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The article reflects current issues of the formation and regulation of tariffs that have developed in the modern economy. A brief analysis of the historical development of tariff regulation with the assessment of the used methods and ways is conducted. The authors identified expediency of tariff formation and regulation by a single body determining functions and set tasks. The study uses descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods. The article describes a positive example of applying the practice of deregulation with subsequent possible extension to other areas. The reasons of inefficiency of using the marginal indices mechanism are determined and justified, which is directly related to underfunding of the industry and lack of investment components. The question is raised about the fulfillment of the development, or social function by tariff regulation. It is proved that the current tariff system is not able to change the situation of increasing the investment base necessary to stabilise the deterioration of infrastructure. The main components of the current tariff regulation system are identified, and the directions of a new development model are proposed with consideration to the problems found by the study. According to the research results, conclusions are given that reflect the essence of the designated topic for possible solutions to issues existing in the functioning development model.

This study examines the legal and regulatory framework that governs the implementation of education in Kutai Kartanegara through education policy. The regency of Kutai Kartanegara, in this case the Regional Government, has implemented various policies in the field of education in Kutai Kartanegara. The research method used in this study is an empirical juridical legal methodology, namely a research method that uses legislative provisions related to research and field research on education implementation policy in Kutai Kartanegara Regency. The results of the study show that the implementation of education policy in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency is carried out in accordance with the powers granted by Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Governance. The provision of education is carried out as a mandatory concurrent matter and basic service. This is based on Article 12 paragraph (1) letter a, Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government. The implementation of education requires a budget that is used for activities in the context of increasing Human Resources, in line with the mandate set out in Article 31, paragraph (4) of the 1945 Constitution, which states that the State shall give priority to the education budget of not less than twenty per cent of the State revenue and expenditure budget, as well as regional revenue and expenditure budgets, to meet the needs of national education. The Education Policy in Kutai Kartanegara, in this case, is based on the Kutai Kartanegara Regency Government’s commitment to increasing human resources through education, especially formal education, which seeks to determine the education budget allocation of 20 % of the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD).

The research analyzes the process of formation of the ethics committee as a new institution in the system of regulation of genetic research. The external factors of this process are the increasing digitalization of medical and research practices, as well as the special situation that is developing in the field of genomic research and the use of genetic technologies, where issues of philosophy, jurisprudence and administration have generated many fundamentally new, and sometimes unexpected contexts. The author shows the similarity and difference of approaches to the inclusion of the ethics committee in the national regulatory systems of different countries and determines the prospects for further integration of the new institution into normative and administrative-regulatory and law enforcement practices. The research applies all the main methods of system analysis and structural and functional analysis, as well as the comparative legal method. At the stage of generalization of empirical material, the author turns to the means and methods of philosophical phenomenology and phenomenological sociology. The study revealed that the ethics committee may have different institutional and regulatory functions in a variety of management and legal systems. Being hybrid in nature, the ethics committee performs various functions, and in various state legal systems and traditions it can combine elements of legislative, executive and judicial power. At times, the ethics committee may go beyond the scope of both a purely administrative and exclusively legal regulator. All this indicates that the integration of this institution into the legal system and into a variety of social practices is far from being completed.

Objective: the objective of this article is to address the misalignment between the expectations of Artificial Intelligence (or just AI) systems and what they can currently deliver. Despite being a pervasive and cutting-edge technology present in various sectors, such as agriculture, industry, commerce, education, professional services, smart cities, and cyber defense, there exists a discrepancy between the results some people anticipate from AI and its current capabilities. This misalignment leads to two undesirable outcomes: Firstly, some individuals expect AI to achieve results beyond its current developmental stage, resulting in unrealistic demands. Secondly, there is dissatisfaction with AI's existing capabilities, even though they may be sufficient in many contexts.Methods: the article employs an analytical approach to tackle the misalignment issue, analyzing various market applications of AI and unveils their diversity, demonstrating that AI is not a homogeneous, singular concept. Instead, it encompasses a wide range of sector-specific applications, each serving distinct purposes, possessing inherent risks, and aiming for specific accuracy levels.Results: the primary finding presented in this article is that the misalignment between expectations and actual AI capabilities arises from the mistaken premise that AI systems should consistently achieve accuracy rates far surpassing human standards, regardless of the context. By delving into different market applications, the author advocates for evaluating AI's potential and accepted levels of accuracy and transparency in a context-dependent manner. The results highlight that each AI application should have different accuracy and transparency targets, tailored on a case-by-case basis. Consequently, AI systems can still be valuable and welcomed in various contexts, even if they offer accuracy or transparency rates lower or much lower than human standards.Scientific novelty: the scientific novelty of this article lies in challenging the widely held misconception that AI should always operate with superhuman accuracy and transparency in all scenarios. By unraveling the diversity of AI applications and their purposes, the author introduces a fresh perspective, emphasizing that expectations and evaluations should be contextualized and adapted to the specific use case of AI.Practical significance: the practical significance of this article lies in providing valuable guidance to stakeholders within the AI field, including regulators, developers, and customers. The article's realignment of expectations based on context fosters informed decision-making and promotes responsible AI development and implementation. It seeks to enhance the overall utilization and acceptance of AI technologies by promoting a realistic understanding of AI's capabilities and limitations in different contexts. By offering more comprehensive guidance, the article aims to support the establishment of robust regulatory frameworks and promote the responsible deployment of AI systems, contributing to the improvement of AI applications in diverse sectors. The author's call for fine-tuned expectations aims to prevent dissatisfaction arising from unrealistic demands and provide solid guidance for AI development and regulation.

Based on the analysis of the main factors influencing the reliability indicators of technical systems and ensuring their regulated performance, dependencies were formed to determine the extremum of economic efficiency indicators at a normalized value of the probability of failure-free operation. Based on an analysis of design, production and operation conditions, the parameters of the objective function were determined, including for restored objects. Regulation of reliability indicators was presented as a solution to a multifactor optimization problem. The problem of distributing requirements for the reliability of a complex technical system, consisting of statistically independent indicators of subsystems, was formulated as a conditional optimization problem. In relation to the regulation of reliability indicators and criteria for failures and limit states, factors were grouped according to the characteristics and internal indicators of the object of general classification characteristics, their stratification and ranking. The structure and procedure for preparing initial data was formed.

Using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method, a change in the level of relative transcription of the SSADH gene in wheat leaves under salt stress conditions was established, correlating with changes in activity. A study of the nucleotide composition of the wheat SSADH gene showed a certain distribution pattern of GATC sequences in the promoter region, which are methylation sites for adenine DNA methyltransferase. Their content is quite high, which may indicate regulation of the expression of this gene by changing the degree of their methylation. Based on the analysis of the nucleotide sequence of this promoter, primers were developed for its amplification and analysis of the adenylate methyl status. A change in the methylation status of adenines in the GATC sites of the succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase SSADH gene promoter in wheat leaves under salinity was shown.

The article highlights a new approach in the field of veteran business, which is called the «policy of heroes» and is the quintessence of the new Ukrainian doctrine, that is, a new vision and philosophy of what a successful Ukraine should be like after the victory. The article discusses the institutional and regulatory tendencies and empirical trends of the veteran entrepreneurial community and the role played by veterans in the development of modern Ukrainian society in general and business in particular. The general trends of veteran business are typologized, the key role of modern grant instruments of the State support (assistance) in the formation of a common mental space between society and veterans for their speedy reintegration into economic life, ensuring their full participation in the creation of the economic front of the State is substantiated. The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of the russian-Ukrainian war on the dynamics of the formation of the veteran community, to carry out a typology of key challenges and, on their basis, a substantiation of the need for further strategizing of individualized and comprehensive reintegration of veterans into civilian life in order to ensure their successful and sustainable adaptation to the new socioeconomic realities of doing business. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the study of the «policy of heroes» in the paradigm of the new Ukrainian doctrine as a new phenomenon in the architecture of the institution of veteran business, its conceptualization through the prism of endo- and exogenous threats (risks) generated by the russian-Ukrainian war in the institutional and regulatory coordinates of adaptation of veterans to starting and running a business, including in rural areas. The article proves that the «policy of heroes» of the new Ukrainian doctrine strategizes and determines the vector of further institutional and regulatory progress in the system of the State incentives for business reintegration of veterans into civilian life. It is proved that the experience gained by veterans during their service in the institutional centers of the Security and Defense Forces forms unorthodox contours of anti-crisis inertia during both the initiation and further functioning of veteran business under the legal regime of martial law, providing the development process with signs of sustainability and predictability, taking into account the post-war context of the reconstruction of the national economy and the directives of the Ukraine Facility Plan for 2024–2027. This is fostered by the modernization and Europeanization by the State of tools to support veteran business through the system of grants. This system actually «stitches» the vision of the President of Ukraine regarding the «policy of heroes» declared in the vision of the new Ukrainian doctrine, with the current and future needs of veterans and the capabilities of the State, which, in particular, are determined by the need to accelerate the process of reintegration of veterans into public life.

This analytical study delves into Nigeria's significant growth and proliferation of private schools. It aims to explore the factors contributing to this phenomenon and its implications for education in the country. By analysing various factors such as government policies, socio-economic dynamics, and parental preferences, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the rise of private schools in Nigeria. Nigeria is witnessing a drastic rise in privately owned primary and secondary schools. The proliferation of private schools coincides with the fact that the country's government cannot bear the burden of providing quality education to its citizens through public schools; thus, private schools have sprung up at every corner of the country to serve as an alternative to public schools. The provision of quality education by high-cost private schools has been immense over the years. Yet, many Nigerians need help to afford to send their children to these high-cost private schools, which has led to a rise in the number of low-cost private schools to serve the interests of citizens from the lower socio-economic class. The majority of these low-cost private schools need to be registered, thus making it difficult for the government to enforce the regulation of these schools to ensure the standard of education is maintained. While private schools offer several advantages, balancing their growth and maintaining a robust public education system is crucial. The government must play an active role in regulating private schools to ensure quality education is accessible to a wide range of students, regardless of socio-economic background. By addressing the challenges and harnessing the benefits of private schools, Nigeria can pave the way for a more inclusive and prosperous future in education.

Background. The study discusses the key problems of organizing healthcare in the Russian Federation, as well as the prospects for their legal resolution due to the emer-gence of innovative technologies (biomedicine, genomic medicine, digital medicine). The transformation of the principle of patient autonomy is considered under the influence of such factors as increased praticipality in the organization of medical care, a change in ap-proaches in budgeting a healthcare organization, and the emergence of legal obligations in the field of protecting the health of citizens. The purpose of the study is to conduct a sys-tematic analysis of the legal regulation of medical activities. The correction of the under-standing of medical intervention as a type of service is substantiated. At the same time, it is shown that the model of allocating medical services should not be considered as a down-playing of the importance of medical care. Materials and methods. Research problems were solved through scientific analysis of a wide range of sources on the legal regime of medical activities. The method of system analysis was used, thanks to which the basic problems that arise in the process of implementing the concept of “medical service” were investigated: rejection by the medical community; inconsistency of the courts in resolving cases on the protection of consumer rights in the field of medical care; the presence of significant excep-tions (providing emergency assistance to a suicide, artificial termination of pregnancy, or-gan donation, cosmetic surgery, reproductive technologies). Results. The features of digital-ization of the healthcare system are shown. The formation of huge amounts of information creates additional difficulties, but also opens up new prospects for the development of pre-ventive medicine. Conclusions. The threats that arise due to the formation of information resources in the field of healthcare by various non-governmental non-medical organizations are highlighted. The article presents recommendations for improving legislation in the field of healthcare.

It is found that under martial law, the importance of the agricultural sector for the expanded reproduction of the potential of the national economy as a whole along with the provision of the macroeconomic stability in the country increases. It is determined that one of the basic factors of accelerated development of the agrarian sector of the economy of Ukraine is the intensification of foreign economic activity of subjects of agrarian entrepreneurship, intense activities at the processing and food production plants, in particular by increasing the volume of exports of products with high added value and limiting unproductive and increasing high-tech agricultural imports. It is substantiated that the key institutional prerequisite for expanding the spectrum of foreign economic relations of Ukrainian subjects of agrarian and agro-industrial entrepreneurship is the improvement of the system of regulation of foreign economic activity through the introduction of additional regulators in the range of methods, instruments, levers of regulatory influence on export-import flows and the development of logistics and warehousing infrastructure. It is determined that the regulation of foreign economic activity of subjects of agrarian entrepreneurship along with the processing and food production plants is a set of budgetary-tax, customs, loaning, anti-dumping, insurance, licensing and reglementary methods and instruments of regulatory influence on export-import flows of agricultural products and food products, as well as on improving the infrastructure of storage of agricultural products and foods. It is substantiated that in the conditions of martial law, first of all, it is necessary to ensure the diversification of methods and tools of direct and indirect budgetary support for agricultural exports, in particular in terms of ensuring timely and uninterrupted VAT reimbursement to Ukrainian exporters of agricultural products, as well as diversification of methods and tools of loaning support for exporters of high value-added products and operators of high-tech imports for the needs of agrotechnical, veterinary and agrochemical support for the development of the domestic agricultural sector.

The Mortgage Rights is a proprietary security right encumbered onto land rights regulated by the Basic Agrarian Act, intended for specific debt repayment, granting a preferential position to certain creditors over others, without reducing the preference of state receivables under the applicable law, should the debtor default. Under the parate execution (parate executie) or enforceable title (executoriale title), the preferred creditor who is the mortgagee, has the right to sell the respective mortgaged assets through a public auction and the debt repayment would then be derived from the sales proceeds. Article 21 of the Mortgage Rights Act, ensures that if the mortgagor is declared bankrupt, the mortgagee still retains the rights obtained under the act. The enforcement of Act Number 37 of 2004 concerning the Bankruptcy and Suspension of Obligations for Debt Payment, (hereinafter referred to as The Bankruptcy and PKPU Act), has caused numerous legal issues, particularly the antinomy between the Mortgage Rights Act and The Bankruptcy and PKPU Act, such as a 90-day bankruptcy stay phase, the suspension of obligations for debt repayment stay phase of 45 days with a maximum of 270 days, a mere 2 months of a time span on executing the proprietary security right, its respective sale conducted by the curator and payment of the debt of the preferred creditor depends entirely on the distribution list of assets that have been approved by the supervisory judge with a legally binding force. The proceeds from the sale conducted by the curator on the said object encumbered with mortgage rights are paid to creditors according to their ranks, whereby the rank of the mortgagee involved does not come first.

Introduction. This article is devoted to the issue of urban land development and is based on the modernisation concept of historical development. The relevance of the study consists of two aspects – the active interest of scholars in urban history and the discovery of lacunas associated with the lack of distinctions between urban land and vygnyas in the studies of many authors. The novelty of the work is due to the filling of this lacuna, as well as the introduction of a new set of sources on the topic. Within the framework of the research we used classical methods for historical science (problem-chronological, comparative and systematic), as well as methods of historical informatics. Materials and methods. The source base of the study is the archival materials presented in the State Archive of the Tambov Region. The main sources are "The case of the plan for the outlying lands of the town of Tambov for September 1827". Tambov for September 1827 – March 1840" and "Materials on compilation of the statistical table of Tambov province for 1846". The result of the research can be considered as a proof of the necessity to distinguish between the concepts of urban land and vygonnaya land. Results. This result provides an increase in the reliability of the interpretation of statistical data in assessing the pace of modernisation in cities in the studies of urban historians. Thus, the study has succeeded in fulfilling the original goal of determining the possibility of assessing the pace of modernisation in reliance on the development of urban outlying land. Conclusion. The legislative acts and boundary instructions given in the framework of this study confirm the special legal status of the driven land. Statistical data indicate a much more extensive pace of modernization on the vyhonnaya land than on the territory of the city. Thus, it can be argued that it is correct to consider the development of urban pasture lands as an indicator of urban modernization at the end of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries.

The article is devoted to the empirical content characteristics of the digital environment affecting the functioning and development of regional markets for personal services. The list of indicators reflecting the formation of the digital environment has been clarified and trends in their changes in the framework of the implementation of national projects of the Russian Federation have been identified. It is established that the digital environment contributes to the evolution of telecommunication services that allow economic agents of regional markets of personal services to communicate through personal services. Consequently, it becomes possible, for example, the development of healthcare with the help of personalized medicine or, for example, the use of personalized learning opportunities, etc. Also, measures to regulate regional markets for personal services in the digital environment are considered and examples of regional practices are given. The authors emphasize such a major trend in the development of regional consumer services markets as digitalization, and, in turn, it allows us to identify factors contributing to the development of regional markets for personal services.

The new “driving force” of the liberalization of the conditions for the functioning of the gas sector associated with demonopolization and the formation of an effective structure of the domestic gas market with a high level of competition and fair principles of the organization of natural gas trade for Russian consumers are the ongoing changes in the economic situation in the global energy market. Against the background of the expected decline in pipeline gas exports to Europe (the volume of decline may amount to 100 billion cubic meters in the medium term) it is important to focus efforts on the development of the domestic gas market, since the task in these conditions is more urgent than ever. First of all, to accelerate the transition to market pricing mechanisms (except for the population) using indicative prices on the stock exchange and within the framework of inter-fuel competition. Currently, gas prices in the domestic market are subsidized by exports, which, as mentioned above, is going to decrease, which in turn will lead to a decrease in such subsidies, and accordingly, there will be a need for higher rates of price growth in the domestic market. The importance of further development of gas exchange trading in Russia is emphasized on various government platforms. The main guidelines for improving the exchange mechanisms for the sale of natural gas are contained in the “National Plan (Roadmap) for the development of competition in the Russian Federation for 2021-2025”. It should be noted that the development of gas exchange trading should take place by increasing the economic attractiveness for participants, creating favorable economically conditioned prerequisites for an equal supply of gas to the exchange for all sellers, as well as developing an appropriate regulatory framework.

The purpose of the study is to systematize methodical approaches to managing the liquidity of banks during the period of extreme volatility in the conditions of war, measures of the National Bank of Ukraine in the field of supervision and regulation of the liquidity of individual banks. The stability of the banking system, its liquidity, and the ability to perform basic functions are of utmost importance under martial law. Correct resolution of issues related to the regulation of banks’ liquidity for the formation of sustainable sources of funding is the basis for expanding lending, which is especially important in the context of significant destruction of the State-owned property, property of enterprises and the population. In the current wartime conditions, Ukrainian banks must maintain adequate liquidity, remain solvent, while lending to customers. The implementation of supervision and regulation in the field of ensuring the bank liquidity is complicated by the matter that the traditional factors influencing it were supplemented by specific factors of war, which caused a sharp drop in economic activity and GDP, withdrawal of funds from accounts, panic about the national currency exchange rate, a significant decrease in demand for financial services, interruptions in the operation of payment systems during blackouts, changes in financial monitoring resulting in a significant expansion of sanctions lists and termination of servicing residents of the aggressor country. Therefore, Ukrainian banks need to use anti-crisis liquidity management instruments (taking into account the regulatory field), which are adaptive in nature and take into account the totality of external factors influencing a viable banking business model under martial law. Further research on the factors influencing the bank’s liquidity, systematization of elements of the process of supervision and regulation of the bank’s liquidity, methods and relevant instrumentarium under martial law remain extremely important.

This article examines the multifaceted nature of information policy and the key role played by various social institutions in its formation and implementation. It also explores the participation of political parties, movements and associations of citizens as key actors responsible for the formation and implementation of information policy. In addition, the authors analyze the significant influence of political parties on state power in matters of information policy, citing examples from such modern countries as Russia and the United States. The enduring importance of political parties as vital social institutions is recognized, their role in the information space and their impact on society when coming to power are discussed. The mechanisms of relations between the institutions of state power and the mass media are studied, and their characteristics are given, taking into account the interests of both sides in the field of modern communications. The main directions of using public relations for political reasons by governing bodies are highlighted, taking into account the increased expectations of social responsibility, activity and consciousness on the part of other participants in the political process and civil society. The effective management of the process of institutionalization of information policy is considered.

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The Angara River is one of the largest rivers in Siberia, overregulated by large reservoirs. Reservoir operation entails a change in the habitat for the river biota, as a result of which organisms with high environmental adaptability and resistance to pollution take the leading positions. Only if there is a detailed knowledge of the Angara aquatic life in modern conditions, it will be possible to carry out scheduled activities for the reconstruction of aquatic fauna and fisheries in connection with hydraulic engineering. Nowadays, there is a significant gap in hydrobiological studies of the unregulated lower section of the Angara. The work objective is to identify changes in the bottom fauna of the lower Angara section after the regulation of the Boguchanskaya HPP. In 2015, Boguchanskaya HPP reached the design production level. Samples of zoobenthos were collected in 2015 and 2022. Benthic fauna was studied in the lower reaches of the Angara River at a site of 436 km below the Boguchanskaya HPP dam on both river banks at depths up to 1,5 m. The collection and office analysis of the material were carried out according to generally accepted methodological recommendations. Zoobenthos biotopes are represented by pebble-sandy soil with varying degrees of siltation and macrophytes. The benthic fauna was gammarid-chironomid in nature. In 2022, compared with 2015, an increase in species composition was revealed due to chironomids; on the contrary, the number of species of mayflies and caddis flies decreased. The structural organization of communities changed: there was an increase in the proportion of chironomids and a decrease in the proportion of mayflies, caddis flies and mollusks. The number of chironomids increased by 4 times, and amphipods doubled. The number of caddis flies decreased by about 5 times, mollusks – by 3 times, and mayflies – by 12 times. At the same time, the total number of benthic fauna increased slightly – only by 1.5 times. Currently, the number of benthic fauna is 2,9 thous ind/m2, biomass is 14,6 g/m2. The general trend of the revealed changes is aimed at increasing the number of tolerant bentonts (chironomids and amphipods) and reducing indicator taxa sensitive to pollution (mayflies, stoneflies, caddis flies and mollusks). The reason for the transformation of bottom communities is the cascade regulation of the river. The Boguchanskiy reservoir, which closes the cascade, is the recipient of gradually accumulating changes and has a direct impact on the hydrochemical and hydrobiological regime below the Angara riverbed.

When developing safety regulations for chemicals, the international society is constantly searching for safer analogues of highly hazardous chemicals to use as alternatives in various products. Within the Scientific Research Work under the State Program ‘Provision of Chemical and Biological Safety in 2021–2024’, The Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of Rospotrebnadzor has developed a concept on replacement of highly hazardous chemicals in various products (food products, synthetic detergents and household chemicals, pesticides, paints and varnishes, basic chemicals) with their safer analogues. Still, we should highlight that regulation of highly hazardous chemicals in articles has not been developed sufficiently in the RF. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to provide scientific substantiation for criteria and rules for assigning chemicals in articles as prohibited and (or) restricted. Materials this study is based on are represented by the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, EEC and the EU (in particular, Decrees, Resolutions, Technical Regulations, Directives, Regulations, etc. in the field of safe management of substances of concern), as well as domestic and international databases, scientific articles and monographs containing information on the toxic properties of chemicals. In order to develop effective measures to minimize the risk of exposure to chemicals in articles and their safe management at all stages of a life cycle, the study provides substantiation of criteria and rules for assigning chemicals in articles as prohibited and (or) restricted and proposes a mechanism for the creation of a National list of chemicals of concern in articles. When created, this List will allow monitoring of their circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation, proper waste disposal, and stimulating research work to find alternatives.

Objective: the present paper aims to analyse Case Decision 2022-001-FB-UA of Facebook Oversight Board, also known as the Knin cartoon case and attempts to put the case as well as its procedure in a historical and cultural context to set out a critical approach concerning Facebook’s content moderation.Methods: the paper uses desk research as the primary source of method. The paper’s resource background builds upon comparative case studies and case analysis as well. The paper uses resources from various disciplines: legal philosophy, international law, media law, platform regulation, history.Results: the paper presents the context of the Knin cartoon case as well as the key findings of the Oversight Board and the reasoning behind its decision. Furthermore, this paper aims to reflect on the idea of hate speech as interpreted by the Oversight Board and makes a tentative to contextualise and introduce the main problems and possible solutions regarding Meta’s content moderation in the scope of the present case.Scientific novelty: the Knin case has not been analysed in such historical and contextual depth before as the case decision was issued in 2022. Only a few analyses from merely legal standpoints were published thus far.Practical significance: the findings regarding the Knin case may be of importance of three main aspects: (1) it could be used for further critical analyses on Facebook’s content moderation, (2) it could serve as a recommendation regarding platform regulation and guideline development and (3) it presents the paramount relevance and significance of the holistic interpretational perspectives when determining hate speech. As for the latter the present paper argues that the historical, cultural, societal and symbolic interpretation and understanding of hate speech determination is not only instrumental, but the only viable method to understand, determine and judge upon alleged hate speech cases.

Probiotic drugs are currently widely used in clinical practice. However, the items offered in the today’s Russian pharma market may have a registration status of dietary supplements (BAAs) that is fundamentally different in approaches to development. BAAs are not drugs, their production and selling is not subject to licensing. Experts of pharma market and healthcare system together with the legal professional address difficulties related to BAA prescription in clinical practice. In contrast to drugs, BAAs have no indications for use registered and confirmed by the regulatory authority, while each indication stated in the instructions for medical use of the drug is based on the results of appropriate studies. In this regard, it is extremely important to ensure that patients understand the real BAA effects and clearly state that it is not a drug, since, in case of damage caused to the life and health of the patient, medical institution and the physician shall bear civil liability.

International migration is one of the issues in international relations, where the movement of people between countries is getting more accessible. The problem of international migration is based on legal and illegal immigration into the territory of a nation. The focus of this research is contract workers, professionals or foreign workers. The study aims to analyse the arrangements for foreign workers after the enactment of law No 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. The research method, the normative legal research with a statutory regulation approach and a concept approach, uses primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Legal materials are processed and analysed in a coherent, systematic manner. Then a conclusion is drawn using the chosen theory. In conclusion, arrangements for foreign workers do not provide certainty, fairness and legal benefits because even law No 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation continues to apply until with improvements within a maximum period of two years, implementing regulations are not permitted to be issued, then the provisions in the Job Creation Law will become less functional.

The article substantiates the importance of information policy for the sustainable development of the state and society. The analysis of the information policy structure and its formation within the framework of the international agenda is carried out, considering the interests of all countries. The requirements for the analysis of information policy and its concept on the basis of objects existing in the information space are determined. The main approaches to the definition of objects of information policy are revealed. The problem of the relationship between the state and society in the context of information policy is considered. The importance of the interaction of social and information systems and its influence on public opinion is substantiated. The concept of information policy subject is interpreted from the political science and philosophy point of view. The main difficulties in understanding this definition are highlighted due to the differences between social and information spaces. The main types of subjects in the political sphere that are actively involved in the political process, representing individual, group and institutional actors, are given. The influence of modern trends on the composition of political subjects is described. Types of information policy subjects analysis and classification are carried out. The use of the information space by terrorist and extremist organizations deprived of their official status for their own purposes is analyzed.

The article presents a detailed analysis of the impact of policy on the transport system of the Russian Federation. The main directions of state policy related to transport are studied, considering both global trends and regional characteristics. The article pays special attention to safety issues, environmental aspects and meeting the needs of passengers and cargo carriers. The impact of political decisions on creating a safe transport environment, preventing accidents and reducing the number of victims is analyzed. Meeting the needs of passengers and freight carriers is considered an important aspect of transportation policy development and implementation. The article also discusses the main regulatory documents governing transportation infrastructure in Russia, including federal laws and government resolutions. These documents establish rules and requirements for the development and operation of transportation infrastructure, as well as regulate the activities of transportation companies and organizations. The paper also examines the impact of policy on the transportation infrastructure of two major cities in Russia, Moscow and St. Petersburg. These cities have complex transportation systems with high passenger and freight volumes. Based on the analysis, conclusions are formulated to assess the results of policy influence on the development of the transportation system in Russia. These include evaluating the effectiveness of policy interventions, meeting their objectives, identifying problems and making recommendations for improving transport policies. In conclusion, the authors emphasize the importance of developing and implementing sound transportation policies to create a modern, efficient, and sustainable transportation system in Russia that can meet contemporary challenges and societal needs.

The relevance of the work is due to the need to adapt regulatory mechanisms to the actively developing digitalization processes. On the other hand, in the context of growing cyber threats and increasing dependence of public relations on information and telecommunications technologies, the directions for the development of legislation that ensure stability and security of the relevant infrastructure are subject to a certain rethinking in the legal aspect. The subject of the study is the legal support for the development of a sustainable and secure information and telecommunications infrastructure. The purpose of the work is to identify key areas for improving legal regulation in the field of functioning and development of sustainable and secure information and telecommunications infrastructure. The study applies methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison, as well as literal and systematic interpretation of the norms of the current legislation in the field of functioning and developing sustainable and secure information and telecommunications infrastructure. Finally, conclusions are formulated regarding the need for the development of legal regulation in this area. The research outlines the specific directions for changing the legal field, which ensure the sustainable development of information and telecommunications infrastructure in the Russian Federation.

Article is devoted to the problems of development of private military companies in Russia. It shows the practice of private military companies in the current political situation in the world. The phenomenon of private military companies (PMCs) is a rather controversial and ambiguous topic. Over the past more than thirty years, PMCs have played an increasingly important role in local wars and regional conflicts. With further globalization of the world economy, the role of PMCs in future wars and armed conflicts will be increasing. The authors study international documents regulating the activities of these organizations. They point out the necessity of adopting a law to allow this type of activity on the territory of the Russian Federation. Private military companies actually exist within the country and their legalization would allow to introduce their activities into the legal field. Private military companies influence the sphere of human rights, is connected with corruption and dishonest performance of obligations in implementation of contracts. The penalties for establishing and participating in illegal armed groups are shown. The possibilities of their application, both in Russia and abroad, are highlighted.

The purpose of the work is to reveal the content, safety and regulation of the metallurgical industry restructuring. The objectives of the article are to generalize the theory and methods that characterize the essence of the designated industry restructuring regularities, the main directions of their safe implementation and regulation. The subject of the publication defines the organizational and economic relations arising during the implementation of the Russian metallurgy safe restructuring. The methodology of the study proceeds from objectively recurring significant relationships and dependencies that arise in the metallurgical industry restructuring process, the main link of its economy. The key results are reduced to determining a number of regularities of restructuring, its essence, features, priorities, clustering and ways of safe regulation by the state. Their scientific understanding is quite applicable both in educational institutions of the country when studying the theory and methodology of economic science, methods of restructuring of various sectors of the economy, and in real practice of structural changes at all levels of government. In conclusion, a number of findings are formed, reflecting both the content and safety of the restructuring of metallurgy and the corresponding laws, and the regulation of these processes.

One of the elements that determine whether growth is successful or unsuccessful is how the business world is developing. The government has a responsibility to provide direction and guidance in the context of developing the business world and establishing an environment that is favorable to business and promotes economic growth. Protection extends to third parties connected to a limited liability company, such as debtors, creditors, and investors, as well as to legal topics related to the formation or dissolution of a limited liability company. The presence of this legal protection will affect legal certainty, which will eventually speed up the rotation of the national economy's wheels. As required by Article 33 of the Republic of Indonesia's 1945 Constitution, the nation's economy was to be realized by Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Businesses. The Legislation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 40 was in effect for 9 (nine) years. A number of flaws or gaps in the law governing limited liability companies were discovered in 2007 and must be promptly addressed through replacement to support changes in the global economy. The Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 40 of 2007 governing limited liability companies needs to be replaced for a number of reasons, including to recognize private limited liability companies as legitimate legal entities and to address the findings of the Ease of Doing Business (EODB) survey. The foundation for a limited liability company's formation, the capital structure, and the presence of a board of commissioners are issues related to a limited liability company as a legal entity, and up until now, legal smuggling has frequently happened. The main and secondary data used in this legal study, which uses a normative juridical approach, are analyzed using quantitative analysis. The activity of creating a legal subject in the form of a legal entity in the form of a capital partnership established based on an agreement as stated in the deed of establishment of a limited liability company made through a notarial deed, as a vehicle for people to carry out business acts, is the conclusion of research on the nature of the establishment of a limited liability company in Article 7 paragraph (1) of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning limited liability companies.

Vaccines are subject to specific regulatory requirements for the evaluation of their quality, safety, and efficacy. In 2005, the World Health Organisation (WHO), as the main international organisation coordinating measures to combat infectious disease outbreaks, began developing documents on the evaluation of vaccine quality, safety, and efficacy. The world’s leading regulatory authorities (FDA, EMA, etc.) have also issued recommendations for conducting non-clinical studies of vaccines.The aim of this study was a critical review of the regulatory requirements established by foreign national and international regulatory authorities for non-clinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of vaccines.According to the study results, since the 2000s, the WHO and the world’s leading regulatory authorities have produced more than 40 regulatory documents describing certain aspects of non-clinical studies of the safety and efficacy of vaccines. These documents can be divided into two groups: the first group addresses non-clinical studies of vaccines in general, and the second one dwells upon the evaluation of the quality, safety, and efficacy of specific types of vaccines. For the Russian guidelines on non-clinical evaluation of the quality, safety, and efficacy of immunobiologicals, the latest revision dates back to 2013 and does not provide any information on new medicinal products. Currently, work is underway to prepare the regulatory framework for medicines, including vaccines, in the Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). This review of regulatory documents on non-clinical safety and efficacy studies of vaccines may be useful in drafting harmonised guidelines for the relevant groups of vaccines in the EAEU. It may also be of use to developers, manufacturers, and researchers involved in the creation and non-clinical study of vaccines.

The article examines the historical experience of regulation of the issues of spiritual authorities of Muslim communities in 1880s by the authorities of the Kuban region, as well as appointment of aul mullahs, increasing the role of qadis in mountain verbal courts. The issue of spiritual governance of Muslim communities is important for understanding the process of Russian civil governance formation in the North Caucasus, which was associated with overcoming both the biased attitude of officials towards the Caucasian peoples and fears, for example, of the Adyghs (Circassians) of losing their ethnic identity and connection with the Muslim the world. Such a negative state of the Circassian population of the Kuban region manifested itself in their permanent desire to move to Turkey for permanent residence. And in the context of examining the Russian-Caucasian relations, it is relevant to study such a positive experience in regulating the issues of spiritual governance of the Muslim communities of the North Caucasus. In the article the author followed scientific principles in conducting the research and used a wide range of references on the history of the Adyghs (Circassians), which also included a large amount of archival material, suggesting a comprehensive coverage of historical facts on the issue. The author’s adherence to the principle of historicism made it possible to examine the activities of the civil authorities of the Kuban region in dynamics from actual events in specific historical conditions to reasoning about their causes and consequences. The author concludes that the Russian authorities raised the issue of improving the organization of the activities of the Muslim clergy, while trying not to create an overloaded bureaucratic apparatus. The Muslim clergy in the districts of the Kuban region that needed control spiritual power, obtained it in the person of qadi of the district Gorsky verbal courts.

Objective: In recent years, the need for regulation of robots and Artificial Intelligence has become apparent in Europe. European Union needs a standardized regulation that will ensure a high level of security in robotics systems to prevent potential breaches. Therefore a new regulation should make clear that it is the responsibility of producers to identify the blind spots in these systems, exposing their flaws, or, when a vulnerability is discovered in a later stage, to update the system even if that model is not on the market anymore. This article aims at suggesting some possible revisions of the existing legal provisions in the EU.Methods: The author employed the Kestemont legal methodology, analyzing legal text, comparing them, and connecting them with technical elements regarding smart robots, resulting in the highlighting of the critical provisions to be updated.Results: This article suggests some revisions to the existing regulatory proposals: according to the author, although the AI Act and the Cyberresilience Act represent a first step towards this direction, their general principles are not sufficiently detailed to guide programmers on how to implement them in practice, and policymakers should carefully assess in what cases lifelong learning models should be allowed to the market. The author suggests that the current proposal regarding mandatory updates should be expanded, as five years are a short time frame that would not cover the risks associated with long-lasting products, such as vehicles.Scientific novelty: The author has examined the existing regulatory framework regarding AI systems and devices with digital elements, highlighted the risks of the current legal framework, and suggested possible amendments to the existing regulatory proposals.Practical significance: The article can be employed to update the existing proposals for the AI Act and the Cyber-resilience Act.

Objective: to form doctrinal bases and mechanics of legal regulation of using medical nanorobots; to conceptualize the idea of nanorobotics law within the frameworks of its basic definitions, safety norms, risks, typology of devices, and legal parameters of technological terminology.Methods: the cognition tools are represented in the form of integration between general scientific and modern special legal methods (including the methods of comparative legal studies, legal modeling and juridical forecasting, NBICS-convergence), which, taken as a whole, allow distinguishing in the study object not only juridical proper, but also anthropological, biomedical, informational, and mechanistic research projections.Results: the author’s definition of the medical nanorobot concept was formulated; the legal content and quasi-legal aspects of the definition that are important for the theoretical and applied development of terminology were investigated; the signs of related concepts (biomedical robot, nanorobotic system, medical nanorobotic system) were identified and logical connections between them were established; the classification of the main types of risks associated with the practical use of medical nanorobots was carried out; the list of theoretical and legal contradictions that are potentially capable of negatively affecting the future development of regulatory practice was revealed; the Russian and foreign experience of legal regulation and doctrinal understanding of the problems of medical nanorobotics (by the examples of the USA, Japan, Europe, China) was considered.Scientific novelty: under the lack of interdisciplinary research, an attempt was made to comprehensively consider the concept of a medical nanorobot in a technological, legal and communicative way (“human robot” on a nanoscale) based on the advanced scientific research that defines the foundations of the future nanorobotic law. It is recommended to supplement the synergetic development of biomedical and related technologies, reflected in the models of robot law and robot ethics, with relatively independent concepts of nanorobot law and nanorobot ethics.Practical significance: based on the analysis of the legal regulation system in force in Russia and abroad, mechanisms for improving domestic legislation were identified, including taking into account the achievements of juridical crowdsourcing. Within the framework of socio-humanitarian issues, a contribution to the development of legal, sociological, and psychological science is formed. A scientific and methodological basis was prepared for further legal research and law-making activities in the field of medical nanorobotics.

Objective: to substantiate the need to create a universal mechanism of legal regulation of digital currencies and tokenized assets, based on a uniform categorization of digital assets and the author’s interpretation of the conception of digital assets risk, in order to ensure their safe circulation with legal means and effective development of the global digital economy in the future.Methods: the research was carried out with a combination of cognition techniques of various levels: from philosophical to private scientific; the key position among them belongs to a systemic approach, a comparative legal method and a formal-juridical analysis of normative materials.Results: the present research lays the conceptual basis for building a global system of legal regulation of digital assets circulation and facilitates identifying and resolving the key issues, necessarily emerging in the analysis of the current mechanisms of legal regulation at national level and in the estimation of various types of digital assets.Scientific novelty: consists in a comprehensive consideration of the essence and features of the legal nature of various types of digital assets, possessing, alongside with significant advantages, high risks from legal and financial viewpoints. Based on contradictory approaches and revealed gaps in the legal regulation of various types of digital assets, the author proposes a uniform categorization of digital assets, substantiates the concept of digital assets risk, attempts to substantiate the need to create a universal mechanism of legal regulation of digital currencies and tokenized assets, which would allow forming an effective system of means to protect property right to them and ensure safety of their circulation.Practical significance: is due to the current absence of a unified approach and a possibility to apply the existing legal norms in relation to innovative digital assets, taking into account their specificity, despite their trans-border character. The main provision and conclusions of the research can be used to improve the mechanisms of legal regulation of digital assets circulation.

Objective: to study the theoretical and legal bases of crowdfunding and to elaborate scientifically grounded proposals for improving the Republic of Belarus legislation in this sphere.Methods: the methodological basis of the research is a system of principles, methods and techniques of studying the general regularities of emergence, formation and development of social-legal phenomena. In the research, general and specific methods of scientific cognition were used: analysis, synthesis, comparative-legal, logical, systemic, formal-legal, dialectic and other methods.Results: the history of emergence and formation of crowdfunding was analyzed. The social-economic and technical-technological factors were revealed, which facilitate the popularization of crowdfunding among the Internet users. The origins of the “crowdfunding” notion were discussed, as well as its filling with a definite meaning. The types of crowdfunding were listed, depending on the goal of investment on the part of investors. The main subject composition of legal relations in crowdfunding was established, which consists of the following persons: funding seeker; funder; operator of online-funding service. The overall algorithm of legal relations between the main subjects of crowdfunding was described. The positive and negative aspects of crowdfunding were characterized. An overall analysis of foreign legislation in the crowdfunding legal regulation was performed. Based on the analysis, the general trends of legislation development were presented. The program and normative legal acts on developing crowdfunding in the Republic of Belarus were reviewed. The probable contract models of the parties’ legal relations registering were named. The technical and legal requirements to the functional of an online-funding service were determined. The minimal necessary set of measures was proposed, which may prevent risks and threats associated with procurement and extension of funds through onlinefunding services. Based on the operator functions, specific requirements to the rules of online-funding service were determined.Scientific novelty: the author comprehensively studied the notion, legal nature and features of legal regulation of crowdfunding. The factors were revealed, which influence the formation of the legal norms regulating the procurement and extension of funds through online-funding services. The author elaborated proposals for improving the Republic of Belarus legislation in the sphere of social relations under study.Practical significance: the research results are significant for developing the studies in the sphere of civil, economic, and informational law. The obtained results may be used in teaching a course in civil, economic, and informational law, as well as be applied by law subjects when elaborating and introducing the respective drafts of laws and be an object of further scientific research on the issue.

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The study was conducted due to the necessity to streamline management of ambient air quality in large industrial cities in the country. The relevant tasks were set within the ‘Clean Air’ Federal project and the system for setting emission quotas. The aim was to develop scientific-methodical approaches that would support Rospotrebnadzor in performing its functions and duties as regards management of ambient air quality, including those accomplished within the ‘Clean Air’ Federal project. We took into account that initial data for the whole system for setting emission quotas were represented by aggregated calculation of pollutant dispersion. The study relied on input and output data provided by the ‘Ekolog-Gorod’ software package for calculating ambient air pollution. This software employs methods for calculating emission diffusion in ambient air that are applied as standards in Russia. Calculations were accomplished at points located within residential areas in the analyzed cities and covered not less than 20 major contributions made by emission sources to levels of each chemical at each calculation point. Airborne health risks were assessed in accordance with the valid methodical documents. We applied the following criteria for permissible (acceptable) risks: carcinogenic ones should not exceed 1.0•10-4; non-carcinogenic chronic and / or acute risks should be at a level of a hazard index for chemicals with the same effects equal to 3.0. The brunch and bound method of linear programming was applied to substantiate optimal regulatory impacts aimed at minimizing health risks by reducing emissions into ambient air. We developed a fundamental algorithm for identifying a list of priority pollutants and a list of objects for setting emission quotas, as well as for substantiating optimal regulatory impacts to mitigate airborne public health risks. We suggest ranking chemicals as priority pollutants in case their registered levels are higher than the established hygienic standards and they in total account for not less 95 % of contributions to unacceptable health risks for critical organs and systems at least at one calculation point. Priority objects are those that are responsible for not less than 95 % of unacceptable health risks and violations of the established hygienic standards. The study describes a developed and tested instrument for selecting optimal regulatory impacts as per relevant hygienic indicators, including levels of public health risks. The suggested approaches support the Sanitary Service in its effort to provide proper quality of ambient air. They make it possible to identify priority chemicals and objects for setting emission quotas on the unified methodical basis for any city on the country, including those listed within the ‘Clear Air’ Federal project as priority ones. They also allow estimating whether environmental protection activities are relevant to the essence and levels of public health risks.

The study of the autonomic nervous system parameters and assessment of the adaptive reserves of the students’ organism allows to determine the key markers of changes in the functioning of the cardiovascular system at the prenosological level. Objective. To estimate regulatory mechanisms and state of vascular system of 1st year students depending on the level of adaptive reserves. Materials and methods. The total number of 245 freshmen of Surgut State Pedagogical University was examined: 18.3±0.33 years old on average. Heart rate variability at rest and during orthostatic test were measured by cardiointervalography (“VNS-spectrum”, Neurosoft company). We used hardware-software complex “Angioscan-01P” to assess the state of vascular bed. Statistical processing of the obtained data was performed using Statistica 10.0 program. Results. The results showed that during the active orthostatic test the number of intersex differences in the comparison groups significantly decreased in comparison with the background recording. The parameters describing the state of the vascular bed were the following: central pressure value, vascular age and stress level depending on the level of adaptive reserves. Conclusion. The adaptation reserves of the organism of 1st year students of the Northern HEI determine the regulatory features of male and female students as well as the value of vascular tone and the age of the vascular system.

Constitutional economics, as a category, is insufficiently covered in the literature. In view of this, it is necessary to theoretically consider the essence of constitutional economics in the aspect of the relationship with law and economic efficiency. In addition, in order to form a clearer understanding of the constitutional economy, it is important to consider economic normativity. In this case, it is worth pointing out that the normativity of legislation and the normativity of economic and labor law are strongly interrelated. Economic normativity is a process in which legal norms will increasingly be subjected to compliance with the economic efficiency or rationality of trade. Property is the foundation of any economy. The nature of the economic system depends on how the constitutional and legal regulation of property issues is carried out. Moreover, the procedure for such regulation often significantly affects the political, social, demographic and other spheres of society. We can say that the constitutional and economic regulation of property issues is one of the most key moments in the regulation of society in general.

In the article, the author examines the gastronomic culture and its regulatory function, expressed in the regulation of eating behavior and food consumption by people through the existence of prohibitions and permits. In particular, it is indicated that such tools, as a rule, find their place in religious canons (codes of rules). Speaking about the religious regulation of consumption, the author examines Protestantism and its currents and trends. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that within the framework of Adventism, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Mormonism, Jehovah’s Witnesses, etc., there are tools for regulating food consumption that have a characteristic similarity with those in Judaism, Islam and Catholicism. Of course, Protestantism, being a denomination of Christianity, along with Catholicism, can borrow some rules and features. Meanwhile, drawing an analogy with these religions and confessions, we can talk about the existence of prohibited and permitted food, while in some areas of Protestantism restrictions are not as strict as in others. Religion, acting as a regulator of eating behavior, designates products originating from “unclean” and “pure” animals and birds. At the same time, in the Bible, the signs that make it possible to differentiate food have a symbolic meaning – “unclean” food sources symbolize mundanity, the impossibility of turning to God, the sinfulness of man. As a result, a gastronomic cultural layer is formed, within which the nutrition of believers, that is, the products they use daily, also taking into account national characteristics, not only have an impact on health, but also have a symbolic meaning of commitment to God, enlightenment, etc. According to the results of the study, the author formulated the factors that are important in determining eating behavior and consumption: a) symbolizing; b) cleansing; c) providing and d) adapting (relevant to the current situation of globalization of the world space and the technologization of life spheres).

Objective: to study the processes of introduction and practical implementation of ESG standards in the Russian banking sector and to assess their impact on the prospects for the financial market development in general.Methods: logical and structural analysis, system-functional approach, formal legal method.Results: the author reveals the essence and features of such a relatively new phenomenon for the Russian banking sector as ESG-principles of doing business and responsible financing. The study reveals the prerequisites for the formation of modern ESG concepts in international practice, analyzes the possibility of their implementation in the practical activities of the Russian financial sector subjects and assesses the prospects for the Russian banking system development within the paradigm of responsible entrepreneurship and sustainable development.Scientific novelty: consists in the complex study of relations associated with the ESG principles implementation in the Russian financial sector. A distinctive feature of this work is the focus on both practical issues of implementing the ESG principles in the Russian financial sector and assessing the prospects for the ESG banking development in the Russian Federation.Practical significance: the formation of a certain theoretical basis necessary both for studying the essence of the ESG approach and the sustainable development of financial sector entities, and for developing proposals for adjusting regulatory policy in this area in the future.

The capital city is one of the important functions in a country. The capital city is considered the center of government, the center of the country, and describes the identity of the country. Since the independence of the Republic of Indonesia in 1945, the capital city of the Republic of Indonesia is located in Jakarta. In the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the phrase the capital city of the state is only mentioned 2 (two) times and is not equipped with other definitions or explanations. The absence of a special regulation regarding the capital city of the country reflects the existence of a legal vacuum, which is why it is necessary to establish a regulation concerning the capital city of the country. The issue of relocating the national capital became one of the bases for the formation of regulations regarding the state capital, this is because Indonesia does not have regulations on how to determine or move the state capital.

Objective: to review the modern scientific approaches to regulating relations in the sphere of using the artificial intelligence technologies; to reveal the main features and limitations of using the risk-oriented and technological approaches in order to determine the directions of their further development.Methods: the methodological basis of the research is a set of scientific cognition methods, including the general scientific dialectic method and the universal scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, comparison, summarization, structural-functional, and formal-logical methods).Results: it was determined that the use of the risk-oriented approach implies building constructive models of risk management. A significant issue in using this approach is the bases of referring the artificial intelligence technologies to high-risk ones. When determining the risk level of using the artificial intelligence technologies, the following criteria should be applied: the type of artificial intelligence technology, its sphere of use, and the level of potential harm for the environment, health and other fundamental human rights.In turn, the central issue of using the technological approach is the necessity and limits of regulation in the sphere of developing and using the artificial intelligence technologies. First, interference into this sphere must not create obstacles for developing technologies and innovations. Second, a natural reaction of a regulator towards newly emerging objects and subjects of turnover is the “imperfect law syndrome”. At the same time, a false idea about a lack of legal regulation may produce an opposite effect – duplication of legal norms. To solve the problem of duplicating legal requirements, it is necessary, first of all, to solve the issue of the need to regulate the artificial intelligence technologies or certain types of software applications.Scientific novelty: a review was carried out of the main approaches to regulating relations in the sphere of developing and using the artificial intelligence technologies; the opportunities and limitations of their use are revealed; further directions of their development are proposed.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the research can be used for determining the optimal approaches to regulating the sphere of digital technologies and for improving the legal regulation of the studied sphere of social relations.

Objective: to explore the modern condition of the artificial intelligence technology in forming prognostic ethical-legal models of the society interactions with the end-to-end technology under study.Methods: the key research method is modeling. Besides, comparative, abstract-logic and historical methods of scientific cognition were applied.Results: four ethical-legal models of the society interactions with the artificial intelligence technology were formulated: the tool (based on using an artificial intelligence system by a human), the xenophobia (based on competition between a human and an artificial intelligence system), the empathy (based on empathy and co-adaptation of a human and an artificial intelligence system), and the tolerance (based on mutual exploitation and cooperation between a human and artificial intelligence systems) models. Historical and technical prerequisites for such models formation are presented. Scenarios of the legislator reaction on using this technology are described, such as the need for selective regulation, rejection of regulation, or a full-scale intervention into the technological economy sector. The models are compared by the criteria of implementation conditions, advantages, disadvantages, character of “human – artificial intelligence system” relations, probable legal effects and the need for regulation or rejection of regulation in the sector.Scientific novelty: the work provides assessment of the existing opinions and approaches, published in the scientific literature and mass media, analyzes the technical solutions and problems occurring in the recent past and present. Theoretical conclusions are confirmed by references to applied situations of public or legal significance. The work uses interdisciplinary approach, combining legal, ethical and technical constituents, which, in the author’s opinion, are criteria for any modern socio-humanitarian researches of the artificial intelligence technologies.Practical significance: the artificial intelligence phenomenon is associated with the fourth industrial revolution; hence, this digital technology must be researched in a multi-aspectual and interdisciplinary way. The approaches elaborated in the article can be used for further technical developments of intellectual systems, improvements of branch legislation (for example, civil and labor), and for forming and modifying ethical codes in the sphere of development, introduction and use of artificial intelligence systems in various situations.

Objective: the paper aims to define the problems juridical theory and practice face with the progress of AI technologies in everyday life and correlate these problems with the human-centered approach to exploring artificial intelligence (Human-Centered AI).Methods: the research critically analyzes the relevant literature from various disciplines: jurisprudence, sociology, philosophy, and computer sciences.Results: the article articulates the prospects and problems the legal system confronts with the advancement of digital technologies in general and the tools of AI specifically. The identified problems are correlated with the provisions of the human-centered approach to AI. The authors acknowledge the necessity for AI inventors, as well as the owners of companies participating in the race to develop artificial intelligence technologies, to place humans, not machines, into the focus of attention as a primary value. In particular, special effort should be directed towards collecting and analyzing high-quality data for the organization of artificial intelligence tools development, taking into account that nowadays, the tools of AI are as practical as the data on which they are trained are effective.The authors formulate three principles of human-centered AI for the legal sphere: 1) a human as a necessary link in the chain of making and executing legal decisions; 2) the need to regulate artificial intelligence at the international law level; 3) formulating “a taboo” for introducing the artificial intelligence technologies.Scientific novelty: the article manifests one of the first attempts in the Russianlanguage scientific literature to outline the prospects of developing humancentered AI methodology in jurisprudence. Based on an analysis of special literature, the authors formulate three principles of including artificial intelligence into juridical theory and practice according to the assumptions of a human-centered approach to AI.Practical significance: the principles and arguments the article advances can be helpful in the legal regulation of artificial intelligence technologies and their harmonious inclusion into legal practices.

Objective: emergence of digital technologies such as Artificial intelligence became a challenge for states across the world. It brought many risks of the violations of human rights, including right to privacy and the dignity of the person. That is why it is highly relevant to research in this area. That is why this article aims to analyse the role played by algorithms in discriminatory cases. It focuses on how algorithms may implement biased decisions using personal data. This analysis helps assess how the Artificial Intelligence Act proposal can regulate the matter to prevent the discriminatory effects of using algorithms.Methods: the methods used were empirical and comparative analysis. Comparative analysis allowed to compare regulation of and provisions of Artificial Intelligence Act proposal. Empirical analysis allowed to analyse existing cases that demonstrate us algorithmic discrimination.Results: the study’s results show that the Artificial Intelligence Act needs to be revised because it remains on a definitional level and needs to be sufficiently empirical. Author offers the ideas of how to improve it to make more empirical.Scientific novelty: the innovation granted by this contribution concerns the multidisciplinary study between discrimination, data protection and impact on empirical reality in the sphere of algorithmic discrimination and privacy protection.Practical significance: the beneficial impact of the article is to focus on the fact that algorithms obey instructions that are given based on the data that feeds them. Lacking abductive capabilities, algorithms merely act as obedient executors of the orders. Results of the research can be used as a basis for further research in this area as well as in law-making process.

Objective: based on studying the statistics of crimes, national legislation and norms of international law, to give a legal assessment to restrictions of the right to worship implemented with the use of artificial intelligence technologies in China.Methods: the methodological basis of the research is the set of methods of scientific cognition, including specific sociological (analysis of statistical data and other documents), formal-legal (examining legal categories and definitions), formal-logical (analysis and synthesis), general scientific (induction, deduction), and other methods.Results: the work researches prerequisites for using artificial intelligence technologies in China to control public relations arising during religious activity both in the digital space and beyond; analyzes the legal framework of the measures implemented; gives a legal assessment to restrictions of the religious freedom using artificial intelligence technologies; forecasts the further development of Chinese legislation and foreign policy associated with religious freedom. Additionally, the work analyzes materials of human rights organizations aimed at hindering the Chinese policy of “sinicisation” and “de-extremification” of ethnic and religious minorities, including with the help of control and propaganda using modern digital technologies.Scientific novelty: the work researches the attempt of China to regulate the challenges related to religious activity, arising during rapid digitalization of the society and state, which the Republic faces being a developing, multinational and polyconfessional country. The established restrictions of religious freedom using artificial intelligence technologies are considered along with the relevant criminal statistics. The legal assessment of using artificial intelligence as a tool for restricting the right to worship is given from the standpoint of international law, as well as with the account of Chinese national legislation.Practical significance: the research results can be used to elaborate a consistent legal framework for using artificial intelligence technologies to counteract extremism.

Objective: the rapid expansion of the use of telemedicine in clinical practice and the increasing use of Artificial Intelligence has raised many privacy issues and concerns among legal scholars. Due to the sensitive nature of the data involved particular attention should be paid to the legal aspects of those systems. This article aimed to explore the legal implication of the use of Artificial Intelligence in the field of telemedicine, especially when continuous learning and automated decision-making systems are involved; in fact, providing personalized medicine through continuous learning systems may represent an additional risk. Particular attention is paid to vulnerable groups, such as children, the elderly, and severely ill patients, due to both the digital divide and the difficulty of expressing free consent.Methods: comparative and formal legal methods allowed to analyze current regulation of the Artificial Intelligence and set up its correlations with the regulation on telemedicine, GDPR and others.Results: legal implications of the use of Artificial Intelligence in telemedicine, especially when continuous learning and automated decision-making systems are involved were explored; author concluded that providing personalized medicine through continuous learning systems may represent an additional risk and offered the ways to minimize it. Author also focused on the issues of informed consent of vulnerable groups (children, elderly, severely ill patients).Scientific novelty: existing risks and issues that are arising from the use of Artificial Intelligence in telemedicine with particular attention to continuous learning systems are explored.Practical significance: results achieved in this paper can be used for lawmaking process in the sphere of use of Artificial Intelligence in telemedicine and as base for future research in this area as well as contribute to limited literature on the topic.

The activation of innovation processes always requires the presence of an appropriate enabling environment - an effective national innovation system (NIS), which determines the country’s ability to generate and implement various kinds of innovations. However, the formation of a full-fledged country’s innovation system is quite difficult, at least for two reasons: the presence of purely national features of the functioning of the main agents of change, as well as the specifics of the modern world, when many important processes for innovation go beyond individual countries, forming a globalized environment, the presence and the specifics of which determine the potential and strategic directions for the further development of each NIS. The scientific and methodological approach proposed in the paper is generally based on the hypothesis of the expediency of regulating a particular national innovation system development, taking into account its belonging to a certain basic type, which determines the specific features of development. For its implementation, the methods of genetic algorithms, cluster analysis, and neural network training were used. Within the framework of the study, four basic types of NIS were identified and qualitatively interpreted, which have characteristic features in the context of the quadruple helix concept of development. To identify the national innovation system, a neural network, which simplifies the modeling of its development, was built. As a demonstration of the additional possibilities of the toolkit, four supranational associations of countries have been identified and analyzed. The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of conducting variable analytical and predictive studies in the course of substantiating the optimal directions for the further development of the national innovation system in terms of global and cluster trends.

The relevance of the article is termined by the fact that the surrogacy industry is currently rapidly developing. This is not only an effective way to help couples who do not have the opportunity to conceive children on their own, but also a big business. The cost of commercial surrogacy is quite high. This correct and useful deed quickly turned into a high-budget illegal event. It involves transnational criminal organizations. In this connection, the attitude towards surrogacy around the world is diverse and ambiguous. There are countries where this act is prohibited under threat of punishment. The aim of the study is to comprehensively study the legal problems of regulating relations associated with surrogacy. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the criminal law regulation of similar relations in foreign countries, implementation of best practices in the legislation of the Russian Federation as well as improvement of regulatory legal acts in matters of assisted reproduction and protection of individuals from illegal exploitation. The author came to the conclusion that it is necessary to adopt uniform standards for all countries that regulate surrogacy, which would take into account the interests of all the parties involved and create a mechanism for crim-inal law counteraction to shadow surrogacy.

Ensuring market discipline, integrity, and transparency with the overall aim of protecting the investing public is critical to the wellness of a capital market and a financial system. However, one corporate ill besetting the securities markets in all jurisdictions is insider trading. Apart from being unethical, insider trading disrupts market dynamics. In South Africa, over the years, successive Acts have been enacted, amended, and repealed to ensure discipline and protect the integrity of the nation’s securities market. In 2012, the Financial Markets Act of 2012 (FMA) was enacted to improve, among others, the enforcement of insider trading regulation in South Africa. However, the regulation of insider trading and its enforcement in terms of the FMA have been insufficient. This article therefore seeks to benchmark the South African position against Canadian model with the objective of drawing lessons for South Africa. The choice of Canada was informed by the fact that Canada has a well-developed anti-insider trading regulatory framework and presents a case study of international best practices in the regulation of insider trading. Therefore, the conclusion in this article is that with creative and appropriate reforms of the FMA, using the Canadian model, the investing public will be adequately protected against insider trading, and investors’ confidence and the financial markets’ integrity and efficiency will be better enhanced.