration. The transformation of the corrupt, poorly-educated, and socially self-contained pre-reform Russian provincial officialdom into a modern Weberian rational bureaucracy was never completed in the imperial period. It naturally took time and effort for the bureaucracy to slowly divest itself of many of these earlier flaws. Still, a number of significant changes occurred, including an end to estate limitations, a growth in professionalization and specialization of provincial Crown officials, and shifts in the socio-cultural values and needs of the officialdom.