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The article deals with the issues of balancing the interests of the individual and the state, most clearly manifested in the criminal process, by the example of the implementation of the principle of privacy, issues of private detective activity in the Republic of Kazakhstan, issues of improving legislation on professional secrets, which are the most important mechanisms designed to protect the right to privacy of citizens. The legal analysis of guarantees of observance of constitutional rights of citizens in the implementation of private detective activities in criminal proceedings is carried out. In this regard, the authors actualize the need for further improvement of legislation defining the legal regime of privacy in criminal proceedings; the implementation of private detective activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Also relevant are: the essence, importance and role of the measures of criminal procedural coercion applied by the state, in particular by the bodies of criminal prosecution, which amounts to ensuring state legality and law and order; the principle of inviolability of private life as the fundamental and guiding principle of the entire criminal process of the Republic of Kazakhstan. For this purpose, the work examines the norms of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the range of homogeneous public relations regulated by them on the implementation of individual rights and freedoms in criminal proceedings, the practice of law enforcement on the issues under consideration in the Republic of Kazakhstan, on the basis of which proposals are being developed to improve legislation; theoretical and legal foundations of private detective activity as an activity related to the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of the individual of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the study of the questions posed, a logical, formal – legal, analytical, as well as functional method is used, revealing the qualitative characteristics of the subject of research, allowing to determine the essence of the institution under study, the possibility of regulatory impact of constitutional and sectoral legislation on the state of law and order in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the scientific analysis undertaken by the authors, the principles of complexity and consistency are consistently implemented and productively combined, which made it possible to more fully, scientifically actualize the issues of improving criminal procedural capabilities for the realization of individual rights and freedoms. As a result of the study, it was determined that the participation of a private detective in the criminal process will serve as a guarantee of the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of an individual only if the rules and procedures provided for by law for obtaining and researching information about a person's private life are observed.

Objective: emergence of digital technologies such as Artificial intelligence became a challenge for states across the world. It brought many risks of the violations of human rights, including right to privacy and the dignity of the person. That is why it is highly relevant to research in this area. That is why this article aims to analyse the role played by algorithms in discriminatory cases. It focuses on how algorithms may implement biased decisions using personal data. This analysis helps assess how the Artificial Intelligence Act proposal can regulate the matter to prevent the discriminatory effects of using algorithms.Methods: the methods used were empirical and comparative analysis. Comparative analysis allowed to compare regulation of and provisions of Artificial Intelligence Act proposal. Empirical analysis allowed to analyse existing cases that demonstrate us algorithmic discrimination.Results: the study’s results show that the Artificial Intelligence Act needs to be revised because it remains on a definitional level and needs to be sufficiently empirical. Author offers the ideas of how to improve it to make more empirical.Scientific novelty: the innovation granted by this contribution concerns the multidisciplinary study between discrimination, data protection and impact on empirical reality in the sphere of algorithmic discrimination and privacy protection.Practical significance: the beneficial impact of the article is to focus on the fact that algorithms obey instructions that are given based on the data that feeds them. Lacking abductive capabilities, algorithms merely act as obedient executors of the orders. Results of the research can be used as a basis for further research in this area as well as in law-making process.

Objective: the rapid expansion of the use of telemedicine in clinical practice and the increasing use of Artificial Intelligence has raised many privacy issues and concerns among legal scholars. Due to the sensitive nature of the data involved particular attention should be paid to the legal aspects of those systems. This article aimed to explore the legal implication of the use of Artificial Intelligence in the field of telemedicine, especially when continuous learning and automated decision-making systems are involved; in fact, providing personalized medicine through continuous learning systems may represent an additional risk. Particular attention is paid to vulnerable groups, such as children, the elderly, and severely ill patients, due to both the digital divide and the difficulty of expressing free consent.Methods: comparative and formal legal methods allowed to analyze current regulation of the Artificial Intelligence and set up its correlations with the regulation on telemedicine, GDPR and others.Results: legal implications of the use of Artificial Intelligence in telemedicine, especially when continuous learning and automated decision-making systems are involved were explored; author concluded that providing personalized medicine through continuous learning systems may represent an additional risk and offered the ways to minimize it. Author also focused on the issues of informed consent of vulnerable groups (children, elderly, severely ill patients).Scientific novelty: existing risks and issues that are arising from the use of Artificial Intelligence in telemedicine with particular attention to continuous learning systems are explored.Practical significance: results achieved in this paper can be used for lawmaking process in the sphere of use of Artificial Intelligence in telemedicine and as base for future research in this area as well as contribute to limited literature on the topic.

In Beizaras and Levickas v. Lithuania case (Application No. 41288/15), the European Court of Human Rights found violations of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as the Lithuanian law enforcement authorities had failed to start pre-investigation into allegations of homophobic hate speech directed against the applicants and the applicants thus suffered discrimination on the grounds of their sexual orientation. On 1 December 2021 the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, supervising execution of the final judgment of the Court, welcomed the execution measures taken by the Lithuanian authorities and decided to continue the examination of Beizaras and Levickas case under the standard procedure instead of the enhanced one. First, this article recapitalutes the individual and general measures taken by the Lithuanian authorities seeking to execute the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights and discerns the factors which led to effective execution of the judgment. Second, the article demonstrates the positive impact of effective execution on any other similar cases pending both at the domestic level and before the ECtHR not only against Lithuania, but also against other Contracting States.

Mass vaccination and its controversial assessments have become key issues under the COVID-19 pandemic. Outbreaks of diseases and popularity of anti-vaccination movements require a study of legal foundations for medical interventions and freedom restrictions which are considered as the result of serious risks to health and sanitary-epidemiological well-being of the population. The question is what should be prioritized - paternalistic powers of the state or individual rights and freedoms to decide what risks to take. In terms of responsibility distribution, people often consider vaccines as more dangerous than infectious diseases, which makes compulsory vaccination a legal phenomenon of particular importance. In the contemporary legislation, there are various national approaches to the individual autonomy and freedoms. In some countries, vaccination is directly linked to the possibility to study (USA), in others it is associated with public health (Australia), financial sanctions (Poland) or freedoms limitations (Pakistan). In terms of public health ethics, vaccination is similar to the use of seat-belts in cars, and compulsory vaccination policy is ethically justified by the same reasons as mandatory seat-belt laws: at first, they were met with great opposition; later the use of seat belts acquired the significance of not only a legal but also a social norm precisely because it was made mandatory. The similar approach is applicable to vaccination: the policy of compulsory vaccination can make it a social norm. However, in the legal perspective, compulsory vaccination is a compulsory medical intervention which raises the question about whether it is possible to limit individual rights and freedoms in the name of public health safety. The article considers contradictory issues in the state policy of compulsory vaccination and its legal support. The author presents a definition of compulsory vaccination, identifies its types, describes the specifics of its national legal regulation and sanctions for the refusal to be vaccinated, and explains its social necessity and expediency as a public good.

Positive experience in legal regulation of non-interference in private (personal and family) life of a person in criminal proceedings has been studied. The normative prescriptions of international legal acts have been analyzed, which guarantee non-interference in the private (personal and family) life of a person, and provide for cases of lawful restriction of this right. It has been determined that for a long period of time there have been intensive scientific discussions in democratic countries about the extent to which state interference in a person's private life can be allowed, i.e. considered legitimate. The urgency and importance of this issue is due to the fact that the intensification of social and political processes, which began to be connected to the world at the beginning of this century, have significantly influenced the reform of national legislation of Ukraine. The adoption of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine in 2012 was a significant event in this direction, as among the general principles of criminal proceedings, lawmakers provided for non-interference in private life. This is important for participants in criminal proceedings, as the content and form of criminal proceedings must comply with general principles. At the same time, the practice of implementing the provisions of the CPC of Ukraine does not always ensure the rights and freedoms of the individual, in particular non-interference in private life. The current legislation is not able to fully guarantee the successful resolution of certain problems that arise from time to time in the field of criminal justice. All this leads to a growing need of citizens to clearly define the limits of law enforcement intervention in private life. The international community, in particular the European Court of Human Rights, has repeatedly stressed that the rules of law of a restrictive nature must be of high quality, i.e. without ambiguity in their interpretation and application. Otherwise, it violates the right to non-interference in the private life.

Mass vaccination and its controversial assessments have become key issues under the covid-19 pandemic. Outbreaks of diseases and popularity of anti-vaccination movements require a study of legal foundations for medical interventions and freedom restrictions which are considered as the result of serious risks to health and sanitary-epidemiological well-being of the population. The question is what should be prioritized - paternalistic powers of the state or individual rights and freedoms to decide what risks to take. In terms of responsibility distribution, people often consider vaccines as more dangerous than infectious diseases [17], which makes compulsory vaccination a legal phenomenon of particular importance. In the contemporary legislation, there are various national approaches to the individual autonomy and freedoms. In some countries, vaccination is directly linked to the possibility to study (USA), in others it is associated with public health (Australia), financial sanctions (Poland) or freedoms limitations (Pakistan). In terms of public health ethics, vaccination is similar to the use of seat-belts in cars, and compulsory vaccination policy is ethically justified by the same reasons as mandatory seat-belt laws [8]: at first, they were met with great opposition; later the use of seat belts acquired the significance of not only a legal but also a social norm precisely because it was made mandatory [1]. The similar approach is applicable to vaccination: the policy of compulsory vaccination can make it a social norm. However, in the legal perspective, compulsory vaccination is a compulsory medical intervention which raises the question about whether it is possible to limit individual rights and freedoms in the name of public health safety. The article considers contradictory issues in the state policy of compulsory vaccination and its legal support. The author presents a definition of compulsory vaccination, identifies its types, describes the specifics of its national legal regulation and sanctions for the refusal to be vaccinated, and explains its social necessity and expediency as a public good.

The article investigates one of the fundamental principles of family law aimed at clarifying the boundaries between legal and arbitrary interference of the state and third parties in the affairs of the family. The Author argues that acts committed in accordance with the law and contrary to the principle of proportionality and proportionality do not constitute arbitrary interference in the affairs of the family. It is noted that at the moment the normative implementation of the principle of prohibition of voluntary interference in family affairs is controversial. On the one hand, the decriminalization of family violence is decreasing interference of state and society in the family business, on the other hand, we see the strengthening of the role of the juvenile justice system, which means the increase of state intervention in the affairs of the family.

The article raises the question of the relationship in the works of Konstantin Somov made in the style of the so-called «gallant scenes», and his art of portraiture and landscape. In the style of the gallant scenes the aesthetic orientation to the French Rococo paintings is obvious, but Somov knew and perfectly illustrated the key rococo novels. The scientific concept of Rococo allows us to understand it as the lifestyle of an era in which a new identity of a person is formed. One of the manifestations of this is the public lack of seriousness as a playful manifestation of self-determination of an individual, the other is recognition of the value of private life and an interest in its controversial intimate psychology, which has found itself most deeply in the art of the novel. It is shown that if in the Rococo of XVIII century these two features of the manifestation of the personal principle were internally connected then in Somov’s art they are sharply separated from each other. Public life in the so-called gallant scenes lose their inner content and become theatricality, the sophisticated beauty of a game of life as an exquisite work of culture and art. According to Somov this culture corresponds to the pure beauty of pictures of a tamed, artfully cropped nature as part of civilization. The beauty of the gallant world in the portraits is opposed by the beauty of the artist’s subtle penetration into the depth and uniqueness of the intimate inner life of a person which opens only to the artist’s eyes and is alienated from social reality. Nature in the colors and forms of landscapes by Somov reveals the beauty of a homely warm and gentle, then powerful and free power. This side of Somov's creative work allows a meaningful assessment of the elements of ambiguity and irony, a certain drama in the image of the naive gallant world blinded by the external and not aware of its conflict with life.

Despite numerous publications devoted to role of Vasily Shervinsky as public figure, organizer and researcher, information about his private life is almost not described in historical literature. The article presents an attempt, based on archival sources and not numerous testimonies of contemporaries, to draw up portrait of V. D. Shervinsky against the background of his medical, social and universal historical milieu.

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Protection is achieved by the rules of politeness, ethics, and common sense, which require of a person not to impose his/her presence, under any circumstances, if another person desires to be alone. Of course, if the infringement of these limits does occur, through acts of harassment against an individual, the criminal rules should be applied in full.

The article is concerned with the housing policy of Soviet state in pre-war and wartime, actualizes authorities' strategies, concerning housing problem solving, considers the projects of housing construction and its forms. Significant attention is attached to housing interior design and perception of housing conditions by the population of the day. It is stated that despite the efforts, made by the authorities, there was a lack of housing. Extracts from population appeals to the Soviet leadership, quoted in the article, confirm the difficulties in getting the housing. At the same time, the analysis of oral recollections by the participants and eyewitnesses of the Great Patriotic War enables to conclude that the housing was perceived as the necessary sign of wealth, dependent on state's opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the faith and superstitions of the Soviet citizens in the frontline and in the rear during the Great Patriotic War. The study of the religion history in the USSR in 1941-1945 was significantly influenced by ideology. This theme has been thoroughly studied in recent years, but the attention is mainly attached to its institutional aspects and the role of religion in lives of Soviet citizens is still little-studied. Nevertheless, by the start of war, considerable part of the population maintained its religious beliefs, despite the anti-religious policy of the Soviet authorities. The war increased the faith of Soviet citizens in the frontline, in the rear and within the occupied territory. It was mainly caused by the extreme wartime situation. Different superstitions and omens gained a wide circulation. Despite the fact that they had different content, both rites and prayers, acknowledged by the church and the omens and superstitions, rejected by the church have become the necessary ways of people psychological adaptation to wartime severities and hardships. The conclusions, which were made with the help of different sources, such as official documents, statistical data, both published and collected in the course of work under the theme of participants and eyewitnesses' recollections, help us to imagine the collective consciousness of the Soviet society during the Great Patriotic War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]