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The current issues of health care in the Russian Federation are consonant with the main causes that cardinally impeded faster implementation and more cohesive coverage with qualified medical care the rural and native population of the Trans-Baikal Region during the pre-revolutionary period. It was only due to the change social political formation that the key principles of Zemstvo medicine were implemented during development of the Soviet model of health care. The reforming of medicine in XXI century has a dramatic impact on accessibility and quality of medical care in the regions of the USSR. The article makes an attempt to reflect the continuity of historical experience of becoming of the pre-revolutionary state rural health care in the Trans-Baikal region with particular conclusions regarding the actual reforming of medical business in Russia.