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The purpose of the review is to acquaint general practitioners, therapists, gastroenterologists with the possibilities of diagnosing functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract associated with constipation, as well as to draw attention to the need for additional examination methods for a comprehensive assessment of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with constipation on pathogenesis.Functional constipation is an urgent problem today due to its prevalence among different age groups, a negative impact on the quality of life, as well as the variability of the clinical forms of diseases associated with this symptom. The modern diagnostic algorithm for chronic constipation consists of several stages, including the identification of signs of the disease, according to the Rome criteria of the IV revision (2016), the identification of symptoms of “red flags” and laboratory and instrumental research. It should be borne in mind that functional constipation is often based on the pathology of the anorectal zone, which is an important factor in the diagnosis and development of further therapeutic strategies. The article provides an overview of modern and promising methods for diagnosing functional disorders of defecation, taking into account functional disorders of the anorectal zone associated with constipation.Functional methods such as anorectal manometry, rectal sensory test and balloon expulsion test are the most studied and obligatory tests for an objective assessment of the sensorimotor function of the anorectal zone. In Russia, these methods are used very little, which requires extensive familiarization of practitioners with the advantages of these techniques. Knowledge and application of the presented examination algorithms will help the clinician to increase the overall diagnostic efficiency and apply the most justified tactics of managing patients with functional pathology of the digestive system associated with constipation.

The literature review gives the present-day views of the definition, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of microscopic colitis (MC). In the present view, MC is an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology, which is characterized by chronic watery diarrhea, no macroscopic signs of large bowel involvement in the presence of specific pathomorphological changes. There are two major forms of MC, which are similar in its clinical picture, yet, heterogeneous in histological criteria: collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC). As of now, the prevalence of MC is about 100 cases per 100,000 population, which is similar with that in other inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. MC generally prevails in women aged over 50 years. The etiology and pathogenesis of MC have not fully investigated. Watery diarrhea is as a predominant pathognomonic symptom in all the patients with MC. The major histological criterion for the diagnosis of CC is subepithelial collagen lining thickening (more than 10 pm) and that for LC is higher intraepithelial lymphocyte counts (more than 20 intraepithelial lymphocytes/100 epitheliocytes). The topical glucocorticosteroid budesonide is currently the only agent, the efficacy of which has been proven in both inducing and maintaining remission in patients with MC in many clinical trials.В обзоре литературе представлены современные взгляды на дефиницию, этиологию, патогенез, диагностику и лечение микроскопического колита (МК). По современным представлениям МК - это воспалительное заболевание кишечника неизвестной этиологии, характеризующееся хронической водянистой диареей, отсутствием макроскопических признаков поражения толстой кишки при наличии специфических патоморфологических изменений. Выделяют две основные формы МК, сходные по клинической картине, однако различные по гистологическим критериям: коллагенозный колит (КК) и лимфоцитарный колит (ЛК). В настоящее время распространенность МК составляет около 100 случаев на 100 000 населения, что сопоставимо с другими воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника, такими как язвенный колит и болезнь Крона. МК преобладает у женщин, как правило, в возрасте старше 50 лет. Этиология и патогенез МК до конца не изучены. У всех пациентов, страдающих МК, доминирующим патогномоничным симптомом служит водянистая диарея. Основным гистологическим критерием диагностики КК является утолщение субэпителиальной коллагеновой выстилки (более 10 мкм), а для ЛК - повышенное количество интраэпителиальных лимфоцитов (более 20 интраэпителиальных лимфоцитов/100 эпителиоцитов). В настоящее время топический глюкокортикостероид будесонид является единственным препаратом, эффективность которого как для индукции, так и для поддержания ремиссии МК доказана во многих клинических исследованиях.