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Spatio-temporal variability of air temperatures and wind speeds in the atmosphere boundary layer essentially affects on the characteristics of our planet’s landscape shell and heat – moisture exchanges from its surface to atmosphere. Among the most significant factors of these processes in many parts of the land are greenhouse effect variations in the Earth atmosphere’s segments., Пространственно-временная изменчивость температур воздуха и скорости ветра в приземном слое земной атмосферы существенно влияет на особенности развития ландшафтной оболочки нашей планеты, на обмен теплом и влагой ее поверхности с атмосферой. К числу наиболее существенных факторов этих процессов во многих регионах суши, являются вариации парникового эффекта в сегментах земной атмосферы. Исследованы особенности природных связей между изменениями среднегодовых значений поверхностных температур океанических акваторий, между температурами воздуха и модулем скорости ветра в приземном слое атмосферы над теми регионами суши, которые расположены в зонах влияния акваторий. Сопоставлена роль усредненных за десятилетие изменений указанных региональных характеристик метеоусловий, выявленных связей, также увеличения содержания в атмосфере парниковых газов, проявляющаяся в регионах с различными типами климата, согласно классификации Б.П. Алисова., На суходолі, де у формуванні клімату роль Світового океану не домінувала, під час сучасного потепління приземного шару атмосфери відбувалося стійке підвищення пересічних за десятиліття річних температур (СДТ) та швидкостей вітру (СДВ). Ці процеси обумовлені підвищенням впливу тепличного ефекту в земній атмосфері. В регіонах із морським та мусонним кліматом особливості змінення пересічних температур та швидкостей вітрів в 1973-2011 рр. суттєво залежали від характеру розподілу поверхневих температур тих акваторій, де прирощення температури завдають найбільшого впливу на поверхню океану. Під впливом суттєвого зростання площі тих акваторій Світового океану, в яких поточних десятиліть відбувається охолодження поверхневої води, на суходолі з морським та муссонним кліматом розвивається досить значне зростання пересічних швидкостей вітрів. В аналогічних регіонах в помірний кліматичній смузі та північніше відбувається зменшення температур. Але в Екваторіальній, Субакваториальній та Тропічній смугах значення пересічних температур продовжує зростати. Результати, що отримані, в цілому відповідають сучасним уявленням про вплив Світового океану та парникових газів в атмосфері на зміни характеристик її приземного шару.

The data on the strength of sea ice obtained in the course of explorations in the Sea of Okhotsk are compared with the results of calculations for the purpose to test the applicability of analytical methods to the conditions of this Sea. Two groups of samples were used to determine the ice strength limit. The first group included samples obtained from smooth drifting ice fields, and the second one were samples obtained from ice blocks similar to hummocks on a surface of an ice field. The measured characteristics of the temperature and electrical conductivity of ice were used in calculations using empirical formulas. The calculated values of the ice strength limits were compared with the measurements. Note, that application of the ISO 19906:2008 methodology (International Technical Standard) provided greater variety of strength values of both smooth and hummocky ice, and the SP 38.13330.2012 methodology (Russian Technical Standard) underestimated the values. The algorithms from the «Guidelines for Calculating Ice Strength Limits» are suitable for estimating mean values, but do not provide comparable root-mean-square deviation values with real data of direct measurements. The results of calculating the strength characteristics allow us to conclude that to obtain the extremely possible strength values the direct measurements (field tests) are necessary. ISO 19906:2008 is most suitable for estimating the values of smooth ice from the methods under consideration, and the algorithm from the «Methodical Letter on calculating Ice Strength Limits» is better to use for an average assessment of ice blocks.

Using the example of the Kara Sea, the possibility to calculate values of the thickness and strength characteristics of ice of rare occurrence for areas of marine waters with seasonal ice cover, where field observations are absent, is considered. A method for obtaining climatic characteristics of meteorological elements for conditions of different occurrence (extreme values) has been developed. It is based on the selection of a statistical distribution law for the «freezing degree-days» (FDD). On the basis of the obtained sums of the degree-days, the restoration of daily values of the air temperature is carried out. This technique can be applied to areas of the Arctic seas with seasonal ice cover. The obtained climatic characteristics allow us to estimate the strength properties and thickness of sea ice using a thermodynamic model. The proposed method makes it possible to calculate values of the thickness and strength characteristics of ice for the entire water area of the Kara Sea. For average climatic conditions, the calculated estimates of the periods of stable ice formation, thickness and strength characteristics of ice are in good agreement with the results of field observations. It is established that the moment of maximum ice strength does not coincide with the time when the ice reaches its maximum thickness. The characteristics of the ice cover calculated for conditions of rare occurrence also do not contradict the values observed in nature. The differences in the duration of the ice season in the south-western part of the sea from the north-eastern part, obtained under climatic conditions of different occurrence, are shown.

The features of the implementation of the algorithm for the synthesis of detail radar images for an aperture synthesis radar using the built-in functions of the Cuda library are presented. The estimation of computational complexity from the standpoint of the organization of parallel computing on Nvidia GPUs is given. The estimation of the real performance of radar synthesis is given, taking into account the volume and features of the placement of primary radar information.

Experiments on measuring the rate of evaporation of liquid sessile droplets into air show that the rate of evaporation increases in the presence of forced convection flows. However, data on the effect of convection on evaporation are often contradictory and should be clarified. The paper presents a numerical analysis of evaporation from the surface of a water droplet subjected to forced convection in the gas phase. The drop is located on a smooth horizontal isothermal substrate; the mode with constant contact angle is considered. The shape of the drop has axial symmetry, the same for the velocities and pressure. Forced convection compatible with the symmetry conditions are represented by flows directed downward along the axis of the system and diverging along the sides near the drop and the substrate. The mathematical model is constructed for evaporation controlled by diffusion in the gas phase and takes into account surface tension, gravity, and viscosity in both media, buoyancy and Marangoni convection. The results indicate the existence of the mutual influence of liquid and gaseous media. Thus, a drop vibrates under the influence of movements in the atmosphere, which generates a density wave in the gas: the drop «sounds». The magnitude of the velocity in a liquid is 50 times less than the characteristic velocity in air. It is found that the evaporation rate does not change in the presence of forced convection flows, which contradicts most of the experimental works. The reason for the discrepancies is supposed to be the appearance of nonequilibrium conditions at the boundary of the condensed phase: under these conditions, the evaporation regime ceases to be diffusional.

Introduction. The analysis of the current state and prospects of space-based radar surveillance tools is important for determining their functions in global aerospace information systems, which aim to monitor air and space, as well as the Earth's surface. Radar surveillance information is used for the purposes of economic analysis, environmental monitoring, mineral search, emergency monitoring, detection and recognition of specified object s at sea and on land, as well as for ensuring national security. In this regard, it is of relevance to develop methods for preliminary assessment of the resolution capacity of novel high-precision onboard radar systems installed on a spacecraft, considering their main technical characteristics, the parameters of the spacecraft movement and the influence of the atmosphere. A priori estimation of spatial resolution values requires a method for calculating the corresponding indicators meeting the required quality of the synthesized radio holograms.Aim. To derive mathematical dependencies and logical rules allowing a priori estimation of the spatial resolution of radar images obtained by the onboard equipment of a radar complex.Materials and methods. Analytical methods were used to determine the resolution error of onboard radar systems with a synthesized aperture in the lateral (azimuthal) direction and range, as well as the theory of radar signal processing.Results. A comparison of the experimental and analytical data on the resolution capacity of an actual radar system confirmed the validity on the proposed method. The developed methodology was used to determine the procedure of calculating the error when estimating the resolution capacity in terms of azimuth and range. Conclusion. The proposed method can be used for both designing novel radar systems and comparing existing radar complexes, depending on the resolution requirements.

Introduction. Synthetic aperture radars (SAR) are important components of aviation-based systems for remote sensing of the Earth. The current level of such systems allows simultaneous radar surveys in several frequency ranges. Such surveys require complexing of the images formed in each of the frequency channels, which task is yet to be resolved.Aim. To review the formation principles and methods for joint processing of images using space and aviation-based multi-band synthetic aperture radar systems.Materials and methods. The methodology of systems analysis, involving the integral stages of decomposition, analysis and synthesis, was used. Decomposition of integrating multi-band radar images was performed considering the effect of various factors on the characteristics of radar images in different frequency ranges. Such factors include the principles of radar imaging, issues of radar images of multi-band synthetic aperture radars with real characteristics, and complexing levels.Results. According to the classical systems approach, the results of review and analysis are corresponded by appropriate conclusions on the shortcomings of each decomposition element and the synthesis of a proposal for achieving the goal. It was shown that joint processing of multi-band radar images can be carried out at the levels of signals, pixels, features and solutions, as well as their aggregates. Each approach is characterised by its shortcomings, which impede implementation of full integration of multi-band radar images without loss of information, which is due to the absence of information redundancy of radar images, compared to, e.g., optical images.Conclusion. Recommendations on the application of a particular method and the synthesis of a system for radar complexing images based on the texture-fractal approach were formulated. Directions for further work meeting all the requirements for completeness, reliability and information content of remote sensing of the Earth were outlined.

This work is devoted to the wave energy in the Caspian Sea analysis for the period from 1979 to 2020. Wave energy calculations were performed using the WAVEWATCH III wave model on an irregular grid with a step of up to 900 m in the coastal zone. Results are obtained on the spatial variability of the wave energy flux and its seasonal variability. The maximum values of the energy flux are about 5 kW/m of the wave front and appear in the central part of the Caspian Sea. Availability of wave energy of 1 kW/m in the central part of the Caspian Sea is 50-55%, in the northern part – no more than 20%, and in the southern part – 30-45%. The seasonal variability of the energy flux analysis for three points located in different parts of the sea has been carried out. Seasonal changes in the energy flow are most pronounced in the central part of the sea: in the summer months, the energy flow is 2-5 kW/m, and in winter it increases to 7-10 kW/m. The maximum average monthly flow of wave energy was 18.5 kW/m of the wave front.

Relevance. The urgent task of the technical and economic development of the Northern and Eastern regions of Russia is to provide reliable and efficient power supply to consumers, geographically located in remote, hard-to-reach areas. The use of wind power plants is a promising way to solve this problem. The primary task of the design and feasibility study of the use of wind power plants is to predict changes in wind speeds at the site of the power plant installation. The stochastic nature of the wind and its spatiotemporal variability explain the high complexity of this problem, for the solution of which the methods of mathematical modeling are used. The known models of wind speed based on Markov chains, autoregressive moving-average and other discrete models do not allow varying the time step, which does not allow their use for simulation of operating modes of wind turbines and wind energy systems. The article proposes a model of wind speed based on the stochastic differential equation which eliminates this drawback. The aim of the study is to construct wind speed model based on fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process with a periodic long-term mean, which provides modeling of static and dynamic modes of operation of a wind power plant at different time intervals. Methods: mathematical and computer modeling using Matlab/Simulink software environment. Results. The proposed model, in contrast to the known SDE-based models, is able to produce autocorrelated wind speed trajectories with long-term dependence, daily and monthly variations to perform more detailed simulation of the operating modes of wind turbines at different time intervals with the required time step. The model was tested using the data of climatic observations of wind speed obtained from electronic archive of the All-Russian Institute of Hydrometeorological Information. The model adequacy was evaluated by comparing characteristics of simulated wind speed trajectories with actual observations collected at 518 weather stations located on territory of Russia.

Aim. The work is aimed at revealing the similarity of the conditions for the appearance of the strongest modern El Niño of 1997-1998 and 2015-2016 (which are united by 120, 125, 130 Saros series of solar eclipses) years. Methodology. Scientific works on the causes and classification of El Niño events are studied. The coincidences in the trajectories of equatorial solar eclipses during the final phase of the El Niño formation are analyzed. Results. The extreme ENSO events identified by the MSU staff are distributed as follows: fifteen years out of eighteen with La Niña events (except for 1955, 1965, 1976) were years with two polar eclipses and, as a rule, preceded the years with El Niño. A feature of eleven out of twelve years with January El Niño (with the exception of 1978) was the presence of trajectories of solar eclipses, passing through the waters of the tropical and equatorial regions of the Pacific or Indian (with access to the west of the Pacific) oceans. In some years, the trajectory of the eclipse began in Southeast Asia. These differences in astronomical events during the formation of El Niño and La Niña indicate the need to take into account the influence of the forces of celestial mechanics in the form of synchronization of the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun, and their rather complex role in terrestrial processes. Research implications. The reasons shaping the launch of Madden-Julian oscillations and abnormal westerly winds (which are a necessary condition for the emergence of El Niño), may be the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun and their synchronization during the month, before and after the moment of the eclipse, in the western Pacific Ocean, in the Indian Ocean, in South-East Asia. Gravitational forces, depending on the configuration of the eclipse trajectory, involve air masses in tropical and equatorial latitudes in an anomalous western transfer, with south- or north-western components. Polar eclipses at high latitudes can amplify polar tides, creating surf waves, and become a trigger to changes in the speed and amplitude of Kelvin and Rossby waves, especially when polar eclipses change to equatorial ones.

Aim. Geometric properties of ice-phobic surfaces are mathematically simulated to provide the anti-icing effect. Methodology. Numerical calculations of droplet motion in the vicinity of a cylinder simulating the leading edge of a wing relies on the use of previously published mathematical models of physical processes. Results. As applied to the problem of icing of aircrafts, the relief configuration of hydrophobic coatings of a solid is estimated in air flow with supercooled droplets, in which liquid drops do not freeze to the streamlined body as a result of collisions with its surface. Research implications. The results of the study can be used to produce a relief of a hydrophobic coating for a specific range of flying vehicle flight conditions.

The linear wind load on the wires and cables acting perpendicular to the wire depends on the angle between the direction of the wind and the axis of the overhead line. In the methodology of mechanical calculation of wires and cables, it is recommended to take the wind directed at an angle of 90° to the axis of span and it is not specified which side the wind blows from. For spans of air, this is not so much significant as for switchgear spans, where the deviations of the wires depend on the direction of action of the taps to the electrical apparatus. The article discusses various options for the location of taps and their effect on the wire, as well as changing the direction of the wind. An algorithm for calculating the horizontal deviation of a flexible wire and its increase coefficients in the presence of horizontal concentrated loads due to the action of windon spacers, barriers, taps to electrical apparatuses and other structural elements of substations and overhead lines is given. In the absence of wind, horizontal concentrated loads and deviations occur when an arrangement of the taps is non-keel. The formulas for calculating the horizontal component of the load coefficient to solve the equation of state in the presence of horizontal concentrated forces acting in any direction have been derived. The results of the mechanical calculation are obtained for the cases of one and two horizontal concentrated forces, differently oriented with respect to the distributed wind load. In design practice it is recommended to take the wind flow in the direction of the action of horizontal concentrated forces, since in this case the greatest horizontal deviations and load factors are obtained. The reduction in the coefficients of the horizontal load occurs when the current lead is unloaded because of the opposite directions of the wind and horizontal concentrated forces. In the absence of wind, it is proposed to use the formulas for calculating horizontal deviations and load after finding the product of the coefficient of increase in horizontal deviations and the horizontal component of the coefficient of load per linear load.

We analyzed data on the spatial distribution (density) of large breaks (gaps) in the drifting sea ice cover in the Western Arctic for the period from October 2005 to September 2017, obtained through decoding of lowresolution images from the NOAA satellites. The specific length of gaps, which is the total length of them over an area of 1 km2, is used as a characteristic of the spatial density. It was found that along the continental slope, approximately from the meridian 70° E to the Lincoln Sea, there is a well-defined area of high density, which remains throughout most part of the ice cycle. In this area, the values of the specific gap length averaged over two-month periods exceeded 24 m/km2. In the near-polar region, the density of breaks was smaller throughout the whole ice cycle. The least values of the specific length take place in May–June that is caused by changes in the general state of the ice cover. It was determined that the density of gaps in this area of the Arctic basin well correlated with the speed of wind drift of ice: the more intensive the drift, the larger the density. On the continental slope, two local zones with maximum values of the specific length of breaks reaching 32 m/km2 are considered. It is suggested that the stability of their location in space and time is connected with the increased influence of tidal processes on the deformation of the ice cover over local bottom elevations on the continental slope. A correlation between the bottom profile and the values of the specific length of the gaps along two conditional lines passing through the maximum value zones did show that the largest values of the density are noticed in areas with significant gradients of the depth.

For the first time, data on stability of stationary convective filtration within infinite horizontal layer of snow covering the flat surface of floating ice is presented in this article. An analytical solution of the linearized problem was obtained with the use of the Galerkin method, and the parametric analysis of the problem was performed. It was found that the stability criteria (Rayleigh filtration numbers) obtained with consideration for the heat exchange of snow cover with the atmosphere did not exceed the known value of 4π2 for a horizontal porous layer with impermeable isothermal boundaries. As expected, the interaction with the atmosphere has the most significant impact on the critical Rayleigh numbers, while influence of variations in snow density and ice thickness and the thickness of the underlying layer of ice are small. Based on data of ice and meteorological observations made in the winter of 2015/16 in the Western part of the Laptev Sea together with calculations of the fast ice evolution, the values and temporal variability of temperature gradients and the Rayleigh numbers in the snow cover were obtained using a thermodynamic model. It was found that both, the model and observed magnitudes, exceeded their critical values determined by solving the stability problem. The conclusion is made that the convective regime of the heat transfer does really exist in the snow cover, and thus its contribution to the thermal and mass balance of sea ice during winter period should be taken into account.

The heterogeneity of the strength of the ice field of the dynamic type of formation with an area of 800 m2 was investigated in time and space. It is shown that stationary periodic wave structures are formed in a closed volume of an ice field lying on the surface of a liquid in a rectangular basin. In a case of absence of any external influences, the dominant source of elastic waves in the ice is the coherent radiation of them on freezing of water, i.e. the ice field itself. Another wave structures, i.e. standing waves, form secondary ice textures in the ice field with diminished strength. Local hardness of ice was chosen as the criterion of strength. The recurrence of local hardness values as a function of coordinates of the measurement points in the longitudinal and transverse profiles of the ice field was determined. The hardness values vary from 40 to 60% with an axial force measurement error of 5%. The experimental relations are approximated by periodic curves, in which the maxima and minima of local hardness correlate with the nodes and antinodes of standing waves, respectively. The decrease in local ice hardness in the secondary textures is explained by high-frequency dynamic metamorphism. The wavelengths corresponding to bending-gravitational and longitudinal waves are identified, with the interference of which stationary periodic wave structures are formed. A similar regularity of changes in local hardness was revealed also in a river ice. The results obtained allow us to consider nonlinear wave phenomena as one of the factors controlling the spatial-temporal variability of the ice strength characteristics.

Relevance. The power provided by generating stations based on wind and solar energy depends on the state of the environment at a particular geographical point, the prevailing wind speeds and the level of solar insolation. The wind speeds and solar insolation characterizing patterns are probabilistic in nature and depend on the terrain and season. This means that the power provided by generating stations based on renewable energy sources is also probabilistic. Risks associated with an inaccurate knowledge of the probabilistic patterns describing renewable energy sources, as well as the unpredictability (uncertainty) of the natural environment affecting renewable energy sources, are the reasons why system operators do not take into account such stations in calculating the power balance. This situation does not allow considering the generating stations as full-fledged market participants, covering the flow of investments in such projects. Accurate determination of the output power distribution laws for solar and wind power stations, based on the wind speed and solar insolation data analysis can significantly help system operators in power predicting of the power stations. Aim of study is building models of distribution laws that best describe the results of wind speed and solar insolation observations, as well as models of distribution laws for the generated power of wind and solar stations. Methods: methods for estimating the parameters of distribution laws, methods for testing statistical hypotheses. Results. It is shown, that the 3rd kind of beta distribution laws and their mixtures describe the series of measured wind speed and solar insolation better in the territory. The same concerning the probability distribution of the wind and solar stations power. Distribution law models for wind speed, solar insolation and power of the corresponding stations are constructed. It is shown that on the basis of the law of the distribution of wind speed and the mathematical relationships that connect power with wind speed, good models can be constructed for the probability distributions of power of wind power stations. The models can be used as an auxiliary tool for power system operators to predict output power.

The paper presents the available experimental data on ice 0 and the assumed objects of the cryosphere in which it can exist. This ice is formed from supercooled volumetric water, and it precedes the formation of ices Ih or Ic, at temperatures below −23 °C. This crystalline modification has been recently predicted by computer simulations using methods of molecular dynamics. Ice 0 was then experimentally found by electromagnetic investigation of wetted nanoporous media. Interest in this modification of ice was aroused due to its special physical and chemical characteristics. A singularity of ice 0 is that it is a ferroelectric that has a high static dielectric constant. When ferroelectric ice 0 contacts other dielectrics at their boundaries a thin layer is formed due to the diffusion of electric charges, and its electrical conductivity is higher than that of the contacting media. High electrical conductivity in thin films allows investigating frozen dispersed media containing ice 0 using non-contact electromagnetic measurement methods. As this takes place, it becomes possible to register water freezing processes in objects existing at temperatures of −23 ÷ −100 C using microwave spectroscopy and remote sensing methods. It is assumed that ice 0 is involved in chemical transformations in different objects of the cryosphere – in the atmosphere, and vegetation and soil covers. Its formation in the pores of materials of man-made structures may exert influence on the life-time of mechanisms and structures at low temperatures due to increased electrocorrosion. Ice 0 is assumed to exist on cold planets and their moons. That is why studying the possibility of ice 0 appearing in different objects of the natural environment at negative temperatures is so important for understanding their properties and developing remote sensing methods.

The Arctic Portal of the Laboratory of Satellite Oceanography of the Russian State Hydrometeorological University is an open geo-informational system designed for operational monitoring of the sea ice–ocean–atmosphere system in the Arctic. Possibilities to use the Arctic Portal for the Arctic sea ice monitoring on the basis of satellite data, as well as the types of satellite measurements suitable for studying the properties of sea ice: active and passive microwave data; data of spectral radiometers in the infrared (IR) and visible ranges are considered. Every type of satellite data has certain limitations. For the study of sea ice the most suitable are the all-season remote sensing data – measurements of microwave instruments, independent of clouds and time of a day. Existing in the world resources of the sea ice maps and satellite data on sea ice are either closed for users or limited in their informational content. Several types of satellite data are currently available on the Arctic portal: Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, 8-day averaged MODIS reflectivity data, optical and IR MODIS data of original time and spatial resolution, Norwegian Meteorological University sea ice maps, and data on consolidation of sea ice, based on passive microwave radiometer measurements. Some data is additionally available in the test mode. The effectiveness of combined use of various satellite data on the sea ice is proved by the examples of sea ice analyses.

The relevance of the research is dictated by the need to develop mathematical models of microwave heating and MV-drying of wet materials to obtain technologically optimal and cost-effective modes. This publication is a continuation of the articles of the same authors in The Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Assets Engineering, in which using mathematical modeling, the authors have studied in details the process at the first and second stages of drying – the heating stage, when heat exchange between the surface of a wet body and the environment occurs due to radiation and convection, and microwave energy is absorbed by the surface layer owing to its small penetration depth, as well as the stage of constant drying rate. The authors constructed the asymptotic solutions of this nonlinear problem for small and large values ​​of dimensionless time, which are demanded by engineering practice, both for parametric analysis and for performing operational calculations. The approach associated with the consideration of the third stage – the stage of the falling drying rate, is based on determination of the basic drying equation, which provides the relationship between heat transfer and moisture exchange using the Rebinder criterion. The aim of the researchis tostate the problem of the third stage of microwave drying of a wet material – the stage of a falling drying rate, and to implement a theoretical solution to determine temperature field distribution over the layer thickness and the drying rate. The object of the research is a flat layer of wet material – coal, sand, wood, etc. capillary-porous arrays, which are affected by microwave radiation. Such materials have a high dielectric constant and, as a result, very effectively absorb microwave radiation, which is almost 100% converted to thermal energy. The research methodsare associated with mathematical modeling, which are based on the equations of Maxwell’s electrodynamics and heat and moisture transfer by A.V. Lykov. In this article, when assessing the parameters of heat and moisture transfer, heat transfer accounting is conducted in more details than mass transfer. One of the features of this problem is the consideration of materials with a small depth of absorption, whereby the source term in the system of equations for heating is in the boundary condition. The temperature and moisture content of the body to be dried were determined in the mode of the falling drying speed, the calculated analytical ratios for small and large parameters of time were obtained.

Relevance of the research is defined by the necessity in optimization of coal exploration well geophysical researches by means of pulsed-neutron-neutron logging. Formulation of the problem is conditioned by modern tendencies of coal industry development and new instrumental and technical elaborations at exploration and borehole geophysics. The aim of the research is to show the opportunities and effectiveness of pulsed-neutron-neutron logging at coal exploration wells on materials of experienced-experimental works in Eastern Donbass. Object: logs of pulsed-neutron-neutron logging registered in coal exploration wells of Eastern Donbass. Methods: analysis of pulsed neutron-neutron logging logging curves for the effectiveness of using the method in a standard complex for solving problems posed by the geological service for identifying: 1) targets, i. e. coal seams with the definition of their position in the section; 2) rocks containing coal seams. Outcomes of the research. The application of pulsed-neutron-neutron logging for the study of geological sections of the coal wells was justified. The authors have studied qualitative and quantitative characteristics of thermal neutrons lifetime in rocks of the coal-bearing strata. The paper demonstrates the opportunities of the method by estimation of mark composition of coal and their ash content. The authors carried out the well logging curves matching registered at differ temporary delays and with different velocity of logging zond lifting on subject to choosing optimal conditions of geophysical work by this method. It was established that all the lithological differences including thin coal layer are unambiguously distinguished by the pulsed-neutron-neutron logging method. There authors analyzed the pulsed-neutron-neutron logging resolution on the background of well logging curves of geophysical well survey complex including the methods of electrical, radioactive, acoustical well logging and caliper. The accent was made on positive sides and drawbacks of gamma-gamma well logging with soft source. The authors suggested replace GGK-S research by pulsed-neutron-neutron logging logging in the presence of organizational and technical difficulties.

The article presents an approach of modeling and forecasting of migration flows based on system dynamics and an example of using this approach.

The relevance of the research is dictated by the need to develop mathematical models of microwave heating and MW-drying of wet materials to obtain technologically optimal and cost-effective modes. This publication is a continuation of the article by the same authors in «Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Assets Engineering», in which the authors using mathematical modeling, studied in detail the process at the first stage of drying –the heating stage, when heat exchange between the surface of a moist body and the environment is due to radiation and convection – energy is absorbed by the surface layer due to its small depth of penetration. The authors constructed the asymptotic solutions of this nonlinear problem for small and large values ​​of dimensionless time demanded by engineering practice, both for parametric analysis, and for carrying out operational calculations. The approach associated with the consideration of the second stage, the stage of constant drying rate, is based on a more detailed study of heat transfer, and the calculation of the rate of drying is carried out using the approximation dependence of A.V. Lykov. The paper proposes a condition for cross-linking of thermal modes of I and II stages of drying. The aim of the research is the state of the problem of the second stage of microwave drying of wet material – a stage of constant drying rate – and implementation of a theoretical solution to determine the distribution of the temperature field across the layer thickness and the magnitude of the drying rate. The object of the research is a flat layer of wet material – coal, sand, wood, and other capillary-porous arrays, which are affected by microwave radiation. Such materials have a high dielectric constant and, as a result, very effectively absorb microwave radiation, which is almost 100 % converted to thermal energy. The research methods are associated with mathematical modeling, which are based on Maxwell's electrodynamics equations and A.V. Lykov heat and moisture transfer. In this article, the Maxwell problem is solved independently of the problem of heat and mass transfer; therefore, the flux density absorbed by microwave radiation is known. Also, one of the features of this problem is the consideration of materials with a small absorption depth, that is why the source term in the system of equations for heating is in the boundary condition. As a result of the research, the authors involving the stationary temperature field conditions and the constancy of the moisture content flux density over time stated and solved the problem of temperature field distribution across the thickness of the wet plate, which strictly follows the square parabolic law. The drying speed of the II stage and the critical moisture content at the end of the II stage were determined from A,V. Lykov correlation dependencies. The paper introduces the stitching solutions for the I and II stages and the analysis of the constructed solutions.

In this paper, the authors presented the results of the study of the convective drying kinetics of various types of natural leather in a free state using heated air when changing the regime parameters of drying in a wide range. The results of processing experimental data using stable generalized variables for the drying process are presented. The article provides approximate experimental equations for determining the duration of drying, the density of heat fluxes, the intensity of evaporation of moisture, the temperature in the period of the falling drying rate. Also, the authors detected a relationship between the complex variables of the drying process. The proposed method for calculating the kinetics of drying of leathers allows one to determine with sufficient accuracy all the main kinetic characteristics of the drying process. For the purpose of the analysis, the validity of the obtained equations was verified and the experimental and calculated values of the parameters were compared using the obtained equations.

The total leakage reactance of the transformer with concentric cylindrical windings depends on the thickness of the coils and the gap between them. Existing methods do not allow measuring reactance of scattering for each winding of a transformer separately, therefore, for simplicity they are often considered equal to each other. In fact, in relation to the case under consideration, they are essentially not equal. In fact, the calculation of the flux linkage of the external winding shows that its reactive scattering resistance is greater than the total scattering resistance of both windings. Two circumstances follow from this. First, the internal winding of the transformer absorbs magnetic flux to a greater extent than it scatters (scatters its magnetic flux, absorbs from the external winding). The second is that its (equivalent) scattering reactance is capacitive. The purpose of the study is to justify the possibility of experimental determination of the scattering reactance for each transformer winding separately. The relevance of the work is due to the widespread distribution of transformers. The dissipation reactance of each winding of the transformer individually can be determined by at least three experimental methods that give satisfactory agreement between the results. An almost paradoxical result is the capacitive nature of the scattering resistance of the inner winding of the transformer obtained only for concentric cylindrical windings. It should not be generalized to other types of windings. The presented experimental methods are not tied to the nature of the reactivity of scattering resistances. They are universal and can be used with any type of windings. The results obtained are recommended for use in the design and study of transformers.

Problem Statement and Purpose. Formation of hydrometeorological characteristics at 850 liPa level is governed with the processes of interaction of the underlying surface with the surface layer of air and. at the same time, processes in the middle troposphere. Such processes assume the presence of inhomogeneities in the fields of various hydrometeorological characteristics over the North Atlantic basin and the adjoining land area. Clusterization of the average monthly fields of air temperature, mass fraction of water vapor at 850 hPa level, the calculation of the statistical characteristics of the proper homogeneous zones is the goal of this work and. at the same time, part of a more general study related to the determination of regions of intense interaction between the processes that form the hydrometeorological characteristics of the atmosphere and the ocean in Northern Atlantic, as analogues of energy-active zones.Data & Methods. As a research object for investigation the fields of mean monthly air temperatures and the mass fraction of water vapor given at nodes of the regular grid of points 2.5°x2.5° in the Northern Atlantic from 1957 to 2002 (November- March ). were taken. In order to identify homogeneous regions in the fields of these hydrometeorological characteristics, the algorithm of the Universal iterative method of data clusterization is used. This method is based on known parametric and nonparametric criteria: Euclidean distance. Fisher criteria. Cramer-Welch criteria and omega-square criteria (Lelmiann-Roseblatt).Results. The clusterization schemes proposed are verified from both physical and statistical points of view. The general structure of the obtained homogeneous zones of air temperature and humidity has a latitudinal direction: their dimensions along the latitudinal circle are much higher than the meridional ones. The results of clusterization correspond to processes of turbulent transfer of heat and moisture, circulation patterns in the atmosphere and the ocean. Analysis of the variability of the boundaries of homogeneous regions, the mean values of representative vectors, variances, mean square deviations over subsequent time intervals, will help to determine the features of climate variability by the example of the fields of the hydrometeorological characteristics in question., Предлагаются схемы районирования полей температуры воздуха и массовой доли водяного пара на поверхности 850 гПа над Северной Атлантикой, вы­полненного с помощью Универсального итерационного метода кластеризации данных. Приведен физический и статистический анализ полученных схем кла­стеризации. Определены общие черты, и различия в распределениях полей зна­чений температуры и массовой доли водяного пара., Пропонуються схеми районування полів гідрометеорологічних характеристик на поверхні 850 гПа над Північною Атлантикою, виконаного за допомогою клас­терного аналізу. Об'єктом для дослідження були обрані поля середньомісячних температур повітря і масової частки водяної пари, задані в вузлах регулярної сітки точок 2.5° 2.5° в районі Північної Атлантики з 1957 по 2002 рр. (листо- пад-березень). В цей час в помірних і північних широтах найбільш яскраво про­являється інтенсивна взаємодія між атмосферою і океаном: океан віддає тепло, накопичене в теплі місяці, що зумовлює, зокрема, інтенсифікацію потоків при­хованого і явного тепла. Для виділення однорідних регіонів в по.лях зазначених гідрометеорологічних характеристик був використаний алгоритм Універсально­го ітераційоного методу кластеризації даних. Даний метод заснований на відо­мих параметричних і непараметричних критеріях: Евклідової відстані, критерії Фішера. критерії Крамера-Уелча і критерії омега-квадрат (Лемана-Розеблатта). Наведено фізичний і статистичний аналіз отриманих схем кластеризації. Ви­значено загальні риси, і відмінності в розподілах полів значень температури і масової частки водяної пари. Загальна структура отриманих однорідних зон температури повітря і вологості має широтну спрямованість: їх розміри вздовж широтного кола значно перевищують меридіональні. Результати кластеризації відповідають процесам турбулентного перенесення тепла і вологи, циркуляцій­ним умовам в атмосфері і океані. Аналіз мінливості меж однорідних районів, середніх значень репрезентативних векторів, дисперсій, середньоквадратичних відхилень протягом наступних часових інтервалів, допоможе визначити особли­вості мінливості клімату на прикладі полів розглянутих гідрометеорологічних характеристик.

The relevance of the research is determined by the need to develop mathematical models of microwave heating and MW-drying of wet materials to obtain technologically optimal and cost-effective modes. Due to the complexity and non-linearity of the processes taking place inside wet materials during microwave processing, it is extremely important to build models that would allow one to construct analytically approximate solutions in order to find the main laws and characteristic features of the processes under consideration. The aim of the research is to state the first stage of the microwave drying of wet material – the warm-up phase. The search for analytical solution for the temperature of the layer at different points in time allows us to determine the beginning of the next stage – drying. The object of the research is a flat layer of wet material – coal, sand, wood and other capillary-porous arrays, which are affected by microwave radiation. Such materials have a high dielectric constant and, as a result, they very efficiently absorb microwave radiation, which is almost 100 % converted to thermal energy. The methods are associated with mathematical modeling, which are based on Maxwell electrodynamics equations and heat and moisture transfer of A.V. Lykov. In this article, the Maxwell problem is solved independently on the problem of heat and mass transfer; therefore, the flux density of the absorbed microwave radiation is assumed to be known. Also, one of the features of this problem is the consideration of materials with a small depth of absorption, whereby the source term in the system of equations for heating is in the boundary condition. As a result of the research the problem of heat transfer at a given power source of heat was solved using asymptotic procedures. The authors have obtained approximate analytical solutions for the first of the three characteristic stages of microwave drying under conditions of low penetration depth of microwaves: the warm-up stage of a moist material. The constructed solutions were analyzed.

As a result of the work performed at the BARNEO drifting stations (2013-2015 in the polar region of the Arctic ocean), a comprehensive testing was carried out and new data were obtained on the structure of one-year sea ice, its salinity, the distribution of ions of water-soluble salts, and the content of isotopes δ2H and δ18O within the ice thickness and snow falling on the ice surface. The composition of gas inclusions in the ice was also determined. The distribution of electrical conductivity across the ice thickness, determined by analysis of the cores with a length of 175-178 cm, is typical for such ice - it decreases from top to bottom with two maxima on the lower and upper boundaries of the ice. This is typical characteristic of the first-year sea-ice. Snow cover is characterized by a significant increase in electrical conductivity at the contact with the underlying ice. The chemical composition of the investigated ice-cores and the ratio between its components are similar to the composition of the sea water, although the concentrations of all components are lower than in the initial solution. The composition of gas inclusions in the ice does closely correspond to the atmospheric air, and it practically does not change in depth. The isotopic composition in the cores becomes heavier towards the bottom of the ice. This allows conclusion of a gradual decrease in the contribution of water with a light isotopic composition. The change in the isotopic composition along the ice depth, with the separation of zones with more light isotopes, reflects the changing temperature conditions of ice accumulation (with low isotopic fractionation at rapid freezing under the large temperature gradient) and regional features of the isotopic composition of sea waters in which the ice drift takes place. Salinization of the snow horizon lying on the ice surface provides a possibility of the sea salt transportation not only from surface of open water, but also from the surface of sea ice. This may be used for paleogeographic reconstructions in the Arctic using the analysis of the composition of massive vein ice.

A method of estimating the ice ridge age proposed in the 1990s was analyzed and some disadvantages of this method were shown. Analysis of the ice thickness distribution in the ice ridges demonstrated that in many cases the average value of the thickness used in the above mentioned method did not correspond to the thickness of an ice floe of which the ice blocks were formed. The ice floe thickness is characterized by the modal value of the ice thicknesses. After the ice ridge has been formed the ice block thickness in its above-water part does not change while the thickness of the ice floe on which the ice ridge is located continues to increase. Our study has shown that the difference between thickness of the plane ice and the modal value of the ice block thickness may be used as a characteristic of the ice growth for the period of the ice ridge existence. This period can be determined by one of the calculation formulas at the known initial and final ice thickness. Calculation by formula of the ice growth thickness make possible to derive the date of ice ridge formation based on the average air temperatures. The updated method of estimating the time of ice ridge formation can be used for the ice-covered seas. Analysis of the estimated ice ridge ages showed a significant dependence of thickness of the minimal consolidated layer on the time of the ice ridge formation. A comparative analysis of (the) ages of ice ridges and the flexural strength of ice samples made it possible to determine important tendency - the increased ice strength in ice ridges of early formation. This allows us in further studies to derive a formula of relationship between an ice ridge age and a strength of its ice. In some cases the ice strength measurement in ice ridges can be replaced by a less laborious estimating of strength basing on data of the age.

Gravimetric and seismic pulsations coincide in time with each other. This synchrony circumstance was previously analyzed for the Eurasian continent, where the data on seismic and gravimetric observations are available. The pulsations of the gravimetric and seismic fields have been appeared to be able to occur not only under the action of meteor showers, but also due to the processes occurring in the atmosphere.Weather-related pulsations are mainly confined to the maritime part of Eurasia and the adjacent coastal part of the continent. Intercontinental pulsations, and their number is much less than in the sea, are observed around the globe and are synchronous with each other. It is likely that the cause of the formation of intercontinental pulsations is the impact of meteor showers on the Earth’s atmosphere, creating as a result of fluctuations in the atmosphere. Ripples in the ocean and coastal zones are created by cyclonic vortices, which are the product of the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface.

The radar image formation algorithms for rotating parts of an aerial vehicle in the radar sensor with inverse synthesis of antenna aperture using the monochromatic probing signal are considered. The developed algorithms allow forming radar images of screws oriented horizontally (helicopter main rotor) and vertically (helicopter tail rotor, aircraft propeller). Such radar images will significantly improve the quality of radar recognition of low-flying objects. The estimation of efficiency of algorithms obtained by mathematical modeling is presented.

Using features of Doppler frequency and two its derivatives in the filtration problem for radar survey have been considered. Comparative analysis of filtration parameters for different radar survey have been accomplished.

The article is devoted to the increasing of the spatial orientation angles estimation accuracy of the aircraft with reference to radar systems. The structural device scheme of the spatial orientation angles estimation of the radar observation object was worked out. Using the method of mathematical modeling there was examined the errors measuring spherical coordinates object influencing to its spatial orientation angles estimation. It is shown that the using of filtered rectangular coordinates meanings of the aircraft allows increasing its spatial orientation angles estimation accuracy. The advantages and disadvantages of the aircraft spatial orientation angles estimation by the proposed method are shown in the interests of radar profiles adaptation to the observation conditions.

The Doppler frequency features in the filtration problem of Cartesian coordinates and total velocity vector of observed objects for radar survey are considered. Comparative analysis of filtration parameters under the radar survey for different wavelengths, are held.

In individual forecasting of parameter values and, therefore, gradual refuses of electronic devices' (ED) with simulation effects method the reliability prediction can be judged by average prediction error, which gives only average reliability prediction picture. In particular cases parameter's true value deviation for a new instance can differ noticeably from the predicted values. For practical problems of ED gradual failures forecasting for future developments it's important to have interval forecast of functional parameter. This forecast is proposed to be obtained by using the control sample and hypothesis on the normal distribution of ED parameter values forecasting relative error.

The factors which has an effect on distribution of electromagnetic energy in concealing surface and model of signal that reflected from subsurface object which allows to take into account existing patterns and features of radar image formation were examined in the article.

The analysis of surveillance radar capabilities, connected with polar coordinates state estimation using Doppler frequency measurement is considered.

This article deals with describing of the means of electrically charged aircraft detection while they are flying at low and extremely low altitudes (20-60 metres). The equation to count the range of detection that depends on parameters of static electrification of low altitude flying aircraft, on relief nature with its objects in the flying track, on the level of natural interferences on the range of infrared frequencies, on sensitivity of the device that registers the phenomena stated by the author is given.

The radar image construction algorithms for propellers of aerial vehicles belonging to the classes «helicopter» and «propeller-driven aircraft» were proposed in [1]. The algorithms are designed to be implemented in a radar sensor with inverse synthesis of antenna aperture. The fundamental condition for the qualitative construction of radar images of the propellers is accurate measurement of their rotation frequency. The measurement method for the repetition frequency of the propeller blades on the base of the convolution of the spectrum of the «secondary» modulation of the signal reflected from propeller was proposed in [2]. This paper discusses the results of experimental studies of the measurement method for repetition frequency of the propeller blades and of the radar images construction algorithms of propellers of typical low-altitude aircraft (helicopters and propeller-driven aircrafts).

Layers of aerosols, deposited on a high volume fiberglass filter from air, were analyzed using proton beam. Both the RBS spectrum and PIXE one were stored simultaneously, which allows one to calculate the light element content as well as to identify heavier elements and calculate their concentrations in aerosols.

Investigation of combustion of complex heterogeneous systems and particularly of twophase “combustible liquid – solid fuel” systems is topical because of the need to improve combustion of multicomponent and non-standard fuels as well as for resolution of specific ecological problems. The qualitative and quantitative peculiarities of combustion of two model combustible systems, notionally corresponding to the “sawdust – oil” and “wood chips – oil” mixtures are investigated numerically. The main peculiarity of the systems is volatility of the fluid component, being gaseous-flow driven inside porous media. A one-dimensional plain problem of combustion of compact layer with the ignition from the bottom and from the upper side is considered. It is demonstrated that due to low gas permeability of the fine-dispersed solid matrix (sawdust), air flow velocity is relatively low which results in slow formation of the combustion front (the characteristic time is tens of minutes). In case of coarse solid phase (wood chips), airflow rate is higher and corresponding time of temperature fronts formation is smaller (a few minutes). Both for the cases of fine-dispersed and coarse particles solid matrix phase, when set on fire from below, the fluid component is evacuated from the hot zone before the combustion front is formed. Since that, the main characteristics of the temperature front dynamics correspond to “dry” fuel system. In case of upper side ignition the combustion wave is formed at the time of the order of 100 s (when the used magnitudes of parameters are being used again), then it spreads downstream of the layer, accompanied by incomplete oxidation of solid fuel and complete combustion of oxygen. The effect of incomplete solid fuel combustion was noted earlier in the investigations of combustion of lean coal layer and some other systems. The velocity of the combustion wave propagation does not differ much for the cases of upper side and bottom side ignition. But the time of establishing the quasi-stationary velocity of the front to the steady-state value at the initial stage is much less in case of bottom side ignition. The results obtained by the authors can be utilized for optimization of multi-phase fuels combustion in compact layer, the regime parameters of in-situ combustion method of oil recovery increase as well as for improvement of some specific chemical processes.

The modeling of nonisothermal heat and moisture transfer in natural disperse environment is considered. It is necessary to apply parallel computing techniques for solving these problems in three-dimensional setting. An algorithm of parallel computing of nonisothermal heat and moisture transfer is based on the creation of distributed data array by solving a system of equations of nonisothermal heat and moisture transfer with the use of finite element method.

An influence of the observation angle on quality of the decisions about class object in solving the problem for radar recognition is considered. The program «Back Skattering Simulation» helped to receive radar range profile and radar spectral profile. The conditional probabilities of decisions were used as quality indicators of radar recognition.

Empirical data about precision of linear statistical forecast of the atmospheric temperature in comparison with precision of the climatological and numerical forecasts is given and analyzed.

The multi-channel processing radar-tracking information method that reveals the fact of targeting enemy fighters on the plane is shown. The method takes into account the limitations on computational capacity of processing radar trajectory information.

An overview of scientific research in the field of methods for radioactive atmosphere heterogeneities with anthropogenic origin radar monitoring is given bellow. The results of analysis of the complex physic-mathematical model of electromagnetic waves scattering from ionized formations in atmospheric surface layers are presented. The directions for future research in improvement of electromagnetic wave interaction with radioactive meteorological formations model are shown.

The relevance. The use of heat pumps to provide heat instead of traditional systems, which get energy from the burning of different fossil fuel kinds, has a number of environmental and economic benefits. Heat pumps can use air, ground, and water as an energy source. They can be used for various applications: hot water supply, air conditioning, heating and cooling water for different uses, air drying/dehumidification, vapor production, evaporation, and distillation. By the use of natural water surface (lakes, ponds, reservoirs) as a low-potential heat source for heat pump, ice can be formed on the evaporator pipe surface. It is important to study the heat exchange characteristics between the water and the evaporator pipe undergoing ice formation on its surface. The main aim of the research is mathematical modeling for non-stationary convective heat exchange between the water and the heat pump evaporator pipes under the conditions of ice formation on their surface. The object of the research is the heat pump evaporator heat exchanger which is surrounded by water. The methods of the research are numerical solutions for convective heat transfer problem under the conditions of the water phase change by the use of the finite element method in COMSOL environment. Results. The authors have established the unsteady convective heat transfer laws near the water source heat pump evaporator pipes with the temperature under water freezing point. In calculations of the heat flux and ice thickness growth rate on the surface of heat pump evaporator pipe, the natural convection in water effect must not be ignored. The authors obtained the dependence of Nusselt number on the natural convection heat exchange characteristics undergoing a phase change (Rayleigh, Fourier and Stefan numbers). It is revealed that the drop rate in water temperature around the pipe increases with the decrease of its depth from the surface of the water source for water temperatures values higher than 277 K. For water temperatures lower than 277 K, the heat flux is maximum around the pipe, which is located deeper.

For the first time, gravity pulsations were detected during the processing of stationary observations at the Geodynamic range of RAS in Bishkek (2014). Then, similar surges were detected in stationary seismic observations in the city of Voronezh, which simultaneously coincided with the gravimetric fluctuations in Bishkek. Later, gravity pulsations were detected at Artie, Perm and Vladivostok stations. Seismic ripples are also found in Southeast Asia. In coastal zones and in the ocean, additional pulsations occur due to atmospheric processes (typhoons, cyclones, etc.). Pulsations of non-tidal variations of gravity and seismic fields are global.

The paper introduces the results of theoretical study of cooling water droplets as they move in a stream of cold air under conditions characteristic of high-capacity tower cooling towers and the results of a numerical analysis of temperature distributions along the droplet radius. Due to the large temperature differences and significant speeds in the system under consideration, the temperature distribution inside the droplets is assumed to vary along the radius. The increase in air humidity in the near-wall area due to water evaporation is taken into account. The resulting system of nonstationary partial differential equations is solved by the finite difference method using an implicit four-point difference scheme. The solution of the problem with a moving boundary was carried out by the method of catching the front into a node of a spatial grid. To solve nonlinear equations, the iteration method was used. The aim of the work is a numerical evaluation of convective and evaporative cooling contribution to formation of the temperature field of water droplets under conditions typical of modern cooling towers. The analysis was carried out for two characteristic values ​​of the ambient air temperature corresponding to the summer and winter periods of the year. The analysis of the effect of cooling droplets due to water evaporation and thermal conductivity was performed. The temperature distribution over the radius is obtained for different values of the characteristic sizes of droplets. It is shown that the change in radius for the entire range of characteristic sizes of droplets during their flight is less than 0,73 % and does not have a significant effect on the amount of water cooling in the cooling tower. It is established that the absorption of heat by evaporation plays an important role in formation of temperature distribution in the droplets of circulating water at the outlet of the cooling towers. It is shown that at negative ambient temperatures, excessive crushing of droplets is impractical.

Satellite radar altimeters play a key role in numerous space missions for the remote Earth sensing. The data they provide are used in solving various fundamental and applied problems of geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, etc. In many modern measuring systems the altimeter data is processed in several stages. One of them is the ground-based retracking of the information streamed from the spacecraft. The goal of this work is to study altimeter parameter estimators in the course of the satellite altimeter data retracking by ground-based complex. The main task of delay-lock loop onboard a satellite carrier is a reliable keeping of received echo-signal within the tracking window. More accurate estimates of information parameters are worked out by the ground segment where data from the satellite is delivered via telemetry. Retracking can be performed either without using any physical echo model, or relying on some mechanism under generation of response of an illuminated surface to the probing signal. In the latter case, the measuring results become more trustworthy. The paper deliberations are based on the model close to the classical Brown’s one, they include algorithms of its parameters statistical fitting to the observation and computer simulation of fitting according to the maximal likelihood (ML) and the least squares (LS) methods. The results obtained are compared to the potential attainable and show that while LS fitting yields noticeably to the potential, experimental accuracy of ML-fitting practically coincides with the potential one.

Analysis of sample distributions of temperature and salinity within depths of sea ice allowed revealing a high negative correlation between temperature of the surface air layer and the salinity vertical distribution across the ice thickness. Tis situation is explained by the fact that when temperature inside the ice rises the vertically oriented pores flled with brine, and this causes increased flow of brine. But when the temperature of the thickness drops, volumes of these pores signifcantly decrease, and as a result of that stresses near the pores grow and brine is squeezed out to both above and under the ice. Comparison of individual cases of the sample salinity distributions made possible to determine that the temperature of the surface air layer signifcantly influences the freezing intensity. When developing a model of spatiotemporal dynamics of the temperature, the diffusion mechanism of its vertical distribution is adopted, where the thermal conductivity coefcient is a linear function of temperature. A computational scheme for solving the model equations had been developed. Te procedure to estimate the model parameters is given. Te results of the parameter estimations had proved the adequacy of both the sample and the model distributions. A degree of the adequacy is the correlation coefcient between the above distributions. It is shown that the numerical simulation of the spatiotemporal salinity dynamics can be performed in framework of the diffusion mechanism of the vertical distribution, where the diffusion coefcient is a linear function of temperature. Te results of the parameter estimations did also show the adequacy of both the sample and the model distributions.