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Objective : to develop a method of laparoscopic resection of a kidney tumor with super selective balloon occlusion of the segmental renal artery and targeted chemoembolization. Another purpose is to estimate the degree of fixation of the chemotherapy drug in the kidney parenchyma. Materials and methods . The study included the results of experiments on 14 laboratory rabbits, who underwent an intra-arterial injection of the coloring substance of Ponceau S and there were determined its concentration in the renal parenchyma after fixation with a hemostatic suture for 8 days after the injection of the marker. Besides, there were included the results of 13 studies of the contrast substance of ultraravist and gadovist concentration in the renal tissue of patients after resection of the neoplasm with intra-arterial injection of the contrast substance into the parenchyma of the operated kidney. Results. The implemented study showed the presence of a high concentration of a substance injected into the renal artery and a hemostatic suture fixed to the wound edges in the kidney tissue for 6-8 days of the postoperative period. Conclusion . Laparoscopic resection of a malignant kidney tumor with a super-selective balloon occlusion of the segmental renal artery, supplemented by the injection of a targeted chemotherapy agent into the renal artery is a highly effective, safe and simple method of surgical treatment of kidney cancer with enhanced anti-relapse protection due to high concentrations of chemotherapy in the resection area.

The objective of the study: to study the radiological and morphological parallels in respiratory sarcoidosis (RS). Subjects and methods . 121 patients with respiratory sarcoidosis were enrolled in the study, their ages varied from 21 to 66 years, they all were examined in 2007-2019. The analysis of radiological manifestations of sarcoidosis was assessed according to the main parameters (symmetry of the lesions, the size of the intrathoracic lymph nodes, the presence of dissemination, pneumofibrosis). The extended morphological testing of biopsy specimens was carried including evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative composition of granulomas. Results . The chest computed tomography revealed a discrepancy between the radiation signs in respiratory sarcoidosis and the staging theory by Wurm. Changes in the lung parenchyma and swelling of the mediastinal lymph nodes were found in all patients at stages I-III. The components of the cellular elements of the inflammatory infiltrate did not differ at different stages of respiratory sarcoidosis. However, as the radiological changes progress, the number of granulomas increased and there was a direct correlation between the number of granulomas in the biopsy specimen and the X-ray staging by Wurm (r = 0.24; p

Background: The article presents the results of studying cases of deaths of individuals from a new coronavirus infection according to forensic research. Aims: The aim of the study was to generalize and identify patterns of damage to internal organs and body systems in cases of death caused by COVID-19 without medical assistance based on the study results of forensic research of corpses. Results: A total of 198 cases of fatal outcomes from a new coronavirus infection was studied. The frequency of fatal outcomes was determined in various age groups. The leading morphological manifestations of internal organ lesions were established. Absolute (abs) and relative (%) frequencies were calculated for qualitative variables. The lungs were found to be most susceptible to changes. In 77.8% of cases, pathological changes corresponded to the acute phase of diffuse alveolar damage. In addition to lung damage, the most common sign was the depletion of spleen parenchyma by lymphocytes, indicating an immune inflammatory response of the body. Conclusion: The identified characteristic morphological signs of alveolar lung damage in COVID-19 can be used as a differential diagnosis of lung damage from shocks of other etiology.

The objective: to evaluate clinical and laboratory parameters in local and generalized forms of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in HIV infected patients to detect predictors of generalized forms of the disease.Subjects and methods. Case histories of 58 HIV infected patients with KS at the age from 28 to 80 years old were respectively analyzed; they all received treatment in National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Russian Ministry of Health in 2018-2020. Cases were divided into 2 groups depending on KS manifestations. LF group (local form of KS, n = 28) included the patients with skin lesions; GF group (generalized form of KS, n = 30) included patients with skin lesions and one or several lesions in the other sites: the mucous membrane of gastrointestinal tract, the mucous membrane of tracheobronchial tree, and lung parenchyma.Results. Patients with the generalized form of KS had a higher frequency of skin lesions on the body (pχ2 = 0.036), face (pχ2 = 0.033), and multiple sites (pχ2 = 0.018). Patients from both groups had low CD4+ count, but it was more severe in GF group (pχ2 = 0.027) with a significant increase of the viral load (pχ2 = 0.047). The predictors of the generalized form of KS are the following: the presence of specific lesions on the skin of body, face and multiple localizations, CD4 level below 125 cells/mcL, increase in the viral load above 5.3log10 copies/ml, reduction of erythrocytes level below 3.1 × 1012 cells/L. Among 24 patients with KS who had 4-6 predictors, 19 (79.2%) had the generalized form. Among KS patients with not a single predictor, there were no cases of generalized form, as well as there were no cases of local forms among patients who had 5 and 6 predictors.

Backgrounds. The imaging diagnostic methods have become particularly important during the COVID-19 pandemic, and computed tomography of the thorax (CT) is considered to be the “gold standard” in the cases of lung lesions and in the evaluation of changes in the pulmonary parenchyma in dynamics. However, it is well known that the CT method is associated with a significant radiation dose, especially given the fact that repeated, and often reiterated control CT-tests are required for many patients who suffer COVID-19 or have recovered from the disease. In order to reduce the potential radiation exposure and receive some additional diagnostic information, we applied the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method for viral pneumonia at the FRCC of FMBA of Russia, which was redesigned as a center for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Aim. The aim is to evaluate the possibilities of the lung MRI in the diagnosis of pneumonia caused by the new coronaviral infection, to describe the specific symptoms of lung parenchyma lesions using various pulse sequences, and compare the results with the CT data. Methods. The article is based on the practice of applying high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and MRI of the lungs in 15 patients with pneumonia caused by COVID-19. Results. The comparison of the HRCT data and T2-weighted images (T2-WI) in 100% of cases revealed a complete correlation in the size, number and position of the lung tissue areas with reduced air saturation by the type of ground glass opacity and the consolidation zones. The level of linear and reticular changes detection in MRI reached 73.3%. Free fluid in the pleural cavities in a moderate and minimal volume was revealed on T2-WI in 12 patients (80% of cases), while it was not diagnosed by HRCT in all the cases. The mediastinal and intra-pulmonary lymph nodes were visualized distinctly. In T1-weighted images (T1-WI), the areas of ground glass opacity were either not visualized, or were represented by smaller areas when compared to the HRCV data and reticular changes were also displayed worse. In 73.3% cases, the consolidation zones on T1-WI fully corresponded or were almost similar in characteristics to changes visualized by HRCT. At the same time, it is worth noting that performing T1-WI out phase more clearly displayed the consolidation zones when compared to T1-WI in phase. Foci of increased signal on T1-WI with fat suppression were registered in 3 patients against the background of consolidation sites which in comparison with the data of T2-WI, would suggest the presence of parenchymal hemorrhages. Conclusion. Lung MRI is a fairly sensitive method for identifying areas of ground glass opacity and consolidation, reticular changes and lymphadenopathy, and is superior to HRCT when displaying pleural effusion. Chest MRI may be recommended as a diagnostic method for suspected pulmonary COVID-19 lesion in children and pregnant women in order to exclude ionizing radiation exposure, as well as for monitoring the condition of lung tissue after viral pneumonia, if the patient was previously exposed to a high radiation dose.

The objective: to predict lethal outcomes in patients with COVID-19 based on the result of chest computed tomography (chest CT) using a semi-quantitative visual scale of the pulmonary parenchyma lesion.Subjects and methods. Inclusion criteria: patients who underwent chest CT from March 2 to May 1, 2020, inclusively, upon referral of a general practitioner due to suspected community-acquired pneumonia caused by COVID-19. Chest CT was performed in 48 medical organizations providing primary medical care to the adult population in Moscow. Exclusion criteria: patients whose chest CT was not assessed by CT 0-4 score; patients who were not confirmed as COVID-19 positive.In the Russian Federation, CT 0-4 score is recommended to be used for assessment of the extent of lung parenchyma lesion in cases with suspected COVID-19.Data on fatal outcomes were received on May 4, 2020 inclusive.Results: data of 13,003 patients from the Unified Radiological Information Service were retrospectively included in the study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The test aimed to detect a trend of directional changes in the proportion of deceased patients among various categories using CT 0-4 score demonstrated a statistically significant result (p < 0.0001). The chance of a lethal outcome increases directionally from CT-0 to CT-4. The test for deviations from the linear trend also provided p < 0.0001, i.e. when moving to higher scores (CT-3 and CT-4), there was an accelerated increase in the risk of death. Analysis of overall survival using the Cox regression model showed that the assessed factors (age and CT 0-4 score) were statistically significantly associated with the time to death from COVID-19 (p < 0.05). The risk of death increased with age, on average, 8.6% for every 5 years (95% CI 0.8-17.0%). When transferring from one category of CT to the next one, the risk increased by 38% on the average (95% CI 17.1-62.6%). There was no statistically significant association of gender factor with overall survival (p = 0.408).The visual score of CT 0-4 recommended for use in the Russian Federation to assess lung parenchyma lesions according to chest CT data, is a predictor of a lethal outcome in patients with COVID-19. CT 0-4 score is convenient for practical use.

Background . The development of acute pancreatitis is not limited to isolated damage to the pancreas. After creating models of acute pancreatitis using various substances that enhance the secretion of the gland, have a toxic or local activating effect, the researchers showed their dose-dependent effect. The question of the reaction of the hepatic microcirculation system during the development of acute pancreatitis, as well as their pathogenetic significance in the development of pathomorphological changes in the pancreas and liver in most aspects remains open. Objective . The purpose of the current study was to define the role of the hepatic mircocirculation in development of ultrastructural parenchymatous-stromal changes of the pancreas and liver in a model of acute pancreatitis using different doses of sodium taurocholate. M ethods. The variants of acute pancreatitis model were used with injection 50 mkl 1%, 2,5% and 5% solutions of sodium taurocholat into rat pancreatic duct. The morphological research of pancreas and liver were carried out in 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after initiation of inflammation. Results . The visible reaction of hepatic mircocirculation in the experimental model of acute pancreatitis was depended on character of pathomorphological changes in pancreas. This reaction demonstrated the phase character including: 1) activation of hepatic circulation, first of all in portal component, against a background of pancreatic enzyme toxemia; 2) development of inflammatory, dystrophic, destructive and necrotic changes in hepatic parenchyme together with mircocirculation disorders against a background of pancreatic necrotic toxemia; 3) recovery and adaptation or decompensation processes in mircocirculation system of liver and hepatic parenchyme depending on the degree of pancreatogenic toxemia|. Conclusion. Within 72 hours of the experiment, at the lowest and middling doses of sodium taurocholate, in the context of reduction of acute pancreatitis, there is a gradual renovation of the structure of the microvessels and normalization of the microcirculation of the liver. In the maximum doses sodium taurocholate (5% solution) cause degradation of the liver microvessels with the progression of hemorrhages, slit red blood cells and platelet aggregation, which causes blockage of the microcirculation and the development of necrotic changes in the hepatic parenchyma.

Currently, morbidity and mortality from chronic diffuse diseases of the liver and cirrhosis continue to increase worldwide. The difficulty of stabilizing the process with pharmacological agents, lots of restrictions for liver transplantation, the palliative character of the surgical correction of complications determine the urgency of finding various ways to stimulate liver regeneration, including surgical ones. Most of the known methods of surgical stimulation of regeneration are quite traumatic, and their stimulating effect is short-lived. The methods associated with cellular technologies are mostly expensive, ineffective, or poorly understood. In the experimental study, the effect on the parenchyma of a healthy and cirrhotic liver clips for clamping parenchymal organs exerting different unit pressure on the tissue was studied. The object of the study was laboratory rats with a healthy liver and animals with simulated cirrhosis. The animals were operated on with the imposition of titanium nickelide clips on the liver. Changes in the liver were studied 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after the surgery by histological examination of various parts of the liver. It was established that the clip with a lower specific pressure did not cause tissue necrosis, led to atrophy of the marginal part of the liver, also increased hepatocytes and binuclear hepatocytes were observed in the bulk of the liver. A decrease in the proportion of connective tissue was also observed in groups with liver cirrhosis. Thus, we consider it possible to use clips with a certain specific pressure on the tissue as a method of stimulating the reparative properties of the liver in chronic diffuse diseases and cirrhosis of the liver

Relevance Inhalation trauma (IT) is a combined injury of the respiratory tract, lung parenchyma and the central nervous system. Alterations of a mucous membrane during thermochemical airway burn as a result of inhalation of combustion products is most fully described in the literature, while the lesion of pulmonary parenchyma hasn’t been studied. The aim of the study To determine the capabilities and significance of the X-ray method in the study of lungs in patients with IT.Material and methods We examined 184 victims with IT, of which 53 patients had airways burn of the 1st degree, 92 patients had airways burn of the 2nd degree, and 39 patients had airways burn of the 3rd degree. Methods used: X-ray, chest X-ray computed tomography, ultrasound of the chest, study of the function of external respiration, morphological examination of lungs, statistical methods.Results X-ray studies in patients with IT revealed changes in peripheral parts of both lungs like network deformation of pulmonary pattern to forms resembling “mulberries” or “a bunch of grapes”. A study of the function of external respiration revealed signs of decreased lung ventilation and obstructive changes in bronchioles. The X-ray computed tomography of peripheral regions of the lungs in some patients revealed multiple local areas of reduced density with no visible walls corresponding to alveoli holding the air. Histological examination of the peripheral parts of the lungs found round air formations and significantly expanded alveoli. These changes are associated with exhalation disorders due to the constriction of respiratory bronchioles.Conclusion The X-ray method allows to detect signs of damage to the pulmonary parenchyma in patients with IT. Using a statistical evaluation, we showed that the presence of network deformation of the pulmonary pattern under the conditions of IT is an objective feature, confirmed with Cohen’s kappa coefficient (0.6±0.14; 95% CI [0.32–0.88]).

Aim.In this study, we set out to determine the informative value of multi-parametric ultrasound examination using ultrasound elastography in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodular neoplasms.Materialsand methods. We analysed 229 multi-parametric ultrasound examinations of patients in the preoperative period in order to assess the effectiveness of strain elastography (SE) and shear wave elastography (SWE) drawing on the example of ARFI and Strain Ratio. Two patient groups were formed. The fi rst group (N1=93) included patients with thyroid cancer, whereas the second one (N2=136) was composed of patients with benign thyroid nodules (thyroid adenoma and follicular or colloid goitre). The control group consisted of 174 patients with unchanged thyroid parenchyma. SE visualised tissue elasticity as a colour map. Shear wave elastography (SWE) — ARFI and Strain Ratio techniques — was performed using the following ultrasonic apparatuses: Acuson S-2000 (Siemens, Germany), Ultrasonix SP (Sonix, Canada) and Mindray DC-8 (Mindray, China).Results.According to the obtained data (SE technique), the parenchyma of the unchanged thyroid gland exhibited heterogeneous, uneven fi ne / moderately granular, symmetrical staining (96.6%). Thyroid cancer was characterised by a shear wave velocity (ARFI) of greater than 3.57 m/s, as well as a density ratio (elasticity modulus and Strain Ratio) of more than 1.56.Conclusion.The study revealed that the application of ultrasound elastography is highly informative in the comprehensive diagnosis of thyroid nodular neoplasms and should be used when thyroid cancer is suspected to ascertain the size of nodules, as well as the tumour invasion into surrounding tissues.

Aim. To analyze the literary sources on the surgical treatment of diseases of the periampullary organs and highlight the contemporary and unresolved problems. Conclusion. At the current stage of medical development, it was possible to reduce mortality after pancreaticoduodenal resection of less than 5%, but the incidence of complications reaches 30-70% and does not tend to decrease. The most formidable complications are the failure of pancreaticodigestive anastomosis and pancreatic necrosis of the stump of the pancreas, the main prognostic risk factor for which is the "soft" parenchyma of the organ. The "softness" of the parenchyma, as a rule, is evaluated intraoperatively by visual examination and palpation. At present, the literature does not report research on the objective and pre-operative evaluation of this criterion. In order to prevent complications, a huge variety of technical solutions for the treatment of the distal stump of the pancreas have been proposed, but none of them can be considered unified.

A gold standard for the treatment of metastases of colorectal cancer in the liver is combined treatment with postoperative or perioperative chemotherapy. Despite the improvement of antitumor drugs, the main condition for the successful treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer is the operation in a radical volume, implying a macroscopic and microscopic absence of a residual tumor. The main contraindications to anatomic resections of the liver include a marked decrease in liver function, insufficient volume of the remaining parenchyma of the liver, and for a long time, bilobar liver damage was considered, which excludes the possibility of simultaneous removal of all foci. The traditional variant of the surgical solution of the problem of bilobar metastatic liver injury is the implementation of two-stage anatomical resections. It has been proved that the reduction of liver and FLR functional reserves of less than 20% at normal and 40% in the case of compromised liver parenchyma, the implementation of surgical interventions is associated with a high risk of hepatic insufficiency. One of the promising ways to overcome this obstacle is to perform various modifications of ALPPS liver resections. In the present work, we present a clinical case of performing a two-stage liver resection according to the type of ALPPS in a patient with metastatic colorectal liver cancer who had previously undergone PVL with unrealized vicar hypertrophy. The described observation testifies to the justification of performing repeated liver resections in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and demonstrates the possibilities of ALPPS technique.

Background . Tumors of a solitary kidney (SK) are extremely rare. They are an absolute indication for organ-preserving treatment. Decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and development of acute kidney injury in early postoperative period often require hemodialysis, and patients have to stay in the ICU. Objective. Evaluation of short-term functional results and identification of factors affecting GFR decrease in the early postoperative period after partial nephrectomy for renal masses in the SK. Materials and methods . Analysis of patients’ data with tumor of the SK who underwent open partial nephrectomy at the Oncourology Department of the N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre ofBelarus in the period of 16 years was performed. The study included 136 patients. Results . Multifactor regression analysis (including potential risk factors) revealed that the GFR decrease in the early postoperative period significantly correlated with multifocality (p = 0.028-), ischemia (p < 0.001), blood transfusion (p < 0.001), and the maximum tumor size (p = 0.006). Additional analyses didn’t show any statistically significant correlations between decrease of kidney function and duration of the SK status (n = 127; p = 0.31) or the volume of preserved parenchyma (n = 82; p = 0.77). Conclusion . Early GFR decrease after partial nephrectomy of the SK is strongly associated with ischemia time, blood transfusion, tumor size, and multifocality. In this study, the volume of preserved parenchyma didn’t affect early functional results of the surgery.

Anatomical, morphological, physiological and biochemical adaptations of leaf as the most ecologically sensitive organ in the species P. tobira and P. heterophyllum, grown in the zones of greenhouse complex with different degree of illumination (1 zone – the level of illumination is 100–300 lx, zone 2 – 3000–7000 lx, and zone 3 – more than 10 thousand lx).) were studied. We revealed the structural morphological and anatomical adaptations, which manifested in the increase of leaf structure xeromorphy (thickening of the leaf, adaxial epidermis and columnar parenchyma, increasing pubescence density) under conditions of high insolation. With a low level of illumination in plants of both species, the thickness of the lamina decreased, mainly due to the mesophyll – the number of layers of the columnar parenchyma and the size of the cells reduced. Interspecific differences in the content of photosynthetic pigments in both species studied were found. A common trend in plants under low light conditions was decrease of chlorophyll a compared with the control, whereas the concentration of chlorophyll b in the leaves of plants increased with shading and high insolation. The result of the adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of Pittosporum plants, which normalizes its functioning, is a decreasing chlorophyll index both during shading and intense solar radiation. The maximum is determined in the range of 3–7 thousand lx. Such light regime is optimal for plants of the species studied. The observed decreasing pigment index in P. heterophyllum leaves is considered as an adaptive response of more light-loving species of the genus to their cultivation in the shade. The dependence of the peroxidase activity in Pittosporum leaves on the illumination level was studied. Adaptive reactions manifested in changes of peroxidase fractional composition in the leaves of the plants grown in different conditions. The obtained results on the activation and inactivation of the enzymatic activity of free and cell wall-associated peroxidase are interesting for using as an additional diagnostic indicator of stress degree for the plants of the interiors. It was established that adaptive changes in experimental plants were determined by the origin of species and their ecological and biological features.

Галлицы, образующие паренхимные листовые галлы на древеснокустарниковых растениях, в мировой фауне представлены 108 видами 38 родов 12 триб, большинство относятся к подсемейству Lasiopterinae (65 видов, 25 родов). Они образуют галлы на 123 видах растений 37 родов, принадлежащих 20 семействам 15 порядков из клад Superrosids (47 видов галлиц), Superasterids (60 видов) и Eudicots (1 вид). Наибольшее количество галлиц (64 вида, 13 родов) относится к 5 порядкам продвинутой клады Superasterids (Caryophyllales, Cornales, Asterales, Dipsacales и Lamiales). Остальные 44 вида из 25 родов относятся к 10 порядкам более архаичных клад Eudicots (Buxales) и Superrosids (Fabales, Rosales, Fagales, Malpigiales, Celastrales, Myrtales, Malvales, Sapindales, Saxifragales). Наибольшее обилие растенийхозяев во влажных местообитаниях выявлено в кладе Sapindales на этих растениях развивается 15 видов галлиц из 6 родов и на растениях клады Fagales 13 видов из 7 родов. В аридных местообитаниях на растениях из клады Caryophyllales (Amaranthaceae и Polygonaceae) выявлено 56 видов из 7 родов специфической трибы Baldratiini. Среди растенийхозяев травянистые растения представлены порядками Campanulids (Asterales) и Lamiids (Lamiales), среди которых доминируют Asterales. Выделены группы родов галлиц, которые отличаются по степени морфофункциональных адаптаций имаго при галлообразовании и связям с растениямихозяевами: специфические по отношению к родам растенийхозяев и неспецифические (1 род галлиц связан с несколькими родами одного или нескольких семейств растений). Выявлено 13 монотипических родов галлиц, что составляет 36,1 от 38 родов, виды которых образуют паренхимные галлы. Доля специфических родов галлиц 57,9 (22 из 36). К монотипическим родам относятся галлицы, имеющие специфические яйцеклады колющего типа (Monarthropalpus Rbs., Atraphaxiola Fedotova, Probruggmanniella Mhn и Ribesia Gagn). Также архаичные связи галлиц с растениями проявляются у видов Drisina Giard, Acerovesiculomyia Fedotova, Litchiomyia Yang, Mikomya Kief. (яйцеклады лопастного типа), которые откладывают яйца на поверхность листьев растений одного семейства (Sapindaceae, Sapindales), занимающего центральное место в филогенетическом древе Angiospermae. Эти примеры косвенное свидетельство перехода галлиц к галлообразованию в период процветания цветковых растений. Паренхимные галлицы известны на основных лесообразующих породах. Некоторые виды являются опасными вредителями декоративных и пищевых растений. Адвентивные виды паренхимных галлиц выявлены во всех зоогеографических областях., Gall midges forming parenchymal leaf galls on trees and shrubs in the world fauna are represented by 108 species (38 genera of 12 tribes), most of which belong to the subfamily Lasiopterinae (65 species of 25 genera). They form galls on 123 plant species (37 genera belonging to 20 families) of 15 orders from the clades of Superrosids (47 gall midges), Superasterids (60 sp.), and Eudicots (1 sp.). The highest number of gall midges (64 species of 13 genera) belong to 5 orders of the advanced clade Superasterids (Caryophyllales, Cornales, Asterales, Dipsacales, and Lamiales). The remaining 44 species of 25 genera belong to 10 orders of the more archaic clades of Eudicots (Buxales) and Superrosids (Fabales, Rosales, Fagales, Malpigiales, Celastrales, Myrtales, Malvales, Sapindales, Saxifragales). The greatest number of host plants in humid habitats was found in Sapindales, on which develop 15 species of gall midges belonging to 6 genera and on the clade Fagales develop 13 species of 7 genera. Among arid species the greatest number found in Caryophyllales (Amaranthaceae and Polygonaceae) 56 species of 7 genera of the specific tribe Baldratiini. Herb host plants are represented by the Campanulids (Asterales) and Lamiids (Lamiales) orders, among which Asterales dominates. Groups of gall midges that differ in the degree of morphofunctional adaptations of adults during gall formation and connections with host plants were identified: specific for host genera and nonspecific (1 genus of gall midges is associated with several genera of one or several plant families). In total, 13 monotypic genera of gall midges forming parenchymal galls were identified (34.2 of 36 genera). The proportion of specific genera of gall midges is 57,9 (22 of 38). Monotypic genera include gall midges with specific piercingtype ovipositors (Monarthropalpus Rbs., Atraphaxiola Fedotova, Probruggmanniella Mhn и Ribesia Gagn). Also, the archaic connections of gall midges with plants are manifested in the species Drisina Giard, Acerovesiculomyia Fedotova, Litchiomyia Yang, Mikomya Kief. (lobed eggfolds) that lay eggs on the surface of the leaves of plants of one family (Sapindaceae, Sapindales), which occupies a central place in the phylogenetic tree of Angiospermae. These examples are indirect evidence of the transition of gall midges to gall formation during the period of flourishing of flowering plants. Parenchymal gall midges are known on the main forestforming species, and they are dangerous pests of ornamental and food plants. Adventive species of parenchymal gall midges are found in all zoogeographical regions., №228 (2019)

Обзор представляет современные взгляды на роль системы соединительной ткани в патогенезе злокачественного роста. С этих позиций обсуждается значение различных клеточных компонентов соединительной ткани, в частности фибробластов и миофибробластов, способных преобразовываться в миофибриллоподобные клетки. Рассматривается участие клеток в процессе опухолевого роста, возможность изменения при этом их фенотипических свойств и функциональной активности. Отмечена роль фактора NFkB (ядерный фактор kB), и других молекул межклеточного взаимодействия. Указывается, что каждый из клеточных компонентов в последующем может быть мишенью для терапии., The review presents current views on the role of connective tissue system in the pathogenesis of malignant growth. Based on these ideas, importance of different connective tissue cell components is discussed, specifically significance of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, which can transform into myofibrillike cells. Participation of the cells in tumor growth, a possibility of changing their phenotypic properties and functional activity are under discussion. The role of NFkB (nuclear factorkB) and other molecules of intercellular communication was underlined. The authors indicated that each of the cellular components may become a target for therapy in future., №2 (2019)

Introduction. The lack of thyroid hormones leads to the decrease in basal metabolism and violation of the functional state of different organs and systems. One of the leading places is occupied by the cardiovascular disorders which affect the state of gonads. Objective - to determine the nature of morphofunctional reorganization of rat testicles and features of their bloodstream remodeling after the strumectomy. Methods. The experiments were conducted on mature white male rats which underwent the strumectomy. The material for histology were taken after 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after the surgery. Histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, by Van Ghison method. Results. In 1 day after the strumectomy the arterial and venous plethora was observed, which was combined with stromal edema. 3 days after the surgical intervention the morphological signs of organ circulatory disorders were partially reduced. However, the stromal edema remained and was accompanied by reduce in number of cell layers in spermatogenic epithelium with the increasing of intervals between them and their detachment from the basement membrane. In seven days morphological manifestations of vascular responses became more obvious. One could observe the narrowing of the orifices of side branches of the small arteries from the trunks. Identified changes progressed up to 14 days. Arteries with particularly thick walls and narrowed lumen were often detected. In tubules the signs of fibrous transformation were detected. On the 28 th day of experiment the signs of disorders of blood circulation and nourishment of testicles were further compounded. Seminiferous tubules looked devastated. Their fibrous transformation was observed with the growth of connective tissue in the interchannel intervals. Conclusion. After the strumectomy in the rat testicles it was observed the significant circulatory disorders of organ leading to the degenerative changes in the stroma and parenchyma. The progression of degenerative changes leads to the reduction of spermatogenic epithelium, fibrous transformation of seminiferous tubules with the growth of connective tissue in the interstices.

Background. Hemolymph nodes (HLNs) are well described in animals, while in humans they are still poorly characterized; little is known about the role of HLNs in red blood cells destruction, erythropoiesis, iron metabolism etc. Objective. To determine the peculiarities of HLN structure and cellular composition. Methods. Pancreatolienal HLNs were taken during autopsy from patients who died due to cardiovascular or respiratory pathology. Standard histological and histochemical methods were used to detect iron, bile components, lipofuscin. Results. Inside afferent vessels of HLNs equal numbers of red and white blood cells were found. The same ratio was in subcapsular and cortical sinuses, while in medullary sinus erytrhrocytes were absent. Some RBCs enter lymphoid follicles through opened blood capillaries. Inside HLNs parenchyma large lipofuscin-laden cells are frequently observed, by their staining properties they resemble sea-blue histiocytes found under normal circumstances in red bone marrow. Conclusions. HLNs receive mixture of blood and lymph; during circulation through the system of sinuses all erythrocytes are destroyed via phagocytosis by local macrophages. During hemoglobin degradation these macrophages release iron outside, but undigested membranes of RBCs undergo lipid peroxidation giving rise to lipofuscin stored inside the cell.

Цель - морфофункциональная характеристика нарушений функции печени при алиментарном ожирении и их коррекция мелатонином. Методы. В эксперименте использовано 3 группы половозрелых (2 мес.) крыс-самок Wistar с исходной массой 180-200 г. 1-я группа - контроль (интактные крысы); 2-я - группа «ожирение» (модель алиментарного ожирения воспроизводилась путем добавления (без ограничения) к стандартному лабораторному рациону в течение 3 мес. пищевых жиров животного происхождения) и 3-я группа («ожирение + мелатонин») - животные с алиментарным ожирением, которым в течение 14 сут. per os через желудочный зонд 1 раз в сут. вводили водный раствор мелатонина (0,1 г на 100 г массы тела), животные жиры из рациона во время введения препарата не исключались. Крыс декапитировали под этаминаловым наркозом (40 мг на кг), извлекали печень для морфометрического и светооптического исследования (микроскоп LEICA DM 750, камера LEICA ICC 50 HD). Патогистологические препараты готовили по общепринятой методике. Исследование препаратов печени проводили при увеличении х1000 на срезах толщиной 5 мкм, окрашенных гематоксилином Майера и эозином, сульфатом нильского голубого. Для морфометрического анализа использовали метод наложения точечных морфометрических сеток (сетка 256 точек). Определяли относительную площадь сети синусоидов, ядер и цитоплазмы гепатоцитов, численную плотность синусоидных клеток и гепатоцитов и двуядерных паренхиматозных клеток; рассчитывали ядерно-цитоплазматическое соотношение, отношение численной плотности синусоидных клеток к численной плотности всех гепатоцитов, вычисляли долю диплокариоцитов от общего числа гепатоцитов, рассчитывали коэффициент Vizotto - отношение площади сети синусоидов к площади всех гепатоцитов. Результаты. Введение мелатонина нивелировало признаки нарушения кровообращения, крово- и лимфотока. Отмечалась сохранность сосудов портального тракта, восстановление архитектоники центральных вен. Большинство участков гемо- и лимфообращения не имело признаков грубых нарушений. Заключение. Ожирение приводит к значительным нарушениям в системе кровообращения и лимфотока в печени, развитию жировой дистрофии. Введение таким животным гормона эпифиза мелатонина способствует усилению репаративных процессов в печени, нормализации микроциркуляторных процессов, восстановлению микроструктурной и функциональной организации органа., Aim. To identify and assess morpho-functional changes in the liver of Wistar rats on a model of alimentary obesity and correct the changes with the pineal hormone, melatonin, a universal adaptogen, immune modulator, and potent antioxidant. Methods. Sexually mature female Wistar rats aged 2 months and weighing 180-200 g at baseline were used for the experiment. Rats were allocated to three groups, 1) control group (intact rats); 2) group with alimentary obesity modeled by adding animal fat to the ad libitum standard laboratory diet for 3 months (obesity group); and 3) obesity group treated with melatonin 0.1 g/100 g body weight in 200 µl of distilled water, orally through a gastric tube, once daily for 14 days; during the treatment, animal fat was not excluded from the diet (obesity + melatonin group). Rats were sacrificed under etaminal anesthesia (40 mg/kg body weight) by decapitation. For morphometric and optical studies (LEICA DM 750 microscope, LEICA ICC 50 HD camera), histopathological preparations were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and examined with a standard method. Morphometric studies of liver samples were performed at a x1000 magnification on 5 µm sections stained with Mayer’s hematoxylin and eosin stain and Nile blue sulfate using superposition of point morphometric grids (grid of 256 points). Relative areas of sinusoid network, hepatocyte nuclei and cytoplasm; numerical density of sinusoidal cells, hepatocytes, and dual-parenchymal cells were measured. The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio; ratio of sinusoidal cell numerical density to the numerical density of all hepatocytes; and per cent of diplocaryocytes of the total number of hepatocytes were computed; the Vizotto coefficient was calculated as a ratio of the area of sinusoid network to the area of all parenchymal hepatocytes. Results. Administration of the animal hormone, melatonin, exerted a pronounced effect on the studied morphometric parameters and reversed signs of circulatory and lymph flow disorders. Blood vessels of the portal area were preserved, and the architectonics of central veins was recovered. Most parts of hemo- and lymph circulation had no abnormal features. Conclusion. Obesity leads to significant disorders of blood circulation and lymph flow in the liver and results in fatty degeneration of hepatic parenchyma. Administration of the pineal hormone, melatonin, to such animals enhances reparative processes in the liver, normalizes microcirculation, and restores the structural and functional organization of the body., №2 (2018)

Цель исследования - изучение особенностей развития последствий острого поражения веществами пульмонотоксического действия. Методика. Исследование выполнено на 160 белых нелинейных крысах-самцах массой 180-220 г. Для оценки развития последствий острого поражения пульмонотоксикантами использовали модели отравления фосгеном, диоксидом азота и паракватом. Проводили оценку гравиметрических показателей легочной ткани и изменений толерантности к физической нагрузке по показателю продолжительности плавания «до отказа» с грузом 7% от массы тела животного. Также проводилась морфологическая оценка тяжести поражения ткани легких. Результаты. Установлено, что однократное поражение крыс пульмонотоксикантами в дозе 1LCt в остром периоде сопровождается развитием комплекса морфологических и функциональных изменений, характерных для токсического отека лёгких. У части животных наблюдалось выраженное снижение функциональных возможностей, патологоанатомическим субстратом которых являлось нарушение структуры легочной паренхимы с деструкцией и фиброзированием бронхов и сосудов, развитием выраженной панацинарной эмфиземы, которая в 35% случаев сочетается с хроническими гнойно-деструктивными изменениями в легочной ткани. Заключение. Частота развития необратимых последствий поражений веществами пульмонотоксического действия составила: 60% случаев при отравлении паракватом, 40 и 20% при поражении фосгеном и диоксидом азота соответственно., The purpose is to study features of an acute injury progression in case of poisoning by agents of pulmonotoxic action. Experimental work was done in a model of 160 white non-linear male rats weighing 180-220 g. For the assessment of an acute injury development after poisoning by agents of pulmonotoxic action the models of phosgene, nitrogen dioxide and paraquat poisoning were used. The assessment of gravimetric characteristics of lung tissue and changes of physical activity tolerance according to the rate of swimming duration to the full with 7%-load of body mass was carried out. The morphological assessment of severity of lung tissue injury was carried out as well. Results. It was found out that a single exposure of rats with pulmonotoxicants in 1LCt during its acute period was accompanied by the development of a range of morphological and functional changes which were typical for the course of toxic pulmonary edema. As a consequence of poisoning in a half of animals an evident decrease of functional abilities was observed. Pathologicoanatomic substrate of these abilities was the abnormality of lung parenchyma with destruction and bronchial tube and vessel fibrosis, that in 35% of cases matched with chronical purulent-destructive changes in lung tissue. Conclusion. The rate of consequences development after pulmonotoxic agents exposure was the following: 60% cases after paraquate exposure, 40% and 20% after phosgene and nitrogen dioxide respectively., №1 (2018)

Проведен сравнительный анализ листовых пластинок двух видов амаранта (Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus blitoides), произрастающих на территории Калмыкии. Выявлены диагностические признаки в анатомической структуре листьев каждого вида. Установлены параметры клеток и тканей листа. Полученные данные могут быть использованы в дальнейших систематических исследованиях рода Amaranthus. Результаты работы дают представления о степени пластичности той или иной характеристики листовой пластинки амаранта. Продемонстрированные особенности пластинок одного вида могут, являться в одинаковой степени, как и специфичными для этого вида, так и адаптивной изменчивостью, благодаря которой растение приспособилось к жизни в аридных условия Калмыкии., The authors carried out the comparative analysis of blades of two species of amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus blitoides), growing on the territory of Kalmykia. The diagnostic signs were revealed in the anatomical structure of leaves of each species. The parameters of the cells and tissues of a leaf were established in the paper. The data obtained can be used in further systematic studies of the Amaranthus genus. The results of the work give an idea of the degree of plasticity of one or another characteristics of the pallet of amaranth. The revealed features of the pallets of one species can be specific for this species and to an equal extent, be an adaptive variability, due to which the plant is adapted to life under the arid conditions of Kalmykia., №01(67) (2018)

One of the variants for the surgical treatment of patients with bilobal liver metastases is to perform two-stage anatomic resections. Thus, at least in a quarter of the patients it is impossible to perform the second stage of intervention because of absence of hypertrophy of the remaining liver parenchyma or progression of disease during standby. The most modern and promising way of overcoming this obstacle is to perform the so-called ALPPS (Associating Liver Partition and Portal vein Ligation for Staged hepatectomy) or «in situ slit» liver resections. In this article we present a clinical case of performing a two-stage hepatectomy by type ALPPS in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer liver, who previously undergone the anatomic bisegmentectomy SVI-SVII. The present observation is the first in the available literature, evidence of justification perform repeated liver resections in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and demonstrates the possibility of ALPPS techniques when performing extensive anatomical liver resections in patients who have undergone previous removal of the parenchyma of the right lobe.

In this article presents the data of ultrasound examination of 150 children with chronic hepatitis В (ChHB). Ultrasound research which combined with clinical and laboratory data do not always reflect the true picture of the pathological process in the liver, while differences may vary between 14—37%. It is shown that the inclusion of additional Doppler echography in allow not only improve the efficiency of diagnosis of ChHB activity (by 35.3%), but also broaden our understanding about the state of the parenchyma of the liver and spleen, collateral circulation disorders and severity of portal hypertension. Regardless of the age, set to the same orientation of structural and functional disorders of hepatic vessels, the basic and indirect diagnostic criteria of portal hypertension has been developed.

Aim of our clinical study was evaluation of the possibility of diagnosing of renal posttransplant complications in recipients using dynamic renal scintigraphy. Materials and methods. In this study were included 118 patients (age 21–60 (38,4 ± 9,8 yrs)), who underwent dynamic renal scintigraphy and renal transplantat biopsy. We determined time to peak uptake and excretion half-life time of radiopharmaceutical in renal transplantat and graft parenchyma. Recipients were subdivided into three groups according to histopathological findings: first – normal (n = 32), second – acute rejection (n = 43), third – chronic nephropathy (n = 43). Results . Time to peak uptake of radiopharmaceutical in graft parenchyma in patients in the fi rst group – 3,24 ± 0,54 min, second – 6,61 ± 3,28 min, third – 6,21 ± 3,17 min (p < 0,001). Time to peak uptake of radiopharmaceutical in renal graft in patients in the fi rst group – 3,87 ± 0,62 min, second – 7,4 ± 3,8 min, third – 8,03 ± 3,28 min (p < 0,001). The half-life time of radiopharmaceutical in graft parenchyma – 10,4 ± 2,95 min, second – 37,09 ± 19,44 min, third – 29,6 ± 15,52 min (p < 0,01). The half-life time of radiopharmaceutical in renal graft in the fi rst group – 12,31 ± 3,09 min, second – 43,29 ± 27,39 min, third – 52,71 ± 26,2 min (p < 0,001). Anderson–Bahadur distance: Tmax of graft parenchyma is the most signifi cant between the fi rst and the second group of patients (1,23); Tmax of renal graft gives maximum index value in chronic nephropathy (0,89), T1/2 of graft parenchyma is more once differentiated between acute rejection and chronic nephropathy (0,95). The sensitivity and the specifi city of renal scintigraphy parameters in the diagnosis of renal posttransplant complications amounted to 71,43–95,24% and 67,7–96,43%, respectively. Conclusion . Renal scintigraphy is an additional test for early detection of renal posttransplant complications and correction of recipient surveillance. The kinetic parameters of renotrophic radiopharmaceuticals provide diagnosis of acute rejection and chronic nephropathy of renal graft. The introduction of radionuclide imaging to monitor the state of renal transplantat optimizes approaches to graft biopsy.

Aim . To compare the effectiveness of MSC with different degree of ontogenetic maturity (MSC bone marrow – MSC BM and MSC umbilical cord – MSC UC) on regenerative processes in injured liver. Methods . In 4 groups of experiments on Wistar rats (n = 80) with a model of fi brotic toxic liver damage (FLD) it was studied the effect of MSCs with different degree of ontogenetic maturity on recovery processes at the regeneration of damaged liver: 1 gr. – Control, 2 gr. and 3 gr. introduction of MSC BM, included in Sphero ® GEL-long in doses of 2.5 ×10 6 and 5.0 x 10 6 cells, respectively, and 4 gr. – introduction of MSC UC in the form of cell-spheroids (8–10 × 10 5 cells). The cells were injected into the damaged liver in 7 days after the end of FDL-modeling. The effect of cell therapy was studied during 180 days. The effectiveness of corrective therapy was evaluated by the results of functional and morphological investigations of livers (histological control of parenchymal and nonparenchy- mal liver tissue). Results. MSC BM in both doses and MSC UC contributed to a more rapid normalization of liver enzyme indices compared with the control (1 gr.), but the differences in the rate of recovery of disturbed enzymatic liver functions between groups 2, 3 and 4 – were absent. In 90 days after the cell application it was determined a more pronounced recovery activity of cells in groups 3 and 4; in 180 days the more pronounced activation of recovery processes was observed in group 3; but in group 4 the sclerotic processes were more pro- nounced in this period. Conclusion. For the induction of recovery processes in damage liver it is advisable not to use the MSC UC, but to use MSC BM in the Sphero ® GEL, because MSC BM exert not only local but also systemic immune-regulatory effect, increasing the pool of T-reg. cells, which are additional carriers of regenera- tion information in organism.

Objective. To compare disease history data and clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with scleroderma systematica (SDS) with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT)-verified interstitial lung lesion (ILL) versus those without lung involvement. Subjects and methods. An examination was made in 138 patients with SDS who had been consecutively admitted in 2006-2008, female/male ratio, 124 : 14; limited : diffuse : mixed forms, 78 : 40 : 20; mean age, 47±13 years; median disease duration, 6 (2.5 11) years. The history data (occupational hazards, smoking, respiratory diseases) and clinical manifestations of SDS and laboratory data were studied. The diagnosis of ILL was established on the basis of chest HRCT. Results. According to HRCT data, the signs of varying ILL were found in 82% of the patients with SDS. The duration of SDS was similar in the patients with and without lung involvement; but the latter were younger at the time of disease onset. There were no significant differences between the groups compared in history data, clinical forms of SDS, the frequency of involvement of visceral organs and systems. Crepitation was heard only in the patients with ILL. The frequency of respiratory manifestations increased with a larger number of the involved lung segments. The prevalence of ILL was found to be positively correlated with age at the onset of SDS (r=0.29; p

Aim. The aim of this study was the morphological analysis of liver of fish of the families percidae, spike and zherekh Delta R. Volga. Location . The Caspian sea. Methods . Used the conventional method of preparation of histological preparations Results . In the liver of the Volga fish were observed for different values of the granularity of the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, necrosis of small areas of the parenchyma of the organ, proliferation of connective tissue around the triad, slow blood flow, were found numerous small hemorrhages. Main conclusions. The study found that all the fish was broken beam structure of the liver revealed cirrhosis.