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The review presents data on chemical-analytical methods of PCDD, PCDF determination and biotesting methods used for toxicological assessment of pollutants. Distribution of PCDDs, PCDFs on the territory of Moscow is analyzed. Analysis of publications of Russian and foreign authors showed that the currently existing methods of biotesting are in fact untested for dioxins. In order to quickly establish the toxicological effect of persistent organic pollutants in soil, it is suggested to use biotesting methods, with inclusion of test organisms representing the main trophic levels of ecosystems: producers, consumers, and decomposers.

Link for citation: Mazlova E.A., Blinovskaya Ya.Yu., Sokolova L.I., Tursunova G.Sh. Organochlorine pesticides pollution of the bottom sediments of Nakhodka bay and Partizanskaya river. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 9, рр. 25-35. In Rus. Relevance. The new data on the organochlorine pesticides pollution of the bottom sediments of Nakhodka bay and Partizanskaya river were obtained in 2020–2021. The objective of the article is to report the organochlorine pesticides pollution level of the bottom sediments and to define the possible sources of organochlorine pesticides in the marine environment. Techniques: sample collection of bottom sediments, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis of samples, Gas-liquid Chromatography method with electronic capture detector, statistical processing, assessment of the organochlorine pesticides contamination of sediments. Results. The new data were obtained on the organochlorine pesticides concentrations in Nakhodka bay in 2020–2021. The previous data on the studied area are described. The concentration of HCH pesticides (α- , β- and γ-HCH), DDT and its metabolites was analyzed. It was found that the concentration of α- , β- HCCH and DDT in bottom sediments increased in 2021.To determine the quality of bottom sediments, the average annual values of organochlorine pesticides concentrations in the bottom sediments gathered during the field works were compared with the quality guidelines. There are no approved quality guidelines for maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in bottom sediments in the Russian Federation. For this reason, we used the quality guidelines applied in foreign countries («Dutch sheets» (Neue Niederlandische Liste. NNL) and Canadian quality standards for marine and estuarine bottom sediments (Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines, CSQGs). Possible sources of organochlorine pesticides in the marine environment were analyzed. The results of this work showed that despite the ban on the use of these substances, these pesticides are included in the multiple compounds used in different industries and continue to enter and accumulate in the marine environment.

Municipal solid waste disposal sites act as sources of secondary pollution of the environment with waste destruction products that undergo further chemical and biochemical transformations. The research deals with the issues of quantitative assessment of greenhouse gases and persistent organic pollutants formation within municipal solid waste landfills. It uses such methods as mathematical models of pollutants formation inside a municipal solid waste landfill body, namely methane and persistent organic pollutants formation. Bioorganic substance forming the major part of municipal solid waste generates methane, carbon dioxide and other compounds; presence of chlorine in various compounds included in the composition of waste causes unintentional formation of persistent organic pollutants, in particular PCDD/F. The article presents the results of measurements of methane formation (according to the National Gas Formation Model), carbon dioxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds formation (according to the LandGEM model) with relation to the conditions of the municipal solid waste landfill «Dalnytsky Kariery» that accepts waste from the Odesa industrial-and-urban agglomeration. It shows the municipal solid waste landfill as a significant source of greenhouse gases the amount of which increases rapidly under the conditions of long-term operation and constant delivery of waste. The discrepancy in the results of methane formation measurements indicates the need to adapt the LandGEM model that matches the Ukrainian conditions. It would allow determining a wide range of atmospheric polluting substances. The author's design determines the formation of persistent organic pollutants as exemplified by PCDD/F. The measurements showed that landfills act as a significant source of unintentional formation of PCDD/F, 99% of which accumulate inside a landfill itself. They also indicated that, under the conditions of a constant delivery of waste to a landfill, there is a rapid increase in the amount of PCDD/F formed, even with consideration of the half-life period. The landfill itself is considered as a main source of unintentional formation of PCDD/F within the whole Odesa agglomeration.

Ambient air pollution causes approximately 3.3 million untimely deaths annually (2.1 deaths due to ischemic heart disease and 1.1 million deaths due to stroke). Mortality caused by ambient air pollution is higher than mortality due to such traditional risk factors as smoking, obesity, and elevated dextrose contents in blood. Relative risk of mortality amounts to 1.26 (95 % CI 1.08–1.47) in cities with the highest air pollution against those where air pollution is the lowest. Occupational exposure to various chemical air pollutants can cause more than 1 million untimely deaths all over the world but its contribution to prevalence of cardiovascular diseases has not been determined sufficiently. Aerogenic pollutants are quite variable in their chemical structure and include both particulate matter (PM for short) and gaseous matter. The American Heart Association and the European Society of Cardiology consider PM2.5 to be a risk factor causing cardiovascular diseases. This analytical review presents data on effects produced by aerogenic pollutants on development of cardio-metabolic pathology and population mortality due to vascular and metabolic diseases (arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease, heart rhythm disturbances, and type 2 diabetes mellitus). There are also data on mechanisms of pathogenetic influence exerted by aerogenic pollutants on development of such diseases including generation of anti-inflammatory and oxidative mediators and their release into blood flow; developing imbalance in the autonomic nervous system with prevailing activity of the sympathetic nervous system and disrupted heart rate variability; direct introduction of aerogenic pollutants from the lungs into blood flow with developing direct toxic effects. We have also analyzed literature data on protective effects produced by reduction in ambient air pollution on prevalence of cardiovascular pathology.

Objectives. This paper presents research results on the encapsulation of a fluidized bed of liquid and solid toxic waste containing chemicals with a hazard class of 1–3.Methods. Soils contaminated with hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexane were used as the seed material. Ceresin was selected as the encapsulant, which was sprayed onto the fluidized bed through a pneumatic nozzle at a temperature of 135°C. Before the spraying of the ceresin, binders were introduced into the fluidized bed of the seed material through pneumatic nozzles in the form of a melt of high-temperature coal-tar pitch and wastewater containing sodium and arsenic salts as well as heavy metal oxides. The experiments were carried out using a modified GLATT AGT-150 laboratory unit.Results. The results demonstrate that the mechanism for granule formation is a mixed mechanism. The binding of the seed material is carried out by both the pitch and salting out. In this case, the cavities in the agglomerates are partially filled with salt deposits, which increases the strength and integrity of the final product’s structure. Ranges for the process parameter values were established at the point at which there was no unwanted agglomeration in the fluidized bed, and dust formation did not exceed 5%. When the ratio of the bed mass to the mass of ceresin is equal to unity, a moisture-resistant free-flowing product of hazard class 5 is obtained, which is suitable for transportation and long-term storage. The average diameters of the initial particles and encapsulated granules were 0.5 and 1.5 mm, respectively.Conclusions. The present study demonstrates a potential process for the granulation– encapsulation of toxic waste and hazardous substances with a hazard class of 1–3 in a single fluid-bed apparatus, resulting in the formation of a moisture-resistant hazard class-5 granular product suitable for transportation and long-term storage. The results obtained can be used in the development of an industrial large-scale process for encapsulating waste of hazard classes 1–3.

The article contains information on hazardous chemical wastes, reasons that cause their occurrence and accumulation in the environment as well as issues related to accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environmental objects. The authors outline specific features of POPs and their possible influence on the environment and a human body; they also dwell on priority activities accomplished in the RF in relation to POPs after Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollution was ratified. Provisions of international law in the sphere of providing chemical safety are being consolidated now and operating bodies of Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions interact with each other in order to fix concentrations for chemicals which are persistent organic pollutants and to determine their low contents in wastes. The European Union countries and Canada have submitted their proposals on concentrations of 21 various chemicals in wastes for consideration by all the concerned parties. Scientific validity of the proposed concentrations has been analyzed; the analysis results are given in the article. Given the hazards caused by chemicals wastes that contain POPs for people and the environment, the authors suppose that additional research should be performed on substantiation of POPs safe concentrations in wastes. Taking into account national security and common provisions of international laws related to solving global, national, and regional tasks, the authors note that it is necessary to update legislation on state regulation in the sphere of providing chemical safety; they also give grounds and outline conceptual approaches to creation of the Federal Law "On chemical safety". The article gives a basic idea of this law; its purpose; an object of its regulation; people or economic entities whose activities are subject to its force; a place this law, when passed, is going to have in the RF federal legislation and a system of international agreements that are ratified by the RF. It should be noted that when the Federal Law "On chemical safety" is adopted, it will allow to reduce negative effects produced by hazardous chemical wastes on population and the environment and will have both medical and social-economic outcomes

There are given the measurement results of polychlorinated biphenyls concentration in the soils at a different functional areas of Yasenevo district in Moscow. Found that the major source of PCB in the district’s soils today are motorways.

The content of persistent organic pollutants in agricultural and residential areas of the Czech Republic. Elevated levels of PCBs in samples of agricultural use found near the city of Grozny and Argun. Dioxin is the most polluted soil in areas of the asphalt plants.Mesker-Yurt. The main sources that supply dioxins into the environment from manufacturing facilities in Grozny, Argun, Gudermes, Shali. Monitoring of the environmental situation in the Czech Republic is needed to develop and implement a national program for the protection of the environment and the population of persistent organic pollutants.

Below there are given the measurement results of polychlorinated biphenyls concentration in the soils at a different distance from the solid domestic waste landfill “Zhiroshkino”. It was found out that this landfill is an incoming source of this ecotoxicants in the environment. The specific recommendations for the contaminated soils rehabilitation are given.

The article provides the results of polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides inventory in the Russian Federation and data about releases of dioxins estimated on the basis of various sources. The article contains brief information on some new technologies for polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides disposal.