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Objective: Analysis of the literature shows that the number of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) increases every year. To date known more than twenty renal diseases, the end of clinical manifestation of which is CRF. Studies of recent years show that in CRF genesis and progression leading role plays arterial hypertension, smoking, age, male sex, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, some autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders of calcium and phosphorus, the use of nephrotoxic drugs, the effects of psycho-emotional and oxidative stress, malfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, etc. At the present stage, for diagnosis of violations of the glomerular filtration rate, ordered ten, most important of them - Cystatin C method. Another non-invasive method is doppler ultrasound. In spite of this, the issues of early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease remain to the end not studied and not solved, which requires the development of new working algorithms.

Objective: The study of the waterway transmission as dominant, with the spread of intestinal infections. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the journals for the registration of infectious diseases, maps of epidemiological checkups of typhoid foci, dysentery, diarrheal diseases, infectious hepatitis A (HAV) for 1980-2015, as well as reports of the Republican and regional CSSES (Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance) on infectious diseases were carried out. Results: The dominance of the water factor under conditions of the specific weight of Flexner shigellosis during the period of under study ranged between 75-85%. Compared with typhoid fever and bacterial dysentery, the incidence of diarrhoea in the country during the analyzed period remains at a high enough level – from 629.0 to 1206.3, and in 2015, it rose sharply and reached 2150 per 100 thousand. The indicators for the Regions of Republican Subordination, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region and Khatlon Region varied the broad mass of the population. The performed complex of sanitary-epidemiological evaluation paths and transmission factors identified the dominant value of an aqueous (90%) and a minor role contact-domestic (6.2%) and food (3.8%) of acute intestinal infections transmission routes among the population. Conclusion: Typhoid fever, acute intestinal infections, dysentery, hepatitis A in the Republic of Tajikistan are a typical aquatic infection associated with the constant activity of the waterway transmission, which often causes large epidemic outbreaks.

Objective: Conduct an analysis of the clinical-epidemic process of HIV infection amongst the population and convicted individuals, and the development of the preventive measures to persons in the risk groups. Methods: 3000 maps of epidemiological survey of the nidus of HIV-infection viruses among the population were analyzed, including 500 maps of the epidemiological survey amongst convicted for 2007-2012 periods, and 1 342 043 of express-testing of HIV-infection among the population, including 37 417 amongst convicted were conducted. As a result, 752 HIV-positive people were identified, of whom 356 were among those convicted. Results: The epidemic mostly affected people aged 20-39 (83%) of the total number of HIV-infected people registered in 2012 among the civilian population. As of July 1, 2008, the share of the sexually transmitted diseases, according to registration, accounted for 25.1% of cases, in 2012 – 30.1 %, in 2016 – 42.4%. In penitentiary institutions, among injected prisoners in 2012 was 92.3%, and the sexual way – 7.0%, and in 2016 – 91.2% and 7.5% respectively. Conclusion: Comparison data on the incidence of HIV infection among the population of the Republic of Tajikistan with registered data amongst convicted established essential distinctions. Counteraction is the priority of the HIV/AIDS agents and methods of non-specific prevention. Providing the risk group with information on the character of the behavior associated with HIV transmission, its change over time in certain areas improves the prognosis of the spread of HIV infection and allows analyzing the effectiveness of preventive and anti-epidemic measures.

Genotypic variability in two Moldovian populations of moundbuilder mice Mus spicilegus Pet. was examined at different stages of their life cycle--at the beginning of overwintering in mounds and in the middle of summer in agrocenoses. Thirty allozymes were assayed. Significant differences in allele frequencies and heterozygosity between overwintered and mice born in the year of the experiment were recorded only for Idh-1. This fact was related to the presence of differential mortality among overwintered mice in the populations by the middle of summer. The increase in heterozygosity for Idh-1 in the populations occurred because of "old" mice that lived until the middle of summer, at which point they still have not contributed to the gene pool of the population. The genetic effect of the annual separation of generations of mound-builder mice due to their overwintering in mounds is analyzed. Overwintering has a bottleneck effect on the population. The relatively low genetic variability in mound-builder-mice populations is considered with regard to their biological and ecological features. Based on obtained data, a conclusion on the high genetic stability of moundbuilder-mice populations during their entire life cycle is made.

Allozyme variation in nine populations of the house mouse Mus musculus L. s. str. was examined. Twenty-five out of 34 analyzed loci were shown to be polymorphic. Estimates of genetic variation were obtained for separate populations and for population groups classified according to their habitat. Populations from Moldova and Tadzhikistan displayed the lowest and highest amounts of allozyme variation, respectively. Variation in town populations was significantly greater than in rural ones. This can be explained by active human-induced migration of mice into towns. All Central Asian populations showed high levels of genic diversity, which is presumably related to their proximity to ancient centers of mice expansion. Allelic distributions in the populations were analyzed.