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Due to hierarchical power relations and the difficulty of confronting others or expressing disdain explicitly in small rural communities, nicknames and spoiled names can be an overt avenue for venting displeasure, ridiculing, expressing social inequality, asserting superiority, conveying judgment, or warning against improper behaviour. The study focuses on how native Punjabi speakers in rural Punjab, Pakistan, distort names to express disdain, rage, affection, or frankness towards people in their presence or absence. Distorted names used both overtly (in the person’s presence) or secretly have been collected through a questionnaire filled in by 22 participants belonging to 22 villages in Punjab, Pakistan. Socio-cultural implications of those names have also been investigated and discussed. The author shows that the boundary between distorted names and nicknames is indistinct. This applies to both their formal features, semantic and pragmatic properties. Speakers not only morphologically distort the formal names but also use the names of castes, animals, physical attributes, and professional titles as address forms or referential expressions. Although distorted names generally offend the referent, they, like nicknames, can be used in both positive and negative contexts. The article describes the main motivational patterns of distorted names, similar to those usually pointed out for nicknames, and focuses mainly on their pragmatic features as noted in the metalinguistic comments of the respondents. Though the use of such naming labels may display quite universal regularities, the socio-cultural situation of the caste-based traditional rural communities of Punjab brings its own specifics to the way distorted names and nicknames are used in the area under study.

Copyright of Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Philology Series is the property of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses various approaches to defining the terminological base, the ambiguity of definitions, the lack of clear boundaries and signs of the concepts of social exclusion and social inclusion. The notions under study are characterized by way of their reference to communication process circumstances and participants, who are contrasted in their social status, cultural experience, ideological ideas and worldview to other social groups. The article analyzes slang neoformations with the concern for stylistically reduced register of communication as objectifying categories of social exclusion and social inclusion within the framework of youth discourse, which determine the developing vector of both society structure on the whole and social subsystems of the language. The novelty and relevance of the study lie in the use of linguocognitive analysis of authentic material, on the basis of which the mechanisms of exclusion and inclusion of slang lexical units are differentiated. The regularity in actualization of social exclusion or inclusion is understood in connection with the mechanisms and possibilities of using communicative practices in order to include social groups in social processes. These phenomena are reflected at the lexical level of the language and might contribute to various transformations of social consciousness, increasing language efficiency and its ability to respond to current challenges. It is concluded that modern youth slang is a specific language model that acts as an instrument of social exclusion or inclusion; in communicative practices, it is embodied through pejorative slang nominations thus strategically and tactically forming a negative image and antisocial behavior. The results of the research contribute to further study of the communicative nature of sociolinguistic phenomena, to comparative studies of the discursive construction of socially significant fragments of social reality, and the communicative manifestation of multidirectional social processes that determine the social structure and stratification of society.

Personal worldview can be subjected to linguistic modeling even if the person in question is a fictional character. This research featured the vocabulary invented by the contemporary American writer Dave Eggers for his dystopic dilogy, as well as the role of this fictional language in creating satirical mode. The study involved such methods of cognitive linguistics as component, transformational, and stylistic analyses, analytical description, and semantic fields. The article opens with a review of domestic and foreign publications on the connection between language, social processes, and thinking. The Circle (2013) and The Every (2021) were analyzed for satirical and stylistic devices. The dilogy turned out to be a new type of satire, which combines the postmodern irony and deconstruction with the metamodern openness and optimism. The vocabulary of the future as seen by the author was analyzed for its functions in creating the worldview. Its key features include: neologisms and occasionalisms coined in line with actual word-formation models; contrasting high and low-style vocabulary; euphemisms and modified set phrases. D. Eggers also satirized some real linguistic trends, which, in his opinion, deform the language and affect people’s mind and behavior.

This article examines the pragmatic meaning of the slang lexeme chuvak [dude], primar­ily when used as an address. The study aims to identify the components of this pragmatic meaning that contributed to the resurgence of the lexical unit in the 21st century after a peri­od of usage decline and oblivion. Currently, the word chuvak is an integral part of youth vernacular. The pragmatics of the word chuvak was analysed by methods of corpus analysis and questionnaire survey. It was concluded that within the slang of the 1950s' stilyaga subcul­ture, the term chuvak developed strong associations with American music, particularly jazz, and American culture overall. These associations, alongside other features of the pragmatic component, such as designation as slang, contributed to the re-emergence the word at the end of the 20th century. At the time, the word was extensively used in the Russian dubbing of American films to render the English word 'dude', thus becoming familiar to younger genera­tions.

Background. The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the translation of slangisms in Anna Todd’s novel After. The authors define slang as fragile, unstable, non-codified, and often completely random collections of lexemes that exist in the colloquial sphere, reflecting the public consciousness of people belonging to a certain social or professional environment. Slangisms are units of the lexical and phraseological system of slang used in popular oral and written speech. This article compares the translations of the novel After by the modern American writer A. Todd into Russian. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the features of the translation of slangisms on the example of official and unofficial (amateur) translations of A. Todd’s novel After. Materials and methods. The material of the study is A. Todd’s novel After, its official translation by M. Belyakov and an unofficial translation taken from the Ficbook.com website, performed by an amateur translator. During the study, a set of complementary research methods was used: theoretical analysis of scientific research on the problem, continuous sampling method, analysis and interpretation of the results obtained. Results. Based on the analysis of the corpus of examples, it was revealed that when translating slangisms in A. Todd’s novel After, such translation techniques as variant correspondence, semantic development, and contextual translation were most often used. When translating slangisms, translators considered such factors as the age, social and personal qualities of the characters, as well as the unique style of the author’s language.

The article examines the dynamic processes in the sphere of subcultural language nomination and their socio-cultural conditionality. The research is carried out on the material that has not been previously considered in the dynamic aspect (slang of football fans, hip-hop culture, and k-pop representatives), new words of student slang are involved, the dynamics of which is currently studied unsystematically. The replenishment of the lexicon of these subcultures is revealed in the projection of modern material on the slang dictionaries of the past years. In the course of the study, the thematic dominants in the field of slang innovations were identified (names of representatives of subcultures and their idols, names of types of subcultural activities and their products). Among the main socio-cultural factors that led to updating the vocabulary of subcultures, transformations in the higher education system (student slang), youth music fashion (slang of the subcultures of k-pop and hip-hop), rotation of players in the team (slang of football fans) were noted. The lexicon of musical subcultures is replenished mainly by transliterated borrowings. The slang of students and football fans is updated due to the native language resources used by nominators in acts of univerbation, abbreviation, suffix word formation. In these areas, the special productivity of the nomination game techniques (phonetic mimicry, structural and semantic phraseological transformations) was noted, which indicates a high level of linguistic creativity of slang speakers.

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The relevance of the topic “media culture of youth” is due to the insufficiency of special studies of the problem from the point of view of library activities. The article presents the results of a sociological study of the media culture of young people, conducted on the basis of the Chelyabinsk Regional Library for Youth. It is shown that it is characterized by a certain number of features of media consumption, where “getting information about what is happening in the world” is indicated as the most important by respondents. The problems of defining the concept of “media culture of youth” as a particular variant of the term “information culture”, and a comparison of the common grounds between information and media culture are raised, as well as the difference introduced by the emergence of the concept of “media culture”. Personality characteristics associated with a developed media culture are determined. The author cites the data of some sociological and statistical studies reflecting the peculiarities of the media culture peculiar to young people. The functions of the media and their influence on youth, the specifics of the existence of youth in the media environment are considered. The author highlights the peculiarity of youth activity in the media environment, including the specifics of information retrieval, the organization of communication through its interactive forms, the importance for the development of personal media culture of the phenomenon of social networks, its impact on changing the traditions of writing. The problem of network threats to users and the role of media culture formation in order to minimize such threats are considered separately. The role of the Internet in the formation of a synthesized youth subculture, which includes special etiquette, slang and hierarchy in the process of communication, is noted. The author provides data on the most typical properties of the media culture of young people, based on both existing and own research. An attempt is made to systematize these properties – the priority of communication through social networks, listening and browsing media files, turning to online games, running a network business, are called the most characteristic ones. The presented information and the results of the author’s own research are relevant for the development of strategies and tactics of libraries to form the media culture of young users.

Copyright of Opera Slavica is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the usage of video materials as an innovative way of learning and teaching contemporary foreign language, particularly slang. The article is aimed at studying and defining the ways to use films and series at the English language lessons effectively for the purpose of enlarging students’ vocabulary with the words and phrases of colloquial speech. The article is based on various works on this issue, for example the works of L.V. Sadovina, N.S. Savitskaya, D.M. Chun, J. Sherman and others. It dwells on the prerequisites of involving video into the studying process, defines the advantages of learning by means of films and series, specifies the criteria of film selection and the stages of the studying process involving films and series. The problem of the absence of slang words in textbooks is discussed and the necessity of including slang into language learning is highlighted. Films and series are viewed as the unique authentic materials in which slang is widely represented. The importance of comparing neutral words and synonymous slang is emphasized. The peculiarities of the work at each stage are exemplified by the tasks to the TV series «Gilmore Girls». As a result of the research we can conclude that a film is an effective and entertaining way of learning contemporary spoken speech. The scientific novelty of the research is manifested in focusing on slang as a feature of the modern English language and also on video as the means of learning slang and thus increasing students’ vocabulary, quality of comprehension, the ability to differentiate styles and usage peculiarities. The article is of particular interest to the teachers of foreign language at higher educational establishments or high school.

The article deals with the description of language interference as the main process in creating the regional identity of the Russian language in Donbass. The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that it is the first attempt to identify the role and forms of language interference in the formation of a regiolect, moreover, the object of research of the processes of language systems interaction is the Donetsk diffuse regiolect, which arose on the South Russian language base as a result of interference of closely related languages and regiolects. The stated subject involves the identification of types, zones, models and participants of interference interaction. The purpose of the article is to determine the sources and results of language interference that occurred during the formation of the Donetsk diffuse regiolect. The author uses general scientific and linguistic methods and techniques for analyzing regionalisms, in particular, comparative, descriptive methods, methods of collecting and processing sociolinguistic data, specialized methods for determining regionalisms. The use of basic methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the observation method when considering Donetsk language phenomena, allowed the author to determine the Russian basis of the Donetsk regiolect, its diffuse nature, to justify the implementation in regional modifying the “interference absorption” model of external (different language and different regiolect) and internal (idiom) language phenomena, to establish the language zones of interference interaction, the main language systems that participated in the formation of the Donetsk regiolect, and the degree of their participation in this process. The obtained theoretical conclusions can be used in the study of the regiolects of the territories of late settlement, formed on the basis of closely related languages and regiolects, for example, Russian and Ukrainian, Russian and Belorussian, etc.

The article reveals the communicative and pragmatic parameters of the blog as a genre of personal Internet communication. On the material of the blog by Lyudmila Linnyk on the website «Galitsky Correspondent» it is proved that language means of different levels can participate in the process of text and character formation. They can acquire additional meanings in the process of unfolding the text, form an evaluative frame of the message, and facilitate the decoding of blog posts in the manner defined by the author mainstream. The purpose of the study is to reveal the communicative and pragmatic features of a blog as a specific genre of Internet communication. The following methods have been used in the work: descriptive (with its help we have collected and analyzed language means that are significant in the communication process), contextual (has allowed us to explore the environment of linguistic units and its impact on the result of communication) and the associative field method (has helped to identify associative links between in words, the implementation of a multilevel analysis of tokens). It is noted that various researchers base their understanding of a blog as a separate genre of communication in the network on its specific characteristics, but everyone agrees with the statement that a blog is a website with chronological, back-structured multimedia information presented in it, the content of which can be commented on. It has been found that the communicative and pragmatic potential of a blog as a genre of personal Internet communication is realized due to the actualization of linguistic means of different levels: pronouns and deictic structures, connotative and associative linguistic units, slang and pejorative elements, phraseological units, grafon, parcels, affix morphemes. It has been established that pronouns are used in blogs to intensify the text, dynamizing the storyline, and forming antinomies. Connotationally and associatively coloured linguistic units act as keywords that are nodes of a concatenation of the semantic structure of the text, the starting point for the development of the topic; they are emotionally evaluative components capable of semantically expanding the text, giving it new semantic dimensions, reflecting the blogger’s position and his individualized vision of certain social problems. Parcelled constructions perform attractively and meaningful reinforcing functions, actualize the blogger’s speech intentions. The use of grafon as a way of avoiding the graphic standard contributes to the actualization of the meanings of individual lexemes, providing them with new meanings. Slang and pejorative elements, like affixal morphemes, form evaluativeness (usually negative), expressiveness and euphemism. It is noted that different types of linguistic units can form the evaluative frame of the message, intensify the plotline, express the presentation of the material, establish connections between implications in the text and facilitate the identification of the associative meanings of the word

The article analyses 246 hybrid verbs of Slavic origin with the suffixes -inti, -uoti, -yti, -ėti, -auti from the Lithuanian slang and non-standard dictionary. The study reveals that borrowings with affixal adaptation are always adapted to the linguistic system. The most popular suffix is -inti (190 hybrid verbs). There are some (64) derivative hybrids with this suffix, hybrids are formed from the adapted basic words, and therefore, in such cases hybrid verbs are derivations of the suffix -inti. There are twice as many adaptive hybrids (126), which are morphologically adapted by replacing the derivative suffix of the language donor with the suffix of the language recipient. Other suffixes are rare: -uoti (21), -yti (12), -ėti (12), -auti (11), with which derivative hybrids are usually formed from already adapted basic noun in slang.

In this article the phenomena of multiethnolect, ethnolect, contact language and pidgin has been analyzed, which are inherent in the speech of migrants. The peculiarities of this linguistic phenomena are based on the example of different languages (German, English, Norwegian, etc.). In particular, emphasis is placed on the reasons for their formation. The commonalities and differences between analyzed linguistic concepts are also outlined. The analyzed phenomena contains a large amount of foreign vocabulary, which is not in the literary version of the language. At the same time, they create new forms, build their specific grammar. The experience of foreign researchers working on this topic is taken into account, so examples from local realities are given. The focus is on multiethnolect as a language of modern European cities. The spread of this phenomenon beyond the narrow groups of migrants, where it was formed, is traced. For example, in Germany, a mixture of German and Turkish is popular among ethnic German youth. An attempt is made to compare the realities of migrant speech in Europe with the speech of migrants in Ukraine. Based on the sociological study «Prestige of Ukrainian language among foreign students in Lviv» the features of the language of foreign students of three largest Lviv universities: Lviv Polytechnic National University, Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University, Lviv National University have been analyzed. According to the study, almost all foreign students use Ukrainian words, both in literary language and in slang, dialect and «surzhyk» are common on the streets of Lviv. In fact, Ukrainian language is most often used in everyday situations outside the university: for example, in public places – transport (81.8%), shops (90.2%), cafes and restaurants (82.2%), health care facilities (68%). In contrast, in the academic environment, the language of communication is mostly English – 67.6%, and at the place of residence of students – their native language (67.6%). This is due to the fact that most university courses are taught in English, and most foreign students, as already mentioned, are not interested in staying in Ukraine after graduation, so they are not highly motivated to deepen their knowledge of Ukrainian. Thus, the primacy of the communicative function of Ukrainian language among foreign students is attested; the most typical situations in which foreigners use Ukrainian language are identified; an attempt has been made to explain the current state of affairs. The speech of foreign students is classified as a contact language and prepidzhin, which is caused by the temporary stay of these people on the territory of Ukraine, and hence the need for full integration with Ukrainian society. To increase the interest in Ukrainian language by foreign students, exercises with the use of slang vocabulary have been proposed.

This article is devoted to the analysis of military slang peculiarities. Military discourse is a topical issue in the context of modern military conflicts and military contacts development of the 21st century. Mentioned above discourse is the main instrument not only for giving commands and orders, strategies and doctrines, but it also aims at forming ideology in society, embracing the whole discourse. So communication in military circles and the discourse itself should transfer cultural models based on specific elements and phenomena. Army is known to be one of the most important social institutions of many governments including a complicated system of individuum relations realized by communication rules and regulations. Thus studying some peculiarities of military discourse verbalization as a social professional subcode is a really important issue. It emphasizes the applicability of this research.

The aim of the article is the analysis of the language of information technologies, the identification and description of its main features and its formation process. Lexical units of the language of information technologies and computer terms are studied on the basis of academic, technical and popular Russian and English scientific texts. Unlike the language of mass media, business, scientific, advertising, political, pedagogical, artistic, domestic and other discourses, the language of information technologies has not been sufficiently researched. There are practically no systematic and consistent works devoted to its formation. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the focus on the study of modern language tools that reflect the development of information and communication technologies for the effective implementation of professional communication in the context of globalization. The research employs general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization, as well as the method of electronic search in multimedia dictionaries and Internet resources. The article reveals the process of the formation of the language of information technologies: the emergence of the English neologisms and the adaptation of English-language borrowings in the Russian language. It also analyses the general use of modern computer terminology and its functioning in scientific discourse. The author concludes that the language in the field of information technology is constantly contributing to the lexical and phraseological systems of Russian and other languages, borrowing and accumulating English terms through replication, transliteration, transcription and other means of translation. In the process of the formation of the IT language, the appearance of numerous slang and jargon terms is observed.

The article analyses 197 suffixal hybrid adjectives and 34 adjectival participles from the Lithuanian slang and non-standard dictionary. The study reveals that borrows with affixal adaptation are adapted to the language system, and the adaptive features are determined by regularities: hybrids replicate word-formation models from the Standard Lithuanian language. It was found that the most common suffix of affixal adaptation of borrowings from English is the suffix -inis. Distribution of hybrids with the suffix -iškas is different: almost twice less English originated hybrid adjectives with this suffix than Slavic languages. Adjectival passive participants are most commonly used in Lithuanian slang. Passive participles are the most likely to adjectivize, and there are only few adjectivized active participles in Lithuanian slang. Adjectivized passive participles usually have a negative figurative meaning or are used as substitutes for vulgarisms.

The article discusses the study of the language items of the English alternative speech behavior in the accompanying texts of the Internet memes. The necessity of studying the language of the Internet communities viewed as a special social form of anti-language and defined through the notion of alternative anti-society is a result of the emergence of network subculture expressing and building the subjective reality. The paper aims to explore and analyze the basic features of anti-language, to identify and categorize its characteristic markers on the lexical basis. The article presents the analysis and systematization of the specific markers of the Internet slang according to their thematic and functional features in the Internet memes viewed as viral Internet signs distributed from one Internet user to the other, a kind of precedent phenomena maintaining the information about some certain cultural or political event which served as sources for their emergence. It is identified that the typical markers of alternative speech behaviour are abbreviations and acronyms in the memes of social issues and colloquial vocabulary in the memes of political issues. The frequent usage of abbreviations and slang-forms in the Internet memes which are mostly decoded by lingua-cultural knowledge is due to the principles of informality, speech economy, spontaneity and linguistic creativity which are the typical features if the Internet communication. The study of the Internet language of alternative social groups allows to enlarge the knowledge of the net slang as a typical example of linguistic revolution which develops the structure and functions of the Internet communication

A book wouldn't be enough just to mention Ilya Nikolaevich Lezhava's creative works and achievements. We’ll certainly write it. Upon his graduation from MArchI he became one of NER ideologists… Lezhava is the author of dozens of books and articles in famous magazines, including the iconic French magazine L'Architecture D'Aujourd'hui. PROJECT BAIKAL is proud to be among them: except Sibstream, Ilya Georgievich has published several articles about classics of the XX century (PB 46 quarters; PB 49 nature in the city; PB 53 cui prodest). His story about his war-time childhood submitted to PB contains everything that can be expected from high literature: liveliness, frank intonation, emotionality and a gift of speaking.

To justify the logical use of the term “Internet communication” it is necessary to pay special attention to such characteristics of it as virtuality and anonymity that make communication in Social networks extremely attractive for a number of communicants who, for various reasons, want to conceal their real name, social status, location and other personal data. At the same time the specificity of Internet communication determines its lexical and grammatical content that is confirmed by the research carried out in this article.

The article is devoted to the study of some active processes affecting the system of the modern Russian language. The result of the study is the identification of factors that negatively affect the dynamics of the Russian language, which are presented in socio-political and linguistic aspects. The socio-political reasons are caused by the active reduction of the Russian-language information space in the near and far abroad area under the influence of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Unsuccessful phenomena in the current state of the Russian language consist in the intentional violation of the language norms in the Internet space, the substitution of normative vocabulary for meaningfully and stylistically belittled expressions of rural life, the clogging of the Russian literary language with words and verbal turns of slang origin, the dissemination of obscene vocabulary, the saturation of the language with words and expressions of foreign origin, and the unjustified euphemization of speech, leading to the erosion of the meaning of words. The general conclusion is the need for the serious efforts of the whole society against the simplification and the purity of the Russian literary language.

This article is one part of the research of adverbs in Lithuanian slang. Although there is no systematic and comprehensive research into the Lithuanian language slang, slang is commonly believed to be chaotic and have no grammatical system. The purpose of this article is to morphologically examine the derivatives formed with suffix -ai from the adjectives with suffix -iškas and from the primary adjectives without suffixes. The material (79 adverbs) is collected from the dictionary of Lithuanian slang and the dictionary of non-standard Lithuanian. The study aims to identify the systematic morphological features. To achieve the aim the research words are classified according to their suffixes, their origin is determined and morphological analysis is performed. The research reveals that a foreign language unit that emerges in the context of another language undergoes assimilation - it is transformed in one way or another by adapting it to the linguistic system. In Lithuanian slang, adverbs with the suffix -ai are mostly made up from hybrid adjectives of Russian origin with the suffix -iškas. There is also a number of adverbs formed from English hybrid adjectives. A few are derived from semantically neologic adjectives. The majority of suffixal -ai derivatives that are formed from primary adjectives are Russian origin. Adverbs which are derived from the adjectives with the suffix -iškas always retain the accent in the root: this pattern is common to all slang adverbs. All forms of adverbial degrees have accented suffixes. The findings of the reseach reveal that the morphological features of the studied slang adverbs have undergone certain transformations and follow the regularities of the Lithuanian language system: the slang adverbs copy derivative models of the standard language.

The aim of this paper is to raise awareness of the significance of slang in educating well-rounded EFL learners. The study, first, uncovers the most salient features of slang, distinguishing it from jargon, argot, cant, etc. It also discusses the reasons why slang springs to life; the users of slang and functions it performs, as well as the word-formation processes employed in its creation. The paper further investigates the familiarity of Macedonian undergraduate students of English with currently relevant English and American slang, the main hypothesis being that they lack knowledge of slang due to insufficient exposure and instruction. The instruments used are a questionnaire and a quiz comprising 60 slang terms, intended to inspect informants’ knowledge of slang. The results obtained from this research confirm that slang is disregarded in EFL acquisition, and that no steady progress is made in the students’ knowledge of slang in the course of their university studies.

Basic types of borrowings into the English and Russian sports slang are considered. The author conducts the contrastive analysis of the lexical material in both genetic and structural aspects. The conclusion includes the results revealing general and specific features of the slangs in question. The dependence of the borrowed lexical unit character on the sociocultural, geographical, and historical factors is established.

The article is devoted to the research of the American slang specific semiotic features on the basis of synonymic rows, such as drunk, harlot, death, die. Each of them secures and defines more precisely its specific features, makes its inherent peculiarities more concrete in the process of categorization and conceptualization. It takes place because people need precise nomination of all notions they deal with in everyday life and work for more successful and monosemantic communication. This point is readily confirmed by the illustrating examples. The attention is paid to the differentiation of meanings and senses in slang synonyms in contrast with standard units which testifies to the fact of cognitive mastering of previously unobserved ties and relations. The specific fact of synonyms is emphasized to attach flexibility and elasticity to the language in conveying fine shades of senses and emotive and sensual states of a person, high expressivity and axiology of slang units which is a characteristic feature of their sign function in accumulating and conveying information. Proceeding from this analysis one can notice interconnection of both cognitive and pragmatic aspects of expressive, emotional and intensive meanings of the slang synonyms.

The relevance of this work is based on the social phenomenon when the young people are united in the groups according to their liking, preferences, hobby. The young people represent an important part of our society, they have their culture, dress code, stile of haircut, conduct and mode to communicate on verbal or not-verbal way. All of us have this period in our life when we fill us associated or not associated to some actual subculture. That is why I am interested in the study of the panorama of the subcultures and their languages, or slang.

The article is devoted to the study of some active processes affecting the system of the modern Russian language. The result of the study is the identification of factors that negatively affect the dynamics of the Russian language, which are presented in socio-political and linguistic aspects. The socio-political reasons are caused by the active reduction of the Russian-language information space in the near and far abroad area under the influence of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Unsuccessful phenomena in the current state of the Russian language consist in the intentional violation of the language norms in the Internet space, the substitution of normative vocabulary for meaningfully and stylistically belittled expressions of rural life, the clogging of the Russian literary language with words and verbal turns of slang origin, the dissemination of obscene vocabulary, the saturation of the language with words and expressions of foreign origin, and the unjustified euphemization of speech, leading to the erosion of the meaning of words. The general conclusion is the need for the serious efforts of the whole society against the simplification and the purity of the Russian literary language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies linguacynicisms of informal internet communication. Practical base for the study were social networks that are currently the most relevant, especially among young people. Social networks show shifts and changes taking place in the public consciousness, reflect the mood of the audience. Linguacynicism phenomenon is seen as a product of the cynicism in the evaluation of those who are in the area of moral taboos. Firmly connected to the Internet jargon, linguacynicism is a dangerous phenomenon, i.e. it infringes not only on language but also on the minds of the youth audience, as it is convincingly demonstrated by the presented in the article material. The objects of linguacynicism in online communication become both a specific person, and culturally significant realities, whereas the range of linguacynicism is wide – from a comic effect to sarcasm.

This article analyses 127 suffixal adverbs from Lithuanian slang and non-standard dictionary (Kaunas, 2012). The suffixal adverbs of Lithuanian slang have not been researched systematically according to grammatical classification. This research is based on the morphological analysis. The suffixal adverbs are divided into groups: every group includes some subgroups. First, the most productive derivatives groups are analyzed, then the less productive groups are involved. In each subgroup are described derivatives of individual suffixes; where necessary, due consideration is given to the underlying structure and various morphological properties. Every subgroup has a small description of the accentuation and the pronunciation or the root vocalism.

Reduplication in English – typology, correlation with slang and metaphorisation The aim of this article is to analyse reduplication in English as a productive word formation mechanism and to have a closer look at the types of reduplication-based compounds existing in the English language. It is the intention of the author to demonstrate that reduplication in English is a productive mechanism rather than merely a finite set of lexemes. Reduplication will be viewed as an integral part of slang lexicon. The article also deals with the metaphorisation of reduplication-based compounds and suggests directions of further research in the domain of reduplication. The article strives to approach reduplication as a language phenomenon falling into the scope of research of descriptive linguistics and lexicography. Theoretical assumptions are borne out by citational corroborations illustrating authentic language use.

This article deals with the basic terms used to describe substandard lexis: vernacular, jargon, argot and slang. These terms are investigated into from the three linguistic traditions: Russian, English and French. Thus this article tries to explore the moments of overlapping in the usage of these terms as well as differences in their usage. This article looks at the origin of these terms in different languages and using this knowledge compares the way how they are used nowadays with their original meanings in the language of origin. This helps to demonstrate the discrepancies of terminology as it shows the problems of using the terms when describing one and the same phenomenon in different languages. Special attention is paid to the term slang in English and Russian and its possible equivalents in French as the French language does not possess such a term. Some relatively new ideas are also looked at. Such is the idea of the term jargot (which is derived from argot and jargon) as this term is not widely spread in Russian linguistics. Besides, this article poses a question into the usage of the term argot in Russian linguistics. French tradition talks about using this term in its plural form whereas when this term was borrowed into the Russian language, it lost its ability to form a plural form. In general, this article is not intended to give an exact answer for using terminology in different linguistic traditions but try to look at some basic ideas and points in their usage with an idea in mind of installing some connections between one and the same phenomenon and different variants of its presentation in different languages.

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Historical contacts, state formations, the setting of market relations, the appearance of foreign goods and formation of the united international enterprises promote expansion and interaction of various languages. In this regard we find it interesting to investigate some Russian and English borrowings in the modern spoken Azerbaijanian language, and the influence of the Azerbaijanian language on the Russian language of the Russian-speaking citizens living in Azerbaijan. So, the purpose of this work is to identify the modern Russian and English borrowings in the Azerbaijanian language, to investigate the features of their usage and to study the extent of penetration of Russian and English slang-words into the speech of Azerbaijanians. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks were put forward: to study the scientific publications about the reasons of lexical borrowings in a language; to systematize the lexical units into lexica-morphological groups. The objectives caused the use of the following methods: the method of dictionary interpretation analysis; the comparative method; the method of mathematical data processing and the modeling method. The area of the research is the vocabulary of the Azerbaijanian language. The object of research is the words borrowed from Russian and English as the result of intercommunication. The result of the work is the reflection of the language situation in the Azerbaijan Republic, and that of word-formation processes that take place in the Azerbaijanian language. Conclusions: there is an active influence of the Russian and English languages on the Azerbaijanian language and as a result on the culture of the people living in Azerbaijan. In its turn the Azerbaijanian language has a certain impact on the Russian of the Russian-speaking population of the republic, which finds its reflection in the lexis of the contacting languages.

The article reveals the role of word-building in the performance of such drug addicts’ jargon functions as nominative, utilitarian, worldview, pseudo-aesthetic, playing, agitational, symbolic, identificatory, and conspiratorial. Based on the material of vocabulary gathered during the regional sociolinguistic studies, as well as in the analysis of dictionaries of drug addicts’ jargon, the word-building means of implementing the named functions are studied; the issue of natural causes of drug addicts’ jargon "conspiracy" is discussed. It is concluded that drug addicts' jargon is not a primitive subsystem of their language, and its negative assessment by scientists is often caused by the negative attitude to the phenomenon of drug addiction.

Три отдельные заметки объединены тем, что рассмотренные в них слова происходят из русского семинарского жаргона и являются грецизмами, причём в двух первых случаях неочевидными, каламбурными. Редкий глагол взъефантýлить ‘подвергнуть кого-либо жестокому наказанию’ (и его производные взъефантýлка, взъефантýливанье) связан с библейским семитизмом ἐφφαθά (Мк 7.34), прочитанным “по Эразму” (ср. лат. eppheta) и прошедшим ряд словообразовательных трансформаций. Для глагола сморóзить ‘сказать глупость’ приведены дополнительные аргументы в пользу его происхождения в результате контаминации русского и греческого слов в семинарской или гимназической среде, а также исчерпывающе прослежена его лексикографическая фиксация и история изучения. Наконец, в очерке о слове áксиóс ‘церковный возглас «Достоин!»’ и его шутливом переносном употреблении во мн. ч. аксиόсы ‘волосы’ рассмотрена вся история бытования этих лексем в разных формах существования русского языка, включая диалектные. ____________________ These three separate notes are united by the fact that the words considered originated from Russian seminarian slang and borrowed from Greek, with the first two words illustrating unobvious, punning Graecism. The rare verb vz"efantúlit' ‘to subject smb. to cruel punishment’ (and its derivatives vz"efantúlka, vz"efantúlivan'e) is related to the Biblical Semitism ἐφφαθά (Mark 7.34), which was read “by Erasmus spelling” (cf. Latin eppheta) and passed through a series of word-building transformations. The verb smorozit' ‘to say smth. stupid or inappropriate’ has additional arguments in favor of its origin from contamination of Greek μωρός and Russian морóз in a Russian seminarian or gymnasial environment. The author has also extensively traced the way this verb is defined in dictionaries and researched by other scholars. Finally, an essay on the word áksiós ‘church acclamation «He is worthy!»’ (from Greek ἄξιος) and its comic figurative pl. aksiósy ‘hair’ considers the whole history of the usage of these lexical units in all registers of the Russian language, including dialects.

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Рассматриваются дополнительные средства фор мирования словарного запаса учащихся с учетом совершенствования их языковой и коммуникативной компетенций, проводится анализ материалов, способных помочь в осуществлении названной цели.