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13 results on '"Regulation of gene expression"'

1. Conformational variability of DNA double helix

Author

Yu. V. Chesnokov

Subjects
dna, physicochemical structure, structural transitions, regulation of gene expression, Agriculture
Abstract

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the main carriers of hereditary information. The structural physicochemical information of DNA ultimately determines the structure and functioning of all living organisms. In DNA, various mutational events accumulate and recombination events occur, which lead to the variability of organisms and are subject to both natural and artificial selection. The interaction "genotype-environment" inherent in all living organisms is also characteristic of DNA, which is located in the intracellular and intranuclear physicochemical environment of water molecules, sugars, metal ions, pH, nucleotides and other components. The establishment and study of the physicochemical properties of native DNA contributes to not only understanding the mechanisms of the structure of the main hereditary biomolecule, but also to clarify their functioning, as well as interaction with other molecules at the molecular level. The discovery of various forms of double helices: A, Aʹ, B, α-Bʹ, β-Bʹ, C, Cʹ, Cʹʹ, D, E and Z suggests the idea of molecular genetic diversity existing at the DNA level and the establishment of their structural and functional features can lead to an understanding of the implementation of genetic information at the general biological level. The structure of natural DNA as a whole, apparently, does not depend on the sequence and nucleotide composition. For natural molecules - satellite DNA with repeats or DNA without repeats, the presence of only A-, B- and C-forms has been confirmed. The structure of DNA depends not only on temperature, but also on the nature of the cations present. The presence of a certain amount of metal ions in the medium can lead to the transition of the B-form of DNA to the Zform. The B ↔ Z transition modifies the general structure of DNA and, therefore, may be important for the regulation of gene expression. The study of the biological role of Z-DNA, possibly in the near future, will help to understand the mechanism of gene expression, primarily of an epigenetic nature, which has not yet been fully elucidated.

Published
2020
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2. Generation of barcoded plasmid libraries for massively parallel analysis of chromatin position effects

Author

M. O. Lebedev, L. A. Yarinich, A. V. Ivankin, and A. V. Pindyurin

Subjects
barcode, reporter construct, plasmid library, dna cloning, gibson assembly, massively parallel analysis, regulation of gene expression, regulatory dna elements, chromatin position effects, cultured drosophila cells, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract

The discovery of the position effect variegation phenomenon and the subsequent comprehensive analysis of its molecular mechanisms led to understanding that the local chromatin composition has a dramatic effect on gene activity. To study this effect in a high-throughput mode and at the genome-wide level, the Thousands of Reporters Integrated in Parallel (TRIP) approach based on the usage of barcoded reporter gene constructs was recently developed. Here we describe the construction and quality checks of high-diversity barcoded plasmid libraries supposed to be used for high-throughput analysis of chromatin position effects in Drosophila cells. First, we highlight the critical parameters that should be considered in the generation of barcoded plasmid libraries and introduce a simple method to assess the diversity of random sequences (barcodes) of synthetic oligonucleotides using PCR amplification followed by Sanger sequencing. Second, we compare the conventional restriction-ligation method with the Gibson assembly approach for cloning barcodes into the same plasmid vector. Third, we provide optimized parameters for the construction of barcoded plasmid libraries, such as the vector : insert ratio in the Gibson assembly reaction and the voltage used for electroporation of bacterial cells with ligation products. We also compare different approaches to check the quality of barcoded plasmid libraries. Finally, we briefly describe alternative approaches that can be used for the generation of such libraries. Importantly, all improvements and modifications of the techniques described here can be applied to a wide range of experiments involving barcoded plasmid libraries.

Published
2019
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3. Differences in expression profiles in malingant melanoma patients according to immunotherapy response

Author

E. N. Lukyanova, M. S. Fedorova, E. A. Pudova, T. V. Nasedkina, E. V. Stepanova, K. M. Nyushko, A. Y. Popov, N. V. Koroban, A. A. Dmitriev, M. V. Kiseleva, A. V. Lipatova, A. S. Zasedatelev, and A. V. Kudryavtseva

Subjects
melanoma, immunotherapy, predictive biomarkers, ngs, mirna profiling, transcriptomic analysis, regulation of gene expression, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract

One of the most important branch of modern molecular genetics and biomedicine is the search for predictive markers that help choose the most effective way of treatment, drug and also determine its individual dosage. Among the markers, those that can provide the possibility of using a non­invasive, so­called “liquid biopsy” are considered particularly promising. This method allows the condition of the tumor to be assessed by analyzing the body’s natural fluids, such as blood, urine or saliva. Such studies are most convenient in those cases when it is necessary to monitor the effectiveness of therapy in order to record the time of the onset of resistance of tumor cells, the onset of relapse and to move on to the next line of therapy. In the treatment of aggressive and rapidly became metastatic malignant tumors, such as melanoma, the presence of reliable markers that allow quick and accurate determination of treatment tactics is especially important. Nowadays, there is an increasing number of studies devoted to the search for predictive markers of the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Melanoma is one of the most immunogenic tumors and, as a result, has become a model object for research into and introduction of new approaches to immunotherapy. In this study, we compared two groups of patients with metastatic skin melanoma, with different responses to immunotherapy with blockers of immune control points, to identify new predictive expression biomarkers among microRNAs and mRNAs, and to identify the genes responsible for the occurrence of an objective response to therapy. As a result, the study detected several microRNAs with a significant change in expression level within the tumor tissue of patients responding differently to immunotherapy. Differences in the level of expression of their target genes have also been found, that will allow a more detailed analysis of the molecular mechanisms that determine the sensitivity or resistance of malignant melanoma cells to the immunotherapy. Based on the obtained data, we have proposed expression markers (mRNAs and microRNAs) that can be used as predictors of malignant melanoma tumors to immunotherapy.

Published
2018
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4. WHEAT ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES

Author

T. I. Odintsova, T. V. Korostyleva, L. L. Utkina, Ya. A. Andreev, A. A. Slavokhotova, E. A. Istomina, V. A. Pukhal’skii, and T. A. Egorov

Subjects
wheat, triticum kiharae dorof. et migusch., antimicrobial peptides, amino acid sequencing, 3′- and 5′-rасе method, plant immunity, regulation of gene expression, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are low-molecular-weight defense polypeptides, produced in all living organisms either constitutively or upon perception of signals from pathogenic microorganisms. They are important components of the immune system in both animals and plants. AMPs differ in structure and mode of action. Most of them belong to cysteine-rich peptides; their molecules contain even numbers of cysteine residues involved in the formation of disulphide bonds, which stabilize the peptide structure. A number of families of plant AMPs have been isolated on the base of amino acid sequence similarity and 3D structure. Plant AMP genes can be used in the engineering of pest resistance in crops and development of novel antibiotics and antimycotics. We provide a concise review of properties and gene structures of major AMP families discovered by the authors in Triticum kiharae seeds, including glycine-rich peptides, defensins, hevein-like peptides and the so-called 4-Cys peptides.

Published
2014

5. Stimulating effect of double-stranded yeast RNA on the activity of interferon system genes

Author

A. V. Bateneva, S. G. Gamaley, E. D. Danilenko, and R. L. Lebedev

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, mice, viruses, Immunology, tlr3, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Transcription (biology), Gene expression, Immunology and Allergy, Receptor, Gene, j774 cells, Regulation of gene expression, Chemistry, dsrna, RC581-607, Molecular biology, Protein kinase R, macrophages, antiviral proteins, 030104 developmental biology, Cell culture, TLR3, gene expression, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Influence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast upon expression levels of the macrophage genes encoding TLR3 receptor, interferons alpha and beta (IFNα, IFNβ), 2’,5’-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) and protein kinase R (PKR) enzymes has been studied in the J774 mouse histiocytic cell culture and in vivo in Balb/c mice. It has been shown that dsRNA exerts a selective activating effect on genes of TLR3 receptor, antiviral proteins IFNα, IFNβ, and OAS, both in vitro and in vivo. With J774 cell culture, the highest induction capacity was observed for the IFNβ gene: 365 to 802-fold. The stimulatory effect was dependent on the dose of dsRNA in the range of 16.9 to 125 μg/ml. The preparation enhanced IFNα gene activity to lesser degree (more than 10-fold), TLR3 and OAS (3 to 4-fold), while the expression levels for these genes were not significantly dependent on the dose of dsRNA. The stimulating effect of dsRNA was dosedependent in murine peritoneal macrophages. The maximum activating effect of the preparation was shown upon administration of the effective antiviral dose (0.5 mg of dsRNA/kg). Five hours after intraperitoneal injection of dsRNA, the highest level of mRNA synthesis was observed for IFNα (54-fold), OAS (43-fold) and TLR3 (28-fold) genes. Expression of the IFNβ gene increased to a lesser degree (9-fold). An increase in the dose of preparation to 1.5 mg/kg led to decrease of the stimulatory effect. Expression levels of the IFNα, TLR3, and OAS genes in that case decreased by 2-4-fold as compared to a lower dose, and the PKR gene expression was 5-fold lower compared to the control. One day after dsRNA administration, a tendency was observed for both experimental groups towards a decreased transcription of macrophage genes, if compared with the 5-hour term. The weakening of gene activity was less pronounced in animals treated with dsRNA at the dose of 1.5 mg/kg. The transcription indices for IFNβ, OAS, and TLR3 genes were much higher during this period (5-10-fold higher than the control values). The dynamics of PKR gene transcription in both experimental systems was significantly different from the expression of other studied genes. The dsRNA preparation at this dose range did not have a pronounced stimulatory effect upon expression of this gene. A moderate increase in PKR gene activity in macrophages of mice was observed only a day following intraperitoneal administration of dsRNA. Concentrations and length of dsRNA molecules are known to be critical factors to the PKR gene activation. An ability to increase the expression of the gene is shown at low dsRNA concentrations (10-7 g/ml and below), while highly polymeric dsRNAs weaken the gene activity. Since the doses and concentrations of dsRNA used in our experiments were significantly different from those mentioned above, it could, in general, affect regulation of PKR gene transcription towards reduction of the stimulatory effect.

Published
2021

6. [Differential Expression of a Foreign Gene in Arabidopsis Mitochondria In Organelle].

Author

Tarasenko VI, Tarasenko TA, Gorbenko IV, Konstantinov YM, and Koulintchenko MV

Subjects
Mitochondria genetics, Mitochondria metabolism, Promoter Regions, Genetic, DNA metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis metabolism, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism
Abstract

Genetic transformation of higher eukaryote mitochondria in vivo is an unresolved and important problem. For efficient expression of foreign genetic material in mitochondria, it is necessary to select regulatory elements that provide a high level of transcription and transcript stability. This work is aimed at studying the effectiveness of regulatory elements of mitochondrial genes flanking exogenous DNA using the phenomenon of natural competence of plant mitochondria. For this purpose, genetic constructs carrying the GFP gene under the control of the promoter regions of the RRN26 or COX1 genes and one of the two 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of mitochondrial genes were imported into isolated Arabidopsis mitochondria, followed by transcription in organello. It was shown that the level of GFP expression under the control of promoters of the RRN26 or COX1 genes in organello correlates with the level of transcription of these genes observed in vivo. At the same time, the presence of the tRNA^(Trp) sequence in the 3'-UTR leads to a higher level of the GFP transcript than the presence in this region of the 3'-UTR of the NAD4 gene containing the binding site of the MTSF1 protein. The results we obtained open prospects for creating a system for efficient transformation of the mitochondrial genome.

Published
2023
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7. Оксидативный стресс как неспецифический фактор патогенеза органных повреждений (обзор литературы и собственных исследований)

Author

V.I. Lysenko

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Regulation of gene expression, Oxidase test, Reactive oxygen species, Catabolism, business.industry, Respiratory chain, вільні радикали, гіпоксія, мітохондрії, оксидативний стрес, апоптоз, органні ушкодження, огляд, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, Mitochondrion, medicine.disease_cause, Cell biology, free radicals, hypoxia, mitochondria, oxidative stress, apoptosis, organ damages, review, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Mitochondrial biogenesis, chemistry, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, business, Oxidative stress, свободные радикалы, гипоксия, митохондрии, оксидативный стресс, органные повреждения, обзор
Abstract

The review highlights current literature and our own researches in the field of clinical medicine and biology of the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress, its role in the pathogenesis of many diseases and organ damages. New data on general bio­logical patterns of cell, organ, or organism death as a whole are presented. One of the central non-specific mechanisms of stress injury has been found to be the stimulation of free-radical processes as a result of the frequent concomitant hypoxemia/hypo­xia and the prooxidant effects of catecholamines. The causes and mechanisms of disturbances of redox reactions in the respiratory chain of mitochondria are revealed. It has been found that redox reactions in mitochondrial membranes are clearly regulated by genes locally. Respiratory unbundling is associated not only with mechanical damage to the membrane, but also with the action of a number of poisonous substances, bacterial toxins and drugs on this process. The dependence of the total respiratory rate and the limit of aerobic performance are considered. An important role is played by the self-regulating, so-called quasi-closed system of the body, which works against entropy. In clinical studies, the pathways of catastrophic accumulation of free radicals and cytotoxic metabolites of their catabolism, the triggering mechanisms of oxidative stress and its role in the development of apoptosis and severe postoperative complications have been established. A decrease in the activity of endogenous aldehyde catabolism enzymes in tissues and subcellular fractions reduces the adaptive capacity of the body. Determination of the level of catabolism enzymes of endogenous aldehydes can serve as one of the criteria for the severity of stress and mitochondrial dyshomeostasis in critical conditions. The role of oxidase and oxygenase oxidation in microsomes during hypoxemia/hypoxia and exposure to xenobiotics is indicated. Data on the regulatory and adaptive effect of free radical products (reactive oxygen species and nitrogen) on the regulation of gene expression and increased production of antistress proteins, stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and normalization of energy metabolism are presented. Attention is drawn to the causes of the insufficient clinical effectiveness of the antioxidants used and the pathways of metabolic adaptation in critical conditions., В обзоре освещены современные литературные данные и собственные исследования в области клинической медицины и биологии молекулярных механизмов оксидативного стресса, его роль в патогенезе многих заболеваний и органных повреждений. Представлены новые данные об общебиологических закономерностях гибели клетки, органа или организма в целом. Установлено, что одним из центральных неспеци­фических механизмов стрессорного повреждения является стимуляция свободнорадикальных процессов в результате часто сопутствующей гипоксемии/гипоксии и прооксидантных эффектов катехоламинов. Раскрываются причины и механизмы нарушений окислительно-восстановительных реакций в дыхательной цепи митохондрий. Установлено, что окислительно-восстановительные реакции в митохондриальных мембранах четко регулируются генами локально. Разобщение дыхания связывают не только с механическим повреждением мембраны, но и с воздействием целого ряда ядовитых веществ, бактериальных токсинов и лекарственных препаратов на этот процесс. Рассмотрена связь общей скорости дыхания и предела аэробной производительности. Важная роль отводится саморегулирующей, так называемой квазизакрытой системе организма, которая работает против энтропии. В клинических исследованиях установлены пути катастрофического накопления свободных радикалов и цитотоксических метаболитов их катаболизма, триггерные механизмы оксидативного стресса и его роль в развитии апоптоза и тяжелых послеоперационных осложнений. Снижение активности ферментов катаболизма эндогенных альдегидов в тканях и субклеточных фракциях уменьшает адаптационные возможности организма. Определение уровня ферментов катаболизма эндогенных альдегидов может служить одним из критериев тяжести стресса и митохондриального дисгомеостаза в критических состояниях. Указана роль оксидазного и оксигеназного окисления в микросомах при гипоксемии/гипоксии и воздействии ксенобиотиков. Приведены данные о регуляторном и адаптивном влиянии свободнорадикальных продуктов (АФК и азота) на регуляцию экспрессии генов и усиление продукции антистрессорных белков, стимуляцию биогенеза митохондрий и нормализацию энергетического обмена. Обращено внимание на причины недостаточной клинической эффективности применяемых антиоксидантов и пути метаболической адаптации в критических состояниях., В огляді висвітлені сучасні літературні дані та власні дослідження в галузі клінічної медицини та біології молекулярних механізмів оксидативного стресу, його роль у патогенезі багатьох захворювань та органних ушкоджень. Подані нові дані про загальнобіологічні закономірності загибелі клітин, органу й організму взагалі. Установлено, що одним із центральних неспецифічних механізмів стресорного пошкодження є стимуляція вільнорадикальних процесів внаслідок досить частої супутньої гіпоксемії/гіпоксії та прооксидантних ефектів катехоламінів. Розкриваються причини та механізми порушень окисно-відновних реакцій у дихальному ланцюзі мітохондрій. Встановлено, що окисно-відновні реакції в мітохондріальних мембранах чітко регулюються генами локально. Роз’єднання дихання пов’язують не тільки з механічним пошкодженням мембран, але й також із впливом цілої низки отруйних речовин, бактеріальних токсинів і лікарських препаратів на цей процес. Розглянуто зв’язок загальної швидкості дихання та межі аеробної продуктивності. Важлива роль відводиться саморегулюючій, так званій квазізакритій системі організму, що діє проти ентропії. У клінічних дослідженнях установлені шляхи катастрофічного накопичення вільнорадикальних і цитотоксичних метаболітів їх катаболізму, тригерні механізми оксидативного стресу та його роль у розвитку апоптозу й тяжких післяопераційних ускладнень. Зниження активності ферментів катаболізму ендогенних альдегідів у тканинах і субклітинних фракціях зменшує адаптаційні можливості організму. Визначення рівня ферментів катаболізму ендогенних альдегідів може бути одним із критеріїв тяжкості стресу та мітохондріального дисгомеостазу у критичних станах. Визначено роль оксидазного й оксигеназного окислення в мікросомах при гіпоксії та під впливом ксенобіотиків. Наводяться дані про регуляторний та адаптивний вплив вільнорадикальних продуктів (АФК та азоту) на регуляцію експресії генів і посилення продукції антистресорних білків, стимуляцію біогенеза мітохондрій і нормалізацію енергообміну. Звернено увагу на причини недостатньої клінічної ефективності застосування антиоксидантів і шляхи метаболічної адаптації у критичних станах.

Published
2020

8. THE ROLE OF QUORUM-SENSING IN REGULATION OF FORMATION OF BIOFILMS BY VIBRIO CHOLERAE

Author

S V Titova and L P Alekseeva

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Regulation of gene expression, Information transmission, Microbial Viability, 030106 microbiology, Pathogenicity Factors, Biofilm, Regulator, Medicine (miscellaneous), General Medicine, Biology, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, biofilm, QR1-502, 03 medical and health sciences, Quorum sensing, Vibrio cholerae, pathogenicity factors, medicine, v.cholerae, environment
Abstract

Materials regarding quorum-sensing that is the main regulator of inter-cellular communications in Vcholerae are presented. Information transmission between separate vibrios is executed via autoinductors. Their interaction with regulatory proteins facilitates gene activation that take part in formation of biofilms of V.cholerae which ensures their survival and spread.

Published
2017

9. [Guanine Quadruplexes in Cell Nucleus Metabolism].

Author

Marilovtseva EV and Studitsky VM

Subjects
DNA, RNA, Telomere genetics, Thermodynamics, G-Quadruplexes
Abstract

Cell metabolism depends, to a large extent, on correct regulation of gene expression. One of the mechanisms of regulation is the formation of nucleic acid secondary structures, among which guanine quadruplexes (G-quadruplexes, or G4) are of particular importance. G-quadruplexes are dynamic structures whose stability is determined by their size, ionic composition, and the nature of the nucleic acids forming them. They are regulated by various protein factors. Guanine quadruplexes play an important role in the regulation of many processes occurring in DNA and RNA, from maintaining telomere homeostasis to determining the ribosome landing site on mRNA. Therefore, these structures are considered a promising target for antitumor therapy, and their detailed study is important to modern biology. This review is focused on the structure and thermodynamic properties of G-quadruplexes together with their interaction with some nuclear proteins.

Published
2021
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10. Effect of subcritical excitation of oscillations in stochastic systems with time delay. Part I. Regulation of gene expression

Author

Dmitry Anatolievich Bratsun

Subjects
Physics, Regulation of gene expression, lcsh:T57-57.97, lcsh:Mathematics, stochastic systems, time-delay, lcsh:QA1-939, Computer Science Applications, Computational Theory and Mathematics, Modeling and Simulation, oscillations, lcsh:Applied mathematics. Quantitative methods, Biophysics, gene regulation, Excitation
Abstract

We study excitation of oscillations in the stochastic gene systems with time-delayed feedback loop during transcription. The oscillations arise due to interaction noise and time delay even when deterministic counterpart of the system exhibits stationary behaviour. This effect becomes important when degree-of-freedom of a system is not high, and role of fluctuations becomes principal. The analytical solution of master-equation is obtained. The results of numerical simulations are presented.

Published
2011

11. Non-viral delivery and therapeutic application of small interfering RNAs

Author

Vladimir S. Prassolov and N. A. Nikitenko

Subjects
Regulation of gene expression, Small interfering RNA, Target site, In vivo degradation, RNA interference, Molecular mechanism, Molecular Medicine, Computational biology, Biology, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Virology, Biotechnology
Abstract

RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful method used for gene expression regulation. The increasing knowledge about the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon creates new avenues for the application of the RNAi technology in the treatment of various human diseases. However, delivery of RNA interference mediators, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), to target cells is a major hurdle. Effective and safe pharmacological use of siRNAs requires carriers that can deliver siRNA to its target site and the development of methods for protection of these fragile molecules from in vivo degradation. This review summarizes various strategies for siRNA delivery, including chemical modification and non-viral approaches, such as the polymer-based, peptide-based, lipid-based techniques, and inorganic nanosystems. The advantages, disadvantages, and prospects for the therapeutic application of these methods are also examined in this paper.

Published
2013

12. [Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis].

Author

Antonova AV, Gryadunov DA, and Zimenkov DV

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetics, Mycobacterium tuberculosis metabolism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenicity, Time Factors, Antitubercular Agents adverse effects, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Drug Resistance, Bacterial drug effects, Drug Resistance, Bacterial genetics, Tuberculosis drug therapy, Tuberculosis genetics, Tuberculosis metabolism, Tuberculosis pathology
Abstract

A dramatic increase in drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis (TB) stimulates a search for novel anti-TB drugs and studies of the drug resistance acquisition. One of the possible causes is a phenotypic resistance or drug tolerance which is not associated with genomic changes. The majority of anti-TB drugs eliminate 99% of MTB cells in 3-5 days, but the remaining subpopulation becomes unsusceptible to treatment and capable for long-term persistence with ability to resuscitate once the external adverse factor is removed. This evasion of the stress factor facilitates selection of resistant forms, thus warranting long-term treatment with at least four antibacterial drugs in TB. The review considers the main mechanisms of bacterial tolerance that are due to alterations in the cell wall, activation of efflux pumps, induction of transcriptional regulons, changes in metabolic flows, and modification of molecular machineries.

Published
2018
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13. [Anticytokine therapy of allergic asthma].

Author

Shilovskiy IP, Eroshkina DV, Babakhin AA, and Khaitov MR

Subjects
Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized therapeutic use, Humans, Asthma drug therapy, Cytokines antagonists & inhibitors
Abstract

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that is characterized by episodes of shortness of breath, expiratory dyspnea, cough, wheezing, and pulmonary emphysema. At the present time, asthma is a global public health problem and affects about 5% of the worldwide population. Although a wide range of anti-inflammatory drugs is available, uncontrolled or poorly controlled asthma is still a problem, requiring the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Intense studies of the molecular mechanisms of asthma in transgenic animals performed since the 1990s implicated cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and their receptors in the initiation and maintenance of asthma. These findings led to anticytokine therapy as a novel approach for bronchial asthma treatment. To date, many preclinical and clinical studies have been performed in this field especially with drugs based on humanized monoclonal antibodies, soluble receptors, peptide inhibitors, etc. The review summarizes the data from preclinical and clinical studies of anti-cytokine therapeutics in humans.

Published
2017
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