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Introduction and Objective: In the modern era, where non-communicable diseases account for 74% of deaths, physical activity plays a crucial role in reducing mortality rates, particularly from cardiovascular causes. This article aims to assess the benefits and risks of trampoline bouncing as an exercise modality. State of Knowledge: Scientific evidence predominantly focuses on rebounding-related injuries, overshadowing the relatively underexplored benefits of trampolining. Cardiovascular advantages, including increased VO2max, are notable, with mini-trampoline exercise proving more effective than traditional running. Trampolining exhibits the potential to reduce BMI and weight, impacting cardiovascular risk factors while contributing to bone strength and mental well-being. Positive outcomes are suggested for specific groups, such as Parkinson's patients and children with disabilities. Summary: Trampoline rebounding, particularly with mini-trampolines, presents an enjoyable exercise form with significant health benefits, encompassing enhanced cardiovascular endurance, improved balance, and positive effects on bone structure and mental well-being. Despite prevalent injuries associated with trampoline use, the article highlights effective preventive measures. In conclusion, trampoline bouncing holds promise as a valuable component of a healthy lifestyle, provided adequate precautions are taken to mitigate associated risks.

Introduction. Recent years have seen a dynamic increase in people from eastern countries employed in Polish road transport. The aim of the study was to compare the cognitive and psychomotor performance of Polish and Ukrainian drivers. Material and Methods. The results of 336 male truck drivers aged between 22 and 64 years were analysed. There were 174 respondents in the Polish sample (M = 38.6 years; SD = 10.3) and 162 respondents in the Ukrainian sample (M = 36.8 years; SD = 8.3). The level of intellectual performance was assessed using the Raven's Matrix Test (TMS) and the Precision of Movement and Quick Thinking (PIM) Index. Psychomotor performance was verified using computer tests belonging to the SDP System. Results. Ukrainian drivers, compared to Polish drivers, were characterised by analogous results in terms of cognitive processes and psychomotor performance. The mean scores of the Raven's test, PIM index and also coordination tests were comparable in both groups. A strong positive correlation was found between TMS and PIM. Conclusions. 1. Drivers from Ukraine and Poland have similar intellectual and psychomotor abilities. 2. The PIM index correlates strongly positively with TMS and can be a reliable tool in intelligence screening. 3. The presented methods of the SDP System are not culturally loaded. Standardised scales addressed to the Polish driver population should be used to assess these areas in Ukrainian subjects.

Introduction: Interactive electronic games allow to access virtual environments and interact using a computer or TV screen. Anyone who has played a video game, or seen others playing, is aware of the importance of reaction speed and eye-hand coordination skills. Objective: To determine the differences in psychomotor performance between professional gamers and amateurs. Material and Methods: A total of 62 gamers took part in the study, including 31 people - professional video game users who had participated in e-tournaments in the last month (age: M = 20.6, SD = 6.3) and 31 people who did not play video games or played very rarely (they declared that they did not participate in e-sports tournaments), who constituted the control group (age: M = 17.9, SD = 5.4). Integrated computer SDP-System with an executive module for stimulus generation and reception was used to assess psychomotor performance. Results: Professional gamers have higher psychomotor skills than amateurs. They reveal better results for fast thinking, motor reactions, perception, attention, and working memory. Conclusion: Playing video games has a positive impact on players' psychomotor performance and can promote improvements in elementary cognitive functions. Key words: video-games; e-sport; psychomotor performance; cognitive functions

Objective: To study the features of executive functions in patients with alcohol use disorders and comorbid exogenous organic brain damage of non-alcoholic nature., Material and Methods: Sixty-five men, aged 24 to 55 years, with alcohol use disorders were examined. Thirty mentally healthy men were examined as a control group. To assess executive functioning, standard neuropsychological tests were used: the Go/No-Go task, the Corsi test and the Stroop Color Test., Results: Patients with alcohol use disorders and comorbid exogenous organic brain damage made significantly more errors in the Go/No-Go task (skipping the Go signal: p =0.004) and performed the Stroop Color test longer (task completion time: p =0.003). According to multivariate regression analysis, the presence of exogenous organic brain damage predicted the worst indicators of psychomotor reaction ( p =0.009) and cognitive flexibility ( p =0.021)., Conclusion: Comorbid exogenous organic brain damage in patients with alcohol use disorders leads to a significant deterioration of executive functions, including psychomotor reaction and cognitive flexibility, compared with patients suffering only from alcohol use disorders.

Objective: To assess the objectivity of measuring the level of sleepiness in the subjects using a monotonous psychomotor bimanual tapping test developed by us, performed on mobile devices running Android OS., Material and Methods: Four hundred and ninety-four hour-long experiments with the performance of a psychomotor test were conducted on 102 students. Using the method of mixed linear models, correlations between the levels of sleepiness according to the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the behavioral indicators of the test were evaluated., Results: Statistically significant correlations between the increase in KSS scores and such indicators as a decrease in the total number of button taps and an increase in the frequency of «microsleep» episodes are shown. Statistically significant correlations of ESS score characteristics with the behavioral indicators of the test were not found., Conclusion: A large statistical material shows a reliable correlation of the parameters of the psychomotor test with the level of sleepiness on the Karolinska scale, which allows using the mobile application developed by us to determine the current level of sleepiness /alertness in the field.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of hopantenic acid (Pantogam) in the complex treatment of prematurely born infants, aged 6-12 months, with psychomotor developmental delay due to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy., Material and Methods: Eighty-seven patients were randomized into two groups: 44 received standardized treatment and pantogam for two months, 43 standardized treatment and placebo. Pantogam (syrup 100 mg/ml) or placebo were prescribed orally 15-30 minutes after feeding, twice a day, in a daily dosage of 30-50 mg/kg body weight. The assessment of psychomotor development from birth to two years was performed with the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS-ER) twice (before and after completion of therapy)., Results: The response to two month therapy determined as the reduction of developmental delay for more than 6% of the initial GMDS-ER general quotient (GQ) score was significantly better in the group I after pantogam treatment (63.6% of patients) compared to group II (36.4%, p=0.021). Group I demonstrated the significant decrease of the developmental delay in two domains ('Personal-Social' and 'Performance') and a trend to overcome the delay in three other domains: 'Locomotor', 'Hearing and Speech', 'Eye and Hand Coordination'. The improvement after pantogam treatment was more obvious in the subgroup of infants born late preterm (gestational age 34-36 weeks) compared to infants born moderate preterm (gestational age 32-33 weeks). The favorable safety profile of pantogam was confirmed, comparable to that of placebo., Conclusion: Pantogam is efficient and safe medication in the complex treatment of psychomotor developmental delay in preterm infants, aged 6-12 months.

To determine the effects of additional visual stimuli (retinal optokinetic stimulation - ROKS) on characteristics of the visual-manual tracking (VMT) without support and with decreased proprioceptive afferentation there was used a horizontal "dry" immersion. Altogether 18 subjects aged from 19 to 31 years participated in the study and they were submerged into the immersion bath from 5 to 7 days. There was evaluated performance of the VMT in tasks to pursue the jerky (saccadically) and smooth (linear, pendular and circular) movement of a point visual stimulus before, during and after immersion. Eye movements were recorded using electrooculography, hand movements - by ajoystick with a biological visual feedback (one of the two visible stimuli on the screen matched the current angle of thejoystick handle). Computerized visual stimulation programs were presented to subject using a virtual reality glasses with and without additional ROKS. We analyzed time, amplitude and velocity characteristics of the visual and manual tracking (VT and MT), including efficiency ratio (e) and gain (g) as ratios of respectively amplitudes and velocities of eyes/hand movements to the stimulus movement. Without ROKS efficiency ratio and gain of both VT and MT were significantly decreased in comparison with baseline during the whole immersion and up to the R + 3 day after. The most pronounced deterioration was observed in parameters of the VT. When using a "threshold" ROKS parameters of the VT and MT weren't changed before immersion, during and after immersion - they improved (on 1-5-7 days during immersion and on R + 3 day after there was a significant improvement of the VT and MT in comparison to same tests without ROKS). The greatest impact of the ROKS was observed in parameters of the VT. Evaluations of the vestibular function (VF) were performed before and after immersion using videooculography approach. We analyzed statical torsional otolith-cervical-ocular reflex (OCOR), dynamical vestibular-cervical-ocular reactions (VCOR) and vestibular reactivity (VR), spontaneous eye movements (SpEM). On R + 1 day after immersion in 28% of subjects there was found a significant decrease of the gain of OCOR (0.12 value in comparison to 0.25 baseline) with simultaneous significant increase of parameters of VCOR/VR. There was found a correlation between parameters of VT and MT, between VF and VT and no correlation between VF and MT. It was found that removal of the support and minimization of the proprioceptive afferentation has a greater impact-upon accuracy of the VT then accuracy of the MT. When using ROKS correlations between the studied parameters were not only preserved, but also intensified. The results obtained indicate the development of sensory deprivation (and afferent deficit) under the immersion exposure and the possibility of its correction with additional ROCKS.

This study presents the results of the pre- and postflight clinical and physiological examination (CPE) and scientific experiment “Sensory Adaptation-2” carried out in Yu.A. Gagarin Research & Test Cosmonaut Training Center. There were examined 14 Russian cosmonauts, crewmembers of long-term international spaceflights ISS-28/29 to ISS 36/37, who were in microgravity from 159 to 195 days. Age of the cosmonauts was 35–50 years. Studies were conducted twice before space flight (baseline), and on days R+1(2), R+4(5), and R+8(9) after landing. In the study of visual–manual tracking (VMT), eye movements were recorded by the electrooculography method (EOG), hand movements - by a joystick using biological visual feedback (on the screen represented the current angle/position of a joystick). Examinations were conducted using computerized stimulation programs, which were presented on the screen of the hardware-software complex "Sensomotor". Examinations of the VMT took place in the dialog mode and included the following sections: a) EOG-calibration; b) visual-manual tracking within ±10° on the screen with blank background (smooth linear and sinusoidal movement of a point target with a frequency of 0.16 Hz in the vertical and horizontal directions). There were evaluated time, amplitude, and velocity characteristics of visual and manual tracking (VT and MT), including the effectiveness (EC) and gain (GC) coefficients which were calculated respectively, as the ratio of amplitude and velocity of the visual stimulus (target). A study of the vestibular function (VF) was performed before and after space flight using videooculography. There were assessed static torsion otolith–cervical–ocular reflex, dynamic vestibular–cervical–ocular reactions, vestibular reactivity, spontaneous eye movements. Study of VF in the first postflight has shown a sharp decrease (up to its complete absence) of static vestibular excitability (otolith reflex) accompanied by the increased dynamic reactivity of the vestibular system. Study of VTM has shown a significant decrease of gain and effectiveness/amplitud of VT in the first days postflight, as well as correlation between the parameters of VF and MT, between the VF and VT, and no found correlation between parameters of VF and MT. It was found that the conditions of space flight (microgravity) have a greater impact on the accuracy of the VT than the accuracy of MT. Full return of characteristics of the VMT and VF to the baseline was observed on R+8(9) days after space flight.

With an increase of sports qualification dancers are developing asymmetry of parameters of bioelectric activity and hemodynamic of the legs. For beginners sportsmen are characteristic coordination of movements performed individually, while highly skilled dancers better coordination of movements, performed in tandem. For the average skill level of athletes characteristically is overvoltage vegetative-vascular system. All of the above allows us to consider the formation of skills in ballroom dancing as a functional system in which a sense of balance and coordination are determining for the skill level of athletes, linked to the information field of the visual and vestibular reception, to the organization of the contractile activity of muscles and vegetative-vascular maintenance activities. An essential component of this physiological system is the formation of asymmetry, which depends on the sex of the partner and defines its role in the pair.

In the article there are presented the results ofphysiological and hygienic evaluation of studies in kindergarten with the use of educational games on an electronic PC tablet. The study involved 44 foster-children. In one of the groups children in the classroom used the interactive game software on electronic PC tablets "Samsung", the same time while working with the PC tablet did not exceed 10 minutes, in the other--the classes were held traditionally. There were investigated the state of health, psychosomatic and psycho-emotional state of children, determined their functional readiness for systematic training in school, mental performance, the functional state of the central nervous system (CNS) by simple visual-motor reaction (SVMR) and reactions to a moving object (RDO). Developing ofgame sessions with the use of electronic PC tablets for 10 minutes were established to contribute to the activation of the central nervous system and increase in children resistance to the development of fatigue.

Chronoreflexometric characteristics of the mental performance of children of primary school age - the natives of the Middle Ob were based on the statistical analysis of the latent period of time of a simple visual - motor responses. The results of a survey showed that the functional state of the nervous system of surveyed children ofprimary school age was at “reduced” and “greatly reduced” level of mental performance. This state is characterized by a weakening of attention, a sharp deterioration in time and accuracy parameters of activity and a significant decrease of efficiency on the whole.

Self-consciousness was compared in 17 elderly (aged 65-89 years old) persons with cognitive impairment without dementia and 17 patients with vascular dementia. Neurocognitive functions and mental health complaints were evaluated. Neuropsychological assessment included evaluation of higher psychological functions, such as attention, memory, conceptualization, gnosis (optic, acoustic), manual skill, speech. Older persons with cognitive impairment assessed their neurocognitive functions adequately. Patients with vascular dementia usually denied cognitive deficit or explained it as a result of aging. Regardless of physical health, older persons with cognitive impairment have active attitude to aging. They could find ways of compensation of cognitive deficits without assistance. Patients with vascular dementia could not compensate their cognitive deficit even with support.

Dynamic praxis was tested in three groups: two groups of old responders with cognitive impairment of varying severity and one group of old responders sick of vascular dementia. These groups were compared. Methodological basis this research is Luriya's theory of system dynamic localization psychic functions. We found changes of dynamic praxis in aging. Motor acts some slow in Old responders with mild cognitive impairment. They compensate this deficit through laud speech, increase of latent period before motor act. Responders with cognitive impairment have motor perseverations, movement slowdown, which were more often at vascular dementia. They could not compensate motor deficits in fully. But same of them can compensate motor deficit after prompting or hit.

In this article, the results of the authors' research, including analysis of the clinical and instrumental data concerning 203 patients with, stroke are presented. It is shown that the clinical effectiveness of the transcranial methods incorporated in the combined rehabilitation programs depends on the type of stroke and localization of the lesions. Specifically, the patients presenting with ischemic stroke of hemispheric localization experienced a neurophysiologically confirmed significant clinical improvement that became apparent after the consistent application of transcranial magnetic therapy and micropolarization. In the patients with ischemic stroke of stem localization, the positive influence on psychomotor recovery was achieved with the application of transcranial magnetic therapy, but transcranial micropolarization did not have an appreciable effect on the recovery of such patients. The patients presenting with hemorrhagic stroke did not experience any significant improvement of psychomotor parameters from transcranial magnetic therapy and transcranial micropolarization. The likely mechanism underlying the recovery of psychomotor processes under effect of transcranial magnetic therapy in the patients with ischemic stroke is the normalization of the frequency of interaction between brain structures. In addition, in the patients with ischemic stroke of hemispheric localization and in the patients with hemorrhagic stroke electrical myostimulation has a marked impact on the psychomotor recovery only in case of functional treatment. In the patients suffering from ischemic stroke of stem localization non-functional electromyostimulation significantly improves motor functions and cognitive motor control.

Age-specific features of motor short-term memory were studied. Two groups of right-handed volunteers (18-25 and 35-60 years old) reproduced the memorized sequence of six movements by the right hand or by the left one. The mean values of erroneous movements are shown to be significantly higher in elder group, demonstrating the age-dependent reduction of motor short-term memory capacity. More detailed analysis of reproduction of separate elements of the sequence demonstrates that the age-dependent increasing of error value is significant for the leading right hand, but not for the subdominant left one. The data obtained are consistent with the evidences about age-dependent reduction of hemispheric asymmetry and about more pronounced reduction of the accuracy of the movements of the leading hand. According to the hypothesis about hemispheric specialization in coding of movement information (right hemisphere specialization on absolute positional coding, the left one--on relative vector coding, i.e. coding of the movements) the data suppose the age-dependent reduction of the left-hemisphere system of relative coding. The reduction of memory capacity apparently can be explained by the reduction of role of the left hemisphere in functioning of the short-term motor memory owing to age-dependent reduction of hemispheric asymmetry.

In this paper, we explore the issue of the nature (perceptual, abstract, or motor) of neural codes used by CNS in order to store the internal representation of elements of a sequence of movements. Reported are the results of two experiments in which two independent groups of 16 right handed adults repeated, after a given delay, the piecewise trajectories (open polygonal chains) using the graphical tablet. A trajectory was shown either as a static line-drawing (static mode) or a small moving pointer (dynamic mode). The results show that: 1) for the delay varying from 0 to 1 s, the latent time of the trajectory production is greater in the dynamic than in the static mode, with the latent time is no different under to presentation conditions when the production delay reaches 3 s; 2) the latent time is exponentially decaying as the trajectory production delay increases from 0 to 3000 ms, with the characteristic decay time being different in the static (377 ms) and the dynamic (656 ms) presentation modes. The results of the present study are in line with the view that the internal representation of the sequence of movements is perceptual and it is converted into the motor codes at the later stages prior to movement execution. It is suggested in the paper that the observed exponential decay of the latent time might be related to the transformation of the early sensory (iconic) representation into the perceptual trajectory representation.

The mechanisms underlying the process of motor imagery are similar to the motor control mechanisms. It can be used for motor learning in patients with movement disorders. Motor imagery may be the only one method for recovery of motor function in patients with severe paresis. It was the prerequisite of increased scientist interest in motor imagery during last decade. Brain-computer interface technology can support the motor imagery trainings.

In order to test the hypothesis about rapid involution of functional parameters in residents in the Polar region, the functional parameters in men of 20-69 years have been compared in cross-sectional study. There is a tendency to a steady decrease of height, strength indices, parameter of muscle working capacity, balancing of the body when standing on one leg, vital capacity, cardiac output, tolerance to hypoxemia, level of physical health, adrenocorticotropic hormone and testosterone levels and an increase of body mass index, index of coordination (impairment of motor coordination), time of visual-motor response, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, index of functional changes, insulin level. More pronounced decline of functions is observed in men after 50 years.

Authors studied sensorimotor reactions in 60 patients with stroke in the early stage of rehabilitation and in 20 healthy people. The evaluation of sensorimotor reactions using the "Sensoneck" system and functional independence with the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale was performed in the beginning of early stage of rehabilitation and at the discharge from the hospital. Most of patients became functionally independent though no statistically significant correlations between the FIM scores and "Sensoneck" scores were found to the end of rehabilitation. During early rehabilitation, the quality of motion performance improved slightly, and sensorimotor reactions improved statistically significantly (p<0.05).

We studied the effect of systemic administration of multipotent stem cells on impaired neurological status in rats with brain injury. It was found that transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells of the bone marrow or human neural stem and progenitor cells to rats with local brain injury promoted recovery of the brain control over locomotor function and proprioceptive sensitivity of forelegs. The dynamics of neurological recovery was similar after transplantation of fetal neural stem and progenitor cells and multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Transplantation of cell cultures improved survival of experimental animals. It should be noted that administration of neural stem and progenitor cells prevented animal death not only in the acute traumatic period, but also in delayed periods.

Cervico-vestibulo-oculomotor interactions in patients with Parkinson disease stages III-IV and healthy subjects were studied in horizontal head movement and gaze fixation on immobile and mobile targets. Significant changes in the amplitude, head movement frequency and asymmetry, eye movement amplitude, and phase mismatch between head and eye movements were revealed in patients in comparison to the normal.

We studied the interaction of the oculomotor, cervical, and vestibular systems using a specially developed technique. A series of two tests were performed on 26 healthy subjects and 42 patients with stages I-II Parkinson's disease receiving and not receiving treatment. In coordinated tests, all amplitude-time characteristics of patients significantly differed from those in healthy subjects. Possible mechanisms of cervico-vestibular-oculomotor disorders are discussed.

We compared the upright standing in 7 patients with sensory-motor disorders and 7 healthy subjects (control) before and after 30-s involuntary neck muscle contraction. A trajectory of the center of pressure was recorded during 30-s standing with the eyes open, eyes closed and standing on a foam-rubber with the eyes open. As compared to healthy subjects, patients exhibited an increased body sway area during standing with the eyes open on both the firm surface and foam-rubber and a backward shift of the center of pressure during standing with the eyes both open and closed. Closing the eyes affected the upright standing of patients to a lesser extent than standing of healthy subjects. Involuntary neck muscle contraction within 30 s elicited a backward shift of the center of pressure in healthy subjects, especially during standing with the eyes closed, and a decrease in the length of the center-of-pressure trajectory, especially of its frontal component during standing on the foam-rubber. In patients, a post-effect of the neck muscle contraction manifested itself as a decrease in the body sway area during standing on the foam-rubber and relative increase in the frontal component of the center-of-pressure trajectory during standing with the eyes closed. The results suggest that the upright standing of patients with sensory-motor disorders is more sensitive to somatosensory than visual input, and 30-s neck muscle contraction approach their postural stability to the age-matched control.

Visual-motor coordination is necessary for successful performance of everyday activities. Many tasks, such as driving or operating devices in the workplace, require a variety of coordination patterns with different levels of compatibility between the eyes and the hand. The psychomotor test was developed which makes it possible to analyze visual-motor coordination disorders caused by a decrease in the level of wakefulness. A small circular target (14 mm in diameter) was moving with a low constant velosity (12 mm/s) in a circular trajectory (80 mm in diameter) with a period of 20 s. Subjects were instructed to keep the mouse-driven cursor inside a target, overstepping the limits of the moving target was considered as an error. To test the attention level, an additional stimulus was introduced which appeared for 3 seconds with an interval of 15 to 40 s. When the stimulus appeared, it was required to touch it with the cursor and click the mouse button. Cursor trajectories have a temporal resolution of 120 Hz. Eye movements were recorded with a PC-based Eyegaze Development System (LC Technologies, USA) measuring corneal reflectance with a collection rate of 120 Hz. Monotonous character of the test performance induced drowsiness and led to errors 25-30 minutes after the beginning of the experiment. Changes in physiological vigilance level was evaluated with EEG recording. Analysis of the dynamic characteristics of smooth and saccadic eye movements and hand movements showed their high sensitivity to a decrease in efficiency of operator's activity caused by a drop in the level of wakefulness. It is suggested that further development of this approach to measuring eye-hand coordination will promote working out a contactless method for the express diagnostics of the critical levels of drowsiness as well as for the definition of professional characteristics of an operator.

The main principles of long-term rehabilitation of children and adolescents with cerebral paralysis, related neurologic disorders, aftereffects of a neuroinfection, and some rare genetically determined diseases are the earliest possible initiation of remedial measures and the regular combined use of different forms of rehabilitative treatment. The proposed approach allowed to reduce severity of motor and speech disturbances and improve social and cognitive functions in 50.5% of the patients. Quality of life of the patients and their families also improved; healthy infants were born in 98 (19%) families.

The intrasensory and sensor-effector interactions between inter-spike intervals of acoustic stem-evoked potentials with parameters of hands coordination was found with the help of correlation analysis. Role of excitation of ascending fibres of rostral part of the pons and lateral loop in mechanisms of the auditory-motor coordination was determined. Sex-dependent differences in integration of elements of the sensor-motor system because of lateralization of incoming auditory information and complication of the motor task performed were revealed. In men, mechanisms of auditory-motor coordination have less determined character than in women. That probably determines higher level of bi-manual coordination in men. Optimal correct realization of motor program in men is performed prognostically, while in women--after a mistake has been done.

The ability of the Corvidae to understand the logical structure in string-pulling tasks was studied in a set of experiments with varied position of strings. It was demonstrated that some hooded crows (Corvus cornix L.) and common ravens (Corvus corax L.) successfully completed the tasks where the strings were not intersected but placed so that the bait was positioned opposite the forepart of the empty string. Hooded crows also solved the task where the baits were attached to both strings, but one of the strings was disrupted. The task with two intersected strings where the bait was positioned opposite the forepart of the empty string was not solved by the crows. The results suggest the ability of both examined species to grasp the logical structure of such kind of tasks.

The ability of hooded crows (Corvus cornix L.) and common ravens (Corvus corax L.) to pull up a bait suspended from a horizontal perch by a string was tested. It was shown that some birds of both species successfully solved the string-pulling task. Considerable inter-individual and inter-species differences in task performance are discussed.

72 elderly women and 48 matched by age and education men with initiatory stages of dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DE) have been studied using comparative analysis of clinical, cognitive and sonographic characteristics. The results demonstrate the predomination of cognitive impairment and fine motor coordination disorders among men with DE. Psychovegetative and statolocomotor disorders prevailed in women-patients. It was shown by means of transcranial duplex scanning that elderly women with DE were characterized by more severe abnormal venous outflow from the brain.

We evaluated the effect of "sidedness" of focal stroke induced by pial blood vessel devascularization in sensorimotor cortex of right or left hemisphere on neurological deficit in rats. Animals were preliminary examined for paw preference (hemispheric "dominance") by means of food reaching test. Data of cylinder-test, vibrissae-elicited forelimb placing test and swimming task (forepaw inhibition test) were assessed to monitor functional deficit weekly for 8 weeks after stroke. No difference between rats with right or left cortical damage was observed during the experiment. Rats with ischemia in "dominant" hemisphere performed significantly better than those with "nondominant" hemisphere lesion. The revealed effect of functional brain asymmetry on the neurological rehabilitation after stroke should be considered in design of preclinical investigation of new therapeutic approaches to stroke.

Intellectual, psychomotor and speech development of 50 children born to mothers with epilepsy were studied. The sample has been stratified into 2 subgroups: children aged from 6 months to 4 years and children aged from 4 to 16 years. This group included 4 (8%) children with children absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic and unclassified epilepsy; one patient had a diagnosis of epileptic encephalopathy without epileptic seizures. Video-EEG monitoring revealed the epileptiform activity on EEG in 9 (18%) children from subgroup 2, four of them suffered from epilepsy. The subclinical epileptiform activity on EEG was observed in 5 (10%) children. The Wechsler test showed that general IQ scores were low (<95%) in 4 (20%) children of this subgroup. No significant difference was found in the performance on the Bayley-III scales between children from subgroup 1 and children born to healthy mothers (controls) though the scores on the fine motor scale and speech development scale were lower in 3 (10%) and 5 (16%) children of the index group, respectively.

Rational usage of physical exercises improves physical and psychical state of a person. Significant increase of active longevity period depends to a great extent on execution of physical activity in different periods of human life.

In chronical experiments in dogs the pattern of shoulder muscle recruitment was examined during the forelimb flexion by which the animal lifted and held a cup of food during eating. At the early stage of the instrumental reaction learning the forelimb lifting was performed with the anticipatory deviation of the head in up direction, when the head bent down to the foodwell the lifted forelimb lowered. Simultaneous holding of the flexed forelimb and lowered head providing food reinforcement was achieved only by learning. It was found that the forelimb lifting in the innate coordination in untrained dogs was performed with activation of m. deltoideus and m. teres major, whereas m. teres minor was active whilst the dog was standing but the muscle activity was abolished before the limb lifting. In the course of learning m. teres minor activity was changed into opposite one. In the learned coordination the limb lifting was accompanied by the activation of all three shoulder flexors. The lesion of the motor cortex in the area of the "working" forelimb, but not in other areas led to disturbance of the learned coordination and the novel pattern of the shoulder muscle activity. The data obtained led to the following conclusion: the rearrangement of the innate coordination is connected with the formation of the novel way of the forelimb lifting which pattern of muscle recruitment is provided by the motor cortex.

Power spectra of short-term (less than 1 s) EEG-reactions (in the frequency band of 1-225 Hz) were studied in dogs in the course of instrumental food conditioning. These reactions were observed in different areas of the cortex in response to positive and differentiated conditioned stimuli. Regional features between the spectra were found both in the power level and frequency structure. The power of the reactions in the visual and parietal areas of the left hemisphere was higher than in the motor areas. Power spectra of reactions to differentiated stimuli were significantly lower than the spectra of reactions to positive stimuli mainly owing to the high-frequency components (80-225 Hz). In these both cases, prestimulus power spectra did not differ. The frequency structure of corresponding EEG-reactions consisted of individual spectral peaks, mainly both gamma (30-80 Hz) and higher-frequency (80-225 Hz) bands.

The paper contains the results of a study of the equilibrium function examined in 120 schoolchildren (aged 7 to 8 and 9 to 10) residing in the city of Arkhangelsk by means of a computer-based "Stabilotest" set manufactured by "VNIIMP-VITA", Moscow. Quantitative parameters of the functions were obtained for healthy schoolchildren of the above age groups on the basis of a variety of tests, which exposed a number of specific features related with maintaining the vertical postures in different positions. The results can be used as a basis in evaluating the functional status of the equilibrium system during diagnostic and correction-and-rehabilitation procedures.

According to P. K. Anokhin's general functional system theory, integral behavior is considered to be realization of processes directed towards achieving a useful result. The subjects of the study were a number of students, whose ECG was recorded while they were trained to fulfill a visual-motor task. Successfulness of learning was estimated. The study demonstrated a connection between the heart rhythm dynamics and the level of learning to fulfill visual-motor tasks.

In 4-hour experiments, dynamics of second brain potentials and the parameters of a conventionally negative wave, were studied. Along with growing fatigue, the amplitude of the second brain potentials was found to increase with a simultaneous increase in correlation relationships among the second oscillations registered in different areas which fact may serve as a diagnostic sign when controlling functional condition in humans. Velocity of a simple sensomotor response turned out to depend on coincidence with a current phase of the second brain potentials. The shortest time of response corresponded to responses against the background of a positive phase of the second oscillations. In fatigue, the dependence is enhanced.

Prestimulus EEG was recorded in the state of "operative rest" after the instruction and at the stages of formation, actualization, and extinction of unconscious visual set to perception of unequal circles. Two motivation conditions were used: (1) subjects were promised to be rewarded with a small money price for each correct response (a "general" rise of motivation) and (2) only correct assessments of stimuli of a certain kind were rewarded (a "selective" rise of motivation). In both conditions, additional motivation of subjects to the results of their performance led to an increase in EEG coherence most pronounced in the theta and alpha 1 frequency ranges in the left temporal area of the cortex. During the "general" rise of motivation the EEG coherence (as compared to the control group) was higher in a greater number of derivation pairs than during the "selective" rise. EEG coherence in "motivated" subjects was increased already at the stage of operative rest. Later on, at the set stages, no significant changes were revealed. Thus, the realized set formed by the verbal instruction, which increased motivation of subjects to the results of their performance, produced substantially more prominent changes in coherence of cortical potentials than the unconscious set formed during perception of visual stimuli.

In 3 groups of monkeys: intact, those with their 7th field bilaterally removed, and those with bilateral removal of the sulcus principalis, functional specifics of the cortex' associative areas were studied. Removal of the 7th field practically does not affect processes of training for images with such features as spatial frequency, colour, and images of animals, but considerably impairs the learning characteristics in visual differentiation of objects' size and spatial interrelationships among objects. Removal of the sulcus principalis considerably impairs the characteristics of differentiation of objects' size and spatial interrelationships among them, as well as differently coloured stimuli. In both these groups, the stable motor response term and the probability of refusal increase. The data obtained suggest that the sensory processing results in forming a few (at least three) functional visual informational flows with which different cortical areas operate.

The P. K. Anokhin theory of the general functional system considers integral behaviour as realization of processes aimed at reaching a useful result. Electrograms were recorded in students who were solving visual and motor puzzle tasks. Their results were estimated. There were two groups of subjects: 1) those with normal binocular vision and 2) those with monocular vision. Some specific features were found in cardiac rhythm power in each group. The findings suggest that there are relationships between the results of task solution, the type of visual perception, and heart rate parameters.

A battery of psychological tests has been used to study the psychic state and quality of life in 75 patients with mild and moderate arterial hypertension (AH) with or without (controls) different metabolic disturbances (diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, obesity). Comparing to controls, the AH patients with metabolic disturbances suffered more frequently from different psychic disorders of neurotic register and their quality of life, general condition, activity and mood proved to be significantly worse. The authors conclude that psychological testing may be an important diagnostic tool in general hospital. It allows identification of the borderline mental disorders features, the correction of which appears to be of great importance for basic disease course and its therapy.