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The ability to hear is one of the five major senses that allows us to communicate effectively with others. Unfortunately, individuals frequently take their sense of hearing for granted, and they do not know how important it is until it is lost or compromised. Hearing loss was not a top concern for the Indian government until recently. Prevention, early diagnosis, and care can prevent half of all occurrences of deafness and hearing impairment. The auditory sense is critical for a child’s brain development. This will also reduce the strain of hearing loss, preventing the loss of many potentially productive years. The most cost-effective strategy to lessen the burden of hearing loss is to screen new-borns and babies. Hearing loss is the most frequent sensory deficiency in people all over the world. The severity of hearing loss can range from mild to severe. Kapoor Set al. suggested that by screening, the condition is detected earlier than it would otherwise be diagnosed. Because of the urgent need to prevent infectious causes of mortality, neonates and new-borns are not regularly checked for any specific disease in India. The Department of Prevention of Communication Disorders of All India Institute of Speech and Hearing (AIISH) located in the Southern India, conducts infant screening for hearing disorder on regular basis in different hospitals attached to it using Behavioural Observational Audiometry, Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) screening, and administering High Risk Register (HRR). In the year 2009-2010, a total of 12416 new-borns in 10 hospitals associated with AIISH were screened for hearing disorder. The following paragraphs deals with various issues related to the hearing screening of infants in India. Methodology of study was as we searched PubMed Central and Google Scholar for relevant articles with key words «hearing, screening, hearing loss and infants». Full-text articles were downloaded dated July 2022 to September 19, 2022. Relevance was judged according to articles describing theories of hearing screening of infants India. Conclusion. Hearing screening for new-borns is critical for detecting congenital hearing loss and providing early management. Every person has the right to live a healthy lifestyle. Hearing impairment, like communication disorders, begins early in life. Infants with hearing loss will only be able to reach their full potential as fully active, contributing, and integrated members of society if systematic early screening programmes are implemented. Hearing screening for new-borns is critical for detecting congenital hearing loss. The AABR is considered necessary for HRNHS in high-risk new-borns (prematurity, anoxia, hyperbilirubinemia) who are at risk of auditory neuropathy that cannot be detected using the OAE test. The OAE test is faster and easier to conduct, but it has a larger false positive rate than the AABR. The ideal hearing procedure is still being developed. As a result, the hearing screening technique should be adapted to the specific demands of each centre.

Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is important to understand the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tuberculosis (TB). However, there is limited information on molecular characteristics and drug-resistant patterns of MTB in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in India. Thus, this study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics and drug resistance patterns of MTB in patients with PTB in India.

Metal-enhanced bioluminescence (MEB) is a complex photophysical event which manifests itself in manifold luminescence enhancement and depends on many parameters. The parameters include the distance between the luminescent source and the nanomaterial surface, the size and shape of nanoparticles, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peaks of the nanomaterial and the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium. Studying distance-dependent MEB in the presence of linkers of specified length may provide new insights into luminescence enhancement. In this regard, the present investigation is aimed to understand the role of ethylene diamine as a potential linker in model systems for distance-dependent metal-enhanced bioluminescence (MEB) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Four different types of AuNPs (AuNP1, AuNP2, AuNP3, AuNP4) were synthesized by varying the trisodium citrate (TC) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) concentrations with maximum absorbance values of 0.99, 1.24, 1.21 and 1.38 respectively and the corresponding LSPR peaks (λmax) of 520 nm, 535 nm, 525 nm, and 525 nm. Luminescence enhancement up to 1.44-fold was observed when ethylene diamine (ED) was used as a linker in the presence of 1-N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), ATP and AuNP1. The sample consisting of FMN, EDC and AuNP1 showed 1.3-fold luminescence enhancement. It was noted that AuNPs synthesized using AgNO3 as an additional component did not enhance luminescence in all the investigations. The suggested technique of using linkers of predetermined lengths may also prove fairly effective for studying other parameters which can influence MEB and cause sensitivity enhancement of luminescence-based biosensors

Microbial contamination is usually analyzed using luciferin-luciferase system of fireflies by the detection of adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP). There is an opportunity to assess the bacterial contamination of various objects based on a quantitative analysis of other nucleotides. In the present study, a bioluminescent enzyme system of luminous bacteria NADH:FMN-oxidoreductase (Red) and luciferase (BLuc) was investigated to understand if it can be used for quantitative measurements of bacterial cells by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) detection. To increase the sensitivity of bioluminescent system to FMN and NADH, optimization of assay conditions was performed by varying enzymes and substrates concentrations. The lowest limits of detection were 1.2 nM FMN and 0.1 pM NADH. Escherichia coli cells were used as a model bacterial sample. FMN and NADH extraction was made by destructing cell membrane by ultrasonication. Cell suspension was added into the reaction mixture instead of FMN and NADH, and light intensity depended on number of bacterial cells in the reaction mixture. Centrifugation of sonicated sample as an additional step of sample preparation did not improve the sensitivity of method. The experimental results showed that Red and BLuc system could detect at least 800 thousand bacterial cells mL-1 by determining concentration of NADH extracted from lysed cells, while 3.9 million cells mL-1 can be detected by determining concentration of FMN