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Introduction Stenosing tenosynovitis or trigger finger is a common cause of hand disability. With the 174‑year history of the condition, treatment strategy and new minimally invasive surgical approaches are essential for researchers around the world. The objective was to determine the current treatment options of the stenosing tenosynovitis using the Russian and foreign literature. Material and methods The original literature search was conducted on key resources including Scientific Electronic Library (www.elibrary.ru), the National Library of Medicine (www.pubmed.org) and MedLine. Seventy contributions were identified published for the last 10 years. Results and discussion Treatment of stenosing ligamentitis can be initiated depending on the stage of the disease, the duration, relapses or complications, comorbidities. Conservative orthopaedic treatment includes joint immobilization and/or corticosteroid injections. Although percutaneous dissection of the annular ligament is minimally invasive and has advantages of less tissue trauma, shorter recovery time, absence of painful scars open ligamentotomy can help to minimize complications and relapses of the disease. Conclusion Conservative treatment of trigger finger is effective in 47 to 93 % and surgical procedures are practical in 94–99 %. Surgical treatment can be employed with failure of conservative treatment and has been shown to be effective and with a low rate of complications and relapses.

Three-dimensional printing opens up many opportunities for use in traumatology and orthopedics, because it takes into account personal characteristics of the patients. Modern methods of high-resolution medical imaging can process data to create threedimensional images for printing physical objects. Today, three-dimensional printers are able to create a model of any complexity of shape and geometry. The article provides a review of the literature about three-dimensional digital modeling in shaping implants for osteosynthesis. Data search was carried out on the Scopus, Web of Scince, Pubmed, RSCI databases for the period 2012–2022. The effectiveness of three-dimensional printing for preoperative modeling of bone plates has been confirmed: implants perfectly corresponds with the unique anatomy of the patient, since the template for it is based on the materials of computed tomography. Individual templates can be useful when the geometry of patients' bones goes beyond the standard, and when improved results of surgery are expected due to better matching of implants to the anatomical needs of patients.

In the literature, the treatment of patients with Achilles tendon ruptures begins with diagnosis and diagnosis. Depending on the classification of Achilles tendon rupture, treatment tactics are determined. From our point of view, the existing classification of Achilles tendon ruptures does not sufficiently reflect and systematize the approach to surgical treatment, which served as a more detailed study and addition to the existing classification of Achilles tendon ruptures.

We reviewed scientific literature on the problem of osteosynthesis of long tubular human bones, published during the last 10 years. The Scopus, Web of Scince, Pubmed, RSCI databases were searched for the articles reporting the results of clinical studies and biomechanical experiments using plate osteosynthesis. The advantages and disadvantages of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis for different segments have been revealed. The articles reported a lower probability of displacement development in minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in comparison with intramedullary osteosynthesis, good biological conditions for fracture healing, decreased rate of complications of postoperative wounds due to reduced incisions. In the concept of biological osteosynthesis, the advantage of axial dynamization and fracture micro-mobility over absolute rigidity was noted. The study also revealed the influence of the parameters of a plate and osteosynthesis technique on the rigidity of the plate-bone system, such as: the working length of the plate, the number of screws on the plate, types of screws (cortical or locking), the plate material and its profile. The bone osteosynthesis seemed to have new directions of evolution. These include far cortical locking screws allowing micromobility under the plate, providing a "controlled dynamization". An experimental technology of Active Locking Plates has been reported, where the screws with angular stability are locked in holes on elastic sliding elements providing micromobility of the screw relative to the plate. In general, all the visible results differed in various studies and, sometimes, contradicted each other.

Objective: to study the possibilities and effectiveness of treatment of patients with hemimasticatory spasm (HMS) with injections of botulinum neuroprotein type A (BNPA). The authors present a clinical case of long-term HMS: a 50-year-old patient, who suffered from the age of 20 from frequent involuntary muscle contractions that occurred in the temporal and masticatory muscles of the left half of the face. The patient was observed by neurologists for a long time, while the prescribed therapy did not have a satisfactory result. In the process of a comprehensive examination of the patient, in addition to intense involuntary contraction and pronounced hypertrophy of the affected muscles, secondary compensatory changes in other masticatory muscles were revealed, both on the side of the lesion and on the opposite side. BNPA treatment led to a robust improvement in the patient's condition.For patients with a long course of HMS and hypertrophy of the muscles involved in the pathological process, the use of bilateral injections of BNPA is the method of choice, since it not only effectively reduces the number of episodes, but also restores muscle balance, and also restores the motor function of the entire masticatory muscle group.

This article presents a clinical example of treatment of a patient with secondary post-traumatic deformity of the proximal femur due to a solitary bone cyst. The cyst cavity was filled with spongeous bone homograft LYO-57, which served as a substrate for a consistent bone regeneration. The quality of the formed bone made it possible to perform corrective osteotomy of the proximal femur with stable osteosynthesis for the secondary deformity. The results of treatment allow us to recommend this type of homotransplant for the treatment of patients with solitary bone cysts.

Planovalgus foot deformity is one of the most common orthopedic conditions detected in childhood. According to the literature, it is present in 70% of children under 11 years with various degree of severity. Without timely correction, the common complications of this deformity are: arthrosis of the talonavicular joint, valgus deformity of the knee joints, impaired posture and functional scoliosis, pain syndrome, impaired function of the lower extremities, which is an indication for surgical treatment of this pathology. The article presents a clinical case report of surgical treatment of a patient with severe planovalgus foot deformity. The main stages of surgical correction were tendon-muscle plasty, subtalar arthroeresis and Cotton osteotomy (wedging osteotomy of the medial sphenoid bone). Relying on the results of surgical treatment of the patient, we conclude that the use of the combination of methods is valid for the treatment of patients with severe planovalgus foot deformity.

The article deals with the selection of sites for the construction of nuclear installations, radioactive waste disposal sites and other facilities for the use of nuclear energy. The review of modern approaches to the selection of sites for placement of near-surface radioactive waste disposal points shows that the system research in this area is not fully presented, and is mainly aimed at solving problems of an engineering-geological nature for the location area, as well as the choice of materials for engineering protection barriers. In this paper, using the example of radioactive waste disposal sites, we review the requirements set by the regulatory documents of the Russian Federation and the International Atomic Energy Agency in the field of site selection. The authors proposed additions to the methodology for selecting sites for the construction of low-and medium-level waste disposal sites based on the system and GIS analysis of the ALARA principles, as well as the method of weighted evaluation of criteria and their pairwise comparisons. The multi-criteria nature of the site selection problem is proposed to be described by GIS analysis of data with drawing the corresponding limiting and preferred requirements directly on the map of the area, which is shown in the article by the example of selecting sites for radioactive waste disposal points. Taking into account the necessary requirements at various stages of the life cycle, as well as their significance, can be assessed by weighted estimates and pairwise comparisons, followed by their introduction into the GIS analysis. This approach allows to choose rational options for placing potential sites, taking into account the life cycle of the object, in a rational way, with compliance with all necessary regulatory requirements.

Objectives– the development of a preoperative planning method for long tubular bone osteosynthesis using the contralateral healthy bone. Material and methods.To justify the usage of the opposite limb’s intact segment model in order to reconstruct the damaged one, their matching in shape and size was analyzed. We built three-dimensional models of the right and left segments of the upper limbs of 20 people and compared them using the Hausdorff distance calculation algorithm. For treatment of a 24-year-old patient with a closed humerus fracture, an individual stereolithographic surgical template with fracture lines was created with the help of computed tomography data of the healthy humerus bone processed by AUTOPLAN EXPERT software. This template was used for pre-bending the plate for osteosynthesis. The plate positioning on the template defined the surgical approach, taking into account the anatomical structures located in the projection of the fracture line and the plate. The technique of "reverse bone reposition" on the prepared plate was applied. Results.With the help of the created 3D models we revealed the size differences of the symmetrical segments of upper limbs. The greatest difference in the limits was registered in the area of the epiphyses (heads of the humeri) – up to 6.8 mm, and the smallest – throughout the entire diaphysis, less than 1.5 mm. Due to preoperative planning there were no intraoperative and postoperative complications, the installation of the plate and osteosynthesis was convenient. The fracture consolidation took place in 3 months. Conclusion.The proposed method has a number of advantages. It is possible to make a stereolithographic template even for a seriously damaged bone with a copied fracture line. This allows the surgeon to plan the details of osteosynthesis, to model the plate according to the template, to determine the required length and shape of the surgical approach, thus reducing the surgical risks and injury for the patient.

Alloplasmic lines are a suitable model for studying molecular coevolution and interrelations between genetic systems of plant cells. Whole chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences were obtained by the MiSeq System (Illumina). Organelle DNA samples were prepared from a set of 12 alloplasmic barley lines with different cytoplasms of Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum and H. vulgare ssp. vulgare, as well as from their paternal varieties. A bioinformatic approach for analysis of NGS data obtained on an organellar DNA mix has been developed and verified. A comparative study of Hordeum organelle genomes' variability and disposition of polymorphic loci was conducted. Eight types of chloroplast DNA and 5 types of mitochondrial DNA were distinguished for the barley sample set examined. These results were compared with the previous data of a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) study of organelle DNAs for the same material. Formerly established data about a field evaluation of alloplasmic barley lines were revised in the light of information about organelle genomes gained after NGS. Totally 17 polymorphic loci were found at exons of chloroplast genomes. Seven of the SNPs were located in the genes of the Ndh complex. The nonsynonymous changes of nucleotides were detected in the matK, rpoCI, ndhK, ndhG and infA genes. Some of the SNPs detected are very similar in codon position and in the type of amino acid substitution to the places where RNA editing can occur. Thus, these results outline new perspectives for the future study of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions in alloplasmic lines.

Aim - to improve the results of treatment of patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in bone fractures of the lower extremities by applying a new integrated approach. Methods. A new approach to solving the problem of complex regional pain syndrome in fractures of lower limb bones is proposed, including the use of modern minimally invasive methods for surgical treatment of fractures of the lower limb bones, such as blocked osteosynthesis, Fixion technology, use of angular stability plates, metal structures for osteosynthesis of the proximal femur. All these measures help to minimize the negative effect that is produced on the bone by such factors as prolonged immobilization and absence of early movements of the joints, which will make it possible to perform CRPS prophylaxis in bone fractures of the lower limbs more effectively. If it is not possible to prevent the development of CRPS, then it is necessary to administer complex therapy, including psychoemotional correction, adherence to the regime, proper immobilization, rehabilitation exercises, physiotherapy, medical treatment, hyperbaric oxygenation, and gravitational therapy. Results. Clinical tests, radiography, densitometry, method of statistical analysis and mathematical modeling with elements of evidencebased medicine objectively confirmed the activation of the restorative processes in altered tissues of the lower limbs due to the use of the new complex. Conclusion. The analysis of the obtained data of clinical and functional methods of research has proved that the total value of positive results is 80%.

Aim - to describe the approach to proximal femur fractures treatment in geriatric (elderly and senile) group of patients. Materials and methods. The article presents the analysis of 16 years’ experience of using both classic and author’s technologies according to the developed classification of patient’s functional state. Conclusion. The decision on therapeutic approach for geriatric patients was optimized.

Research is devoted an experimental estimation of osteoinductive properties of demineralized bone implants (DBA) made on technology CITO with use of lyophilization and radiating sterilization by stream of fast electrons. As experimental animals, white rats on ectopic osteogenesis model for a period of 40 days and rabbits to which DBA implanted into defect of the jaw with terms of experiment 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 days have been chosen. Results of morphological researches testified to absence of toxicity, presence of high indicators of biointegration and osteoinductance studied DBA. The offered technology of processing of a bone tissue allows to keep biological activity of tissues and to receive biological materials with the expressed plastic properties. Obtained among other data were the bases for the decision of use of these materials in clinic of different bone pathologies.

The applicability of the improved imbedded fiber retraction method for measuring the interfacial tension in plastic/plastic, elastomer/plastic and elastomer/elastomer polymer melt blends has been analyzed experimentally. The technique was shown to be quite adequate for plastic/plastic combinations but failed for blends including elastomers .