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В 1-й главе рассмотрены теоретические и методические основы разработки и вывода на промышленный рынок нового продукта. Во 2-й главе проведен анализ организации ООО «Фармпласт», анализ рынка нового оборудования, анализ патентного ландшафта, были выявлены ключевые проблемы и возможности при реализации изделия. В 3-й главе представлен инвестиционный проект по разработке и реализации нового оборудования, приведен расчет себестоимости изделия, рассчитаны затраты на реализацию и экономический эффект, определены возможные риски, даны рекомендации по снижению их эффекта. Chapter 1 discusses the theoretical and methodological foundations of the development and introduction of a new product to the industrial market. In the 2nd chapter, the organization of Farmplast LLC was analyzed, the market analysis of new equipment, the analysis of the patent landscape were identified, key problems and opportunities for the sale of the product were identified. The 3rd chapter presents an investment project for the development and sale of new equipment, gives a calculation of the cost of the product, calculated costs for implementation and economic effect, identified possible risks, made recommendations to reduce their effect.

Introduction. The level of technological development of a country is determined by many factors, including the practical application of scientific discoveries. Monitoring patent information, including the country of the patent applicant or recipient, allows us to identify the activity of R&D personnel on the IP market, their bias for certain research areas and research topics, as well as recognize research areas expecting innovative products in the near future. In many cases, in Russia indicators of patent activity also suggest the general trend of scientific and technological development. In light of this they are generally used to make strategic decisions at the federal level in identifying promising key areas of scientific and technical activity, though in a simplified form. We believe, that this approach requires consideration and critical analysis in view of the fact that the nature and prospects of scientific and technical activity are determined by the multiplicity of different factors including personnel, technical, organizational, institutional and other components. Methods. The research is based on methods of retrospective and comparative analysis of data in the field of patent activity in Russia and foreign countries, as well as deductive and inductive analysis of the works of other authors of the research subject. The analysis of the number of patent applications and patents granted for inventions in Russia and globally is based on data from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for 2014–2018. Results and Discussion. Analysis of patenting dynamics in 35 technological areas of WIPO in Russia and in the world in retrospect for 5 years is made. The analysis of the number of patent applications of the leading countries according to the WIPO allowed to establish that in Russia, patent activity in a number of technological areas corresponds to global trends in patenting. Several technological areas that are not leaders in the number of patents granted on the world level show the greatest patent activity in Russia. At the same time, the results of the study indicate that the topics of the most active WIPO technology areas in terms of volume both in Russia and in the world as a whole do not fully correspond to the topics of technological areas designated as priority technologies in the SNTR Strategy and reflected as “cross-cutting” technologies of National technology initiative. The necessity of revising approaches to the implementation of the public scientific and technological policy in the sphere of intellectual property and the implementation of technological development priorities is justified, taking into account not only the dynamics of patent activity and global trends in technological development, but also the multiplicity of factors of socio-economic and scientific-technological development. In article there are the suggestions for adjustments to the main tools of the public scientific and technological policy in the sphere of intellectual property reflected in the National Project “Science”, with the need to take into account the requests of organizations in the real sector of the economy, the effective- ness of technological activities, the state of the existing scientific and technological potential of the regions, its industry and corporate features. A predictive model {A; B; C; (...); n} = f (H; P; F; Ind; Inf; Ext) for fore- casting the values of indicators related to the development of the sphere of intellectual property and taken into account in the government program “Scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation” is proposed. The model takes into account the following factors: human resources, effectiveness of intellectual activity (patenting), financial resources, development of the economy by industry, research infrastructure, situation in the world economy, as well as dynamics of patenting in other countries (external influences). The concept of a technological atlas is revealed. The technological atlas is presented as a systematic map that, in a thematic, sectoral and corporate context, gives statistical information about the results of scientific and technological development, and the scientific and technical potential by regions of the country. Conclusion. Patent analysis is a tool for a comprehensive study of the existing backlogs of organizations, regions, countries or the world as a whole in relation to technological areas. Taking into account the multiplicity of differentfactors of scientific and technological development allows us to criti- cally look at the measures implemented as the part of public scientific and technological policy and propose adjustments to the list of public policy instruments in the sphere of intellectual property, as well as the planned values of the relevant indicators reflected in government pro- grams, and at the same time, to forecast promising areas of technological development of various sectors of the economy, individual organizations and firms, taking into account the possibility of new developments and their future commercialization. To select reasonable measures of government support for the sphere of intellectual property at the regional level, a technological atlas can be a work resource, which is included not only retrospective information on patenting trends, but also a number of indicators of scientific and technological development. It will contribute to the formation of reasonable development forecasts relevant to perspective technological areas in various sectors of the economy, taking into account regional specifics.

Предложено определять тенденции развития и основные направления совершенствования наземных транспортно-технологических средств путем анализа массива патентов определенного класса международной патентной классификации, представленного в виде ориентированного графа. Узлы графа представляют собой отдельные изобретения, которые связаны между собой направленными ребрами по направлению цитирования. Данный подход позволяет провести кластеризацию технических решений, выявить основные тенденции и направления развития, определить патенты, оказывающие наиболее существенное влияние на развитие предметной области, сформулировать требования к перспективным конструктивным схемам машин. It is proposed to determine development trends and main directions for improving land transportation and technological machines by analyzing an array of patents of a certain class of international patent classification, presented in the form of a directed graph. The nodes of the graph are separate inventions that are interconnected by directed edges in the direction of citation. This approach allows us to cluster technical solutions, identify the main trends and directions of development, identify patents that have the most significant impact on the development of the subject area, and formulate requirements for promising structural designs of machines.

In the framework of the implementation of the import substitution policy of the Ministry of industry and trade issued order No. 655 dated March 31, 2015 “On approval of the action plan on import substitution in branches of the medical industry of the Russian Federation” according to which the share of imports in the majority of medical devices in 2015 amounted to 80–100%, but by 2020 should be reduced up to 10–20%. Analyzed inventive activity of domestic and foreign inventors in the field of anorexically and crosslinking products, which is celebrated in Russia.The data obtained do not allow to characterize scientific and technological backlog of the Russian Federation in the field anorexicly and crosslinking products as competitive. The possibility of achievement of indicator Order No. 655 of the Ministry of industry and trade of import substitution at the level of 40–50% by 2020, assessed as extremely low. The analysis of patent documents do not allows us to hope that Russian manufacturing companies are ready to offer mass production for the domestic market and capture niche global market. The рatent activity of foreign companies indicates that they are at the present time and next during the term of their patent monopoly for the production and sale in the domestic market these products.

The article considers the trajectory of scientific-technological development and commercial perspectives of Big Data technologies in healthcare inRussiaand the world and a patent-conjuncture analysis of areas of Big Data in medicine. There has been shown a high potential of new markets and market niches for services in this field. There are identified the main trends in the evolution of technological solutions in Big Data in in the field of health care. There has been an assessment done of the global competitiveness of Russian Big Data inventions in the field of medicine.

В статье представлена разработанная на основе проведенных исследований модель применения инструментов поиска и анализа патентной информации на различных этапах инновационного процесса. В ходе исследования была сформулирована обобщенная концепция инновационного процесса, выявлена специфика проведения патентных исследований по различным направлениям, определены и проанализированы рабочие инструменты поиска и анализа патентной информации. The article presents a model of the application of tools for searching and analyzing patent information at the various stages of the innovation process, developed on the basis of the research. During the research, a generalized concept of the innovation process was formulated, the specifics of conducting patent studies in various areas were identified, and working tools for searching and analyzing patent information were identified and analyzed.

There were analysed scientific-technological solutions which are suggested to be included in the National Technological Initiative «New Production technologies» (NSI-NPT). Considering that Russian President set a target to become a technological leader and conquer the noticeable niches of global products and services markets using technologies, the attention has been drawn to the fact that readiness to influence markets of high-technological products is defined by the shares of patents, received by the residents of a particular country in the field of considered technologies. There are demonstrated results of patent analysis of six new production technologies. It is shown that the fight for emerging markets will take place between three countries:China,USAandRepublicofKorea. Special attention is drawn to periods of change of the technological leader. It is noted that the battle for technological leadership, commonly, unfolds within 5–7 years period of intensive development of technological direction in 2–3 countries. As key factors for achieving leadership on new technological markets there are named the following factors: creation of a national body of specialists, owners of new competencies, as well as presence of middle-sized technological companies in the country, which are able to transform these competencies into production technologies of full cycle. The main risks preventing from reaching the targets of NSI-NPT include a low share of patents belonging to Russian citizens in the worldwide patent community against a backdrop of high share of patents granted byRussian Federationto nonresidents and absence of technological companies, able to fulfill the role of a development driver of National Production Technologies.

There was analysed the publication and patent activity with regard to two actively developing areas in the field of medical robototronics: robots-exoskeletons for rehabilitation of people with muscoloskeletal disorders and robot-assisted surgery. There was identified discrepancy in the structure of global and national publication and patent flows. There were revealed disadvantages of foreign innovations on robot-assisted surgery, which create prerequisites for promoting import-substituting innovations of domestic engineers.

The article presents a scientometrical and patent analysis of a new perspective scientific area called «optogenetics» with the usage of bibliometric data bases Web of Science and Scopus, as well as other analytical tools such as Essential Science Indicators SM (ESI), SciVal Spotlight, Orbit. There is identified a currently formed structure of scientific communities — drivers of development in this area. There is suggested a plan of actions directed on development of optogenetics in Russia with consideration of country opportunities.

In this report а relationship between patent and macroeconomic factors are analysed in terms of the problem of patent research interpretation. For this purpose, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is used. Result values show a correlation between selected factors and the practicability of using statistical theory for patent research interpretation. В данной работе проводится анализ связи между патентными и макроэкономическими показателями в рамках проблемы интерпретации результатов патентных исследований (ПИ). Используется коэффициент корреляции Спирмена. Полученные значения показывают наличие корреляционной связи между выбранными показателями и целесообразность использования методов математической статистики для интерпретации результатов ПИ.

The article is devoted to the analysis and the choice of the priorities in technology development and, particularly, to the use of patent landscaping as a tool for the study of technology trends. Currently, patent activity indicators are often used for technology foresight and for competitive intelligence as well. Nevertheless, causal relationship between these indicators, on the one hand, and strategic and tactical decisions in the sphere of technological development on meso- and microeconomic level, on the other hand, are not adequately investigated to solve practical tasks. The goal of the work is to systemize the challenges of technology trends analysis, which could be effectively solved on the base of patent landscape analysis. The article analyses the patent landscaping methodology and tools, as well as their use for evaluating the current competitive environment and technology foresight. The authors formulated the generalized classification for the criteria of promising technologies for a selected region. To assess the compliance of a technology with these criteria, we propose a system of corresponding indicators of patenting activity. Using the proposed methodology, we have analysed the patent landscape to select promising technologies for the Sverdlovsk region. The research confirmed the hypothesis of the patent landscapes performance in evaluating such technology indicators as stages of the life cycle stage, universality (applicability in different industries), pace of worldwide development, innovations and science availability in the region and potential possibilities for scientific collaboration with international research institutions and universities. The results of the research may be useful to the wide audience, including representatives small and medium enterprises, large companies and regional authorities for the tasks concerned with the technology trends analysis and technology strategy design. Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka: RFMEFI57216X0004 The article has been supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the project «Development of a set of measures and mechanisms for the increase in the efficiency of the international cooperation in new production technologies» (the unique identifier of the project RFMEFI57216X0004).

This article examines the question of the importance of the patent information for innovation activities. The study found the tools of the search and analysis of patent information, and analyzed their applicability in the realization of innovative activities in the development of technical solutions. В статье исследуется вопрос важности применения патентной информации для осуществления инновационной деятельности. В ходе исследования были выявлены инструменты поиска и анализа патентной информации, а также проанализирована возможность их применения при осуществлении инновационной деятельности в части разработки технических решений.

The article is devoted to the analysis and the choice of the priorities in technology development and, particularly, to the use of patent landscaping as a tool for the study of technology trends. Currently, patent activity indicators are often used for technology foresight and for competitive intelligence as well. Nevertheless, causal relationship between these indicators, on the one hand, and strategic and tactical decisions in the sphere of technological development on meso- and microeconomic level, on the other hand, are not adequately investigated to solve practical tasks. The goal of the work is to systemize the challenges of technology trends analysis, which could be effectively solved on the base of patent landscape analysis. The article analyses the patent landscaping methodology and tools, as well as their use for evaluating the current competitive environment and technology foresight. The authors formulated the generalized classification for the criteria of promising technologies for a selected region. To assess the compliance of a technology with these criteria, we propose a system of corresponding indicators of patenting activity. Using the proposed methodology, we have analysed the patent landscape to select promising technologies for the Sverdlovsk region. The research confirmed the hypothesis of the patent landscapes performance in evaluating such technology indicators as stages of the life cycle stage, universality (applicability in different industries), pace of worldwide development, innovations and science availability in the region and potential possibilities for scientific collaboration with international research institutions and universities. The results of the research may be useful to the wide audience, including representatives small and medium enterprises, large companies and regional authorities for the tasks concerned with the technology trends analysis and technology strategy design. Практика и методы использования патентных ландшафтов при исследовании технологических трендов. Анализ патентных ландшафтов при выборе перспективных технологических направлений для Свердловской области. The article has been supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the project Development of a set of measures and mechanisms for the increase in the efficiency of the international cooperation in new production tech

Decisions for determining the current stage of technology life cycle (TLC) based on reliable data, are necessary. The inherent links between patents and science and technology make them essential sources for data on any technology. In the light of this, and considering the importance of patent information for the firm’s strategic decisions, we have attempted to use patent data as a source of information to identify the level of a technology in the S-Curve. This paper starts with the literature review of the life cycle and the role of patents at the various stages of technology development, and then focuses on a technology trend analysis framework using patent data, and discusses the life cycle of CO2 injection technology in the upstream sector of the global oil and gas industry. In the final section, the results are presented based on an analysis of patent data on CO2 injection technology as were recommendations concerning the application of the methodology in future studies as it might be an effective tool for better analyzing any desired technology.

The present article, which continues the discussion of advanced manufacturing technologies initiated in Foresight-Russia issue 2 (2014), evaluates the current state of this field in Russia. The analysis here examines the state of the relevant scientific research and the readiness of industry to adopt the new technologies developed by researchers. The study is based on bibliometric and patent analyses, as well as on expert evaluations of the markets related to different segments of advanced manufacturing. Apart from several localized achievements, Russian research institutions and industrial enterprises show a low level of competitiveness in this area. Specific problems that hinder the development and implementation of new technologies by Russian industry include sub-optimal organizational structure of supply chains in the manufacturing sector and the shortage of domestic demand for new technologies. The latter problem is caused by the reluctance of potential industry customers to commit to long-term collaborations with the developers of new products and to create new key or ‘platform’ technologies on the basis of individual firms. The analysis suggests that Russia undoubtedly has potential for the development of advanced manufacturing. Such potential can be realized by the coordinated actions of stakeholders and the development and rational introduction of new policy and regulatory instruments by the government. The most relevant instruments to achieve this goal are policies to incentivize cooperation between technology developers and users. In conclusion, the authors highlight some policy recommendations which they argue can bring positive changes in the sphere of advanced manufacturing technologies. A key recommendation is to create project-focused consortia which unite industry representatives and centres for advanced research that are undertaking pre-competitive R&D in areas that are important for advanced manufacturing. Another recommended policy instrument is to strengthen manufacturing supply chains based on small and medium innovation enterprises through the enhancement of the current technological infrastructure.