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In this work, the influence of alpha particles, protons and gamma rays on the crystal structure and structural characteristics of n-type silicon (n-Si) single crystals was studied using X-ray diffraction. N-type silicon (KEF-40) was used for the study. The samples were irradiated with protons with a dose of 9×1014 cm-2 with an energy of 600 keV and a current of 1÷1.5 µA, irradiated with alpha particles with a dose of 6×1014 cm-2 with an energy of 800 keV and a current of 0.5÷1 µA and γ− 60Co quanta with a flux intensity of ~ 3.2×1012 quantum/cm2·s. Based on the results of X-ray diffraction analysis, it was established that distortions, vacancies and amorphization of lattice parameters that arose after irradiation lead to an increase in lattice parameters.

In this work, the effect of proton irradiation on the change in the structure of silicon samples doped with platinum was studied. The samples were irradiated with protons at a dose of 9×1014 cm-2 with an energy of 600 keV and a current of 1÷1.5 μA. To determine the change in the structure after irradiation, the methods of X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy were used. The obtained results indicate that doping with platinum does not lead to a modification of the cubic crystal structure of silicon, but only to minor changes in the structural characteristics and surface morphology. In this case, proton irradiation of a silicon single crystal with a dose of 9.0×1014 cm–2 with an energy of 600 keV leads to the formation of defects without the formation of an amorphous near-surface layer.

The present study was aimed to reveal the mechanisms of electrical conductivity of the perfluorosulfonic membrane (MF-4SK) in the proton-substituted form and an effect of Tb ions modified this matrix on these mechanisms. The frequency dependences of the complex permittivity at a temperature of 293 K and the temperature dependences of it at a frequency of 1 kHz for samples of the both forms have been measured. An increase in the permittivity ε´ value with decreasing frequency and increasing temperature was brought out. The maxima of the dielectric loss factor were obtained for the layers of the studied systems at different temperatures. The obtained experimental data allowed us to assume that there were distributions over relaxation times for relaxation oscillators. A transition from classical to quantum mechanical charge transfer was discovered and interpreted for the original and modified membranes.

The TOTEM collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider, together with the D0 collaboration at the Tevatron collider at Fermilab, have announced the discovery of the odderon – a bound state of three gluons that was predicted about 50 years ago. The result was presented at CERN on March 5 and follows the joint submission in December 2020 of a CERN and Fermilab preprints by TOTEM and D0 reporting this observation. States comprising several gluons are usually called “glueballs”, and are peculiar objects made only of the carriers of the strong force. The advent of quantum chromodynamics led theorists to predict the existence of the odderon, C-odd gluonic compound. Proving its existence in high-energy collisions at Tevatron and LHC has been a major experimental challenge. The work is based on a model-independent analysis of data at medium-range momentum transfer. The TOTEM and D0 teams compared proton-proton data (recorded at collision energies of 2.76, 7, 8, and 13 TeV and extrapolated to 1.96 TeV), with Tevatron proton-antiproton data measured at 1.96 TeV. In agreement with theoretical predictions, the proton-proton cross-section exhibits a deeper dip and stays below the proton-antiproton cross-section until the bump region, thus evidence of odderon was found.

The influence of lubricating and cooling technological means on the destruction of metal during cutting is shown. It has been established that the most effective additives to lubricating and cooling technological means (LCTM) are aliphatic limiting polymers, namely polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Within the framework of ideas about the chemical activation of media, as well as the accumulated experimental materials of our own research, studies have been conducted on the qualitative description of sophisticated models related to the actual microstructure of the material and quantitative measurements of metal-hydrogen systems. Various aspects of the problem of mechanical energy and hydrogen influence on the restructuring of crystal lattices and the disruption of the interatomic bonding forces arising in ultramicroscopic regions are considered. An important problem is the model of interaction of hydrogen with the metal directly in the region of rearrangement and rupture of bonding forces between atoms. This model corresponds most adequately to the costs of opening a new surface, i.e. the final manifestation of the LCTV influence on the cutting process. The article describes the processes and phenomena that take place below the boundary of the highly deformable metal (chips) and the rest of the metal mass of the workpiece, as well as the peculiarities of the processes of transporting hydrogen from the plasma to the metal fracture zone. It has been established that in the microvolume of the material, the thermal energy produced in connection with the contact interactions of electrically active hydrogen particles with an electrically active real metal structure increases the frequency of thermal vibrations of material atoms and the probability of their rupture. Acting in conjunction with the mechanical energy, they facilitate the processes of deformation and destruction, and reduce the energy costs of cutting metal in various hydrocarbon LCTM. It is noted that the presence of hydrogen both in the chips and in the surface being treated was registered during the cutting of metal in any hydrogen-containing medium, even in water. However, the concentration of hydrogen in the metal workpiece, when the latter is processed in the medium with the addition of a polymer, is approximately two orders of magnitude higher than in the low molecular weight one. It is this fact that makes a significant advantage of LCTM with polymer additives.

Using the model developed in the paper, the process of genesis in depths of the planet of all chemical elements given in the Periodic Mendeleev's system is presented. Formation of nuclei and atoms occurs according to the elementary reactions of the interaction of electrons, neutrinos and protons entering the subsoil with high-energy cosmic streams and as a result of high-temperature dissociation of water descending into the depths of the planet under the action of gravity. Matter synthesis goes on the principle of a simple chemical element to the complex. It is mathematically expressed in terms of the relative time of formation of any chemical element of the Periodic System in hydrogen. This time indirectly indicates the prevalence of a chemical element in nature. Formation of chemical elements occurs with the release of a large amount of thermal energy, which heats the magma, moving it to the sides with a lower energy level. Getting into areas with a lower energy level, atoms of chemical elements interact with each other and form various molecular compounds according to chemical reactions. Moving magma affects the crust of the planet. As a result, cracks and faults are formed in thin places of the crust. Chemical elements and molecular compounds rise to the surface under the action of high pressure and temperature. Massive chemical elements and heavy substances are deposited in deeper layers of the earth's crust or carried to the surface with magma. Light matter such as hydrocarbons reaches the surface through cracks and fractures. Oil is formed from condensed hydrocarbons; gas is formed from uncondensed ones. When they enter geological confined spaces, they form new or fill the known formations and field being developed. If there are no closed cavities in the way of hydrocarbons, then hydrocarbons appear on the surface as emissions from faults and mud volcanoes. The model reflects reverse processes such as dissociation of chemical elements into protons, electrons and electrons. During the dissociation, energy is absorbed; a local compression of the magma occurs. Expansion of magma during the formation of chemical elements and its contraction during their dissociation cause low and high frequency pulsations of the planet, during which excess energy is discharged into space. It is indicated that initially all chemicals, including water, were formed in the mantle from high-energy particles such as protons, electrons and neutrinos emitted by the sun and space. It means that our planet is the product of protons, electrons and neutrinos. The main provisions of the developed model are confirmed by results of experimental studies of similar processes and results of geological and geophysical studies in the Black and Caspian Seas, on sea and ocean shelves as well as on the Kolskaya ultradeep well. This allowed to assert that the developed model has a fairly high degree of reliability.

Heavy bituminous oil is the main source of Nigerian unconventional resources. The resources represent oil sand and bitumen oil forming a belt of bitumen oil covering about 120 km extending from Lagos, Ogun, Ondo and Edo. Huge reserves of the resources are located in the state of Ondo. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method was used in the research to study bitumen oil in South West Nigeria. The NMR spectroscopy on the nuclei of 1H and 13C uses signals from protons and carbon nuclei, respectively, tetramethylsilane molecules Si(CH3)4. Regions of absorption of aliphatic (7–65 ppm) and aromatic (108–170 ppm) nuclei of carbon atoms are clearly defined in the NMR spectra of 13C of the objects under consideration. Signals of carbon atoms of olefinic fragments make a significant contribution to the last range of spectra of the cores of Nigerian bitumen deposits. An analysis of more known methods of defining the aromatic region of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of 13C showed that for fractions that do not contain condensed cyclic and heteroatomic compounds, the definition of chemical shift subranges (CS) corresponding to aromatic carbon atoms 110–130 ppm not substituted, 130–137 ppm substituted by methyl, another alkyl – and naphthyl substituted – 137–148 ppm is sufficienly reasonable. There are regions of absorption of quaternary carbon atoms bonded to oxygen or nitrogen (148–170 ppm), carbonyl carbon atoms (170–200 ppm), as well as tertiary aromatic carbon atoms, located in the ortho position to the hydroxyl or other oxygen atom (108–118 ppm) in objects containing larger amounts of heteroatoms.

Copyright of Nanosistemi, Nanomateriali, Nanotehnologii is the property of G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics, N.A.S.U and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses peculiarities of the resonance proton scattering use for the beam parameters control of the electrostatic accelerators. The expediency of the use has been confirmed by experiment. Peculiarities are caused because elastic resonance scattering through the stage of compound nucleus is always accompanied by potential and Coulomb scattering. These three components interfere and for that reason the resonance form de-pends on a scattering angle and total angular moment of a compound nucleus level. However, possessing neces-sary information in the given field of nuclear spectroscopy enables the selection of resonance with the character-istics suitable for the calibration purpose. Considerable increase of the scattering cross section in the resonance region saves the time and simplifies the experiment technical maintenance. The experiments were performed at the 10 MeV tandem accelerator of the Institute for Nuclear Research, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, after its modernization. Silicon and oxygen were used as the targets. Silicon targets were of two types of thickness: 1) the target of complete absorption, 2) the target with the thickness in which the loss of protons ener-gy exceeded the width of the selected resonance. The elastic and non elastic scattering from silicon were used in region of the 3,100 MeV proton energy resonance. Oxygen target, as component of the surface oxidizing layer on beryllium had the thickness which in terms of the loss of proton energy was less than the width of the selected elastic narrow resonance at 3,470 MeV proton energy. As result of the measurement the corrections concerning the energy scale of the accelerator and protons energy spread in the beam were proposed.

Copyright of Metallophysics & Advanced Technologies / Metallofizika i Novejsie Tehnologii is the property of G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics, N.A.S.U and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses peculiarities of the resonance proton scattering use for the beam parameters control of the electrostatic accelerators. The expediency of the use has been confirmed by experiment. Peculiarities are caused because elastic resonance scattering through the stage of compound nucleus is always accompanied by potential and Coulomb scattering. These three components interfere and for that reason the resonance form depends on a scattering angle and total angular moment of a compound nucleus level. However, possessing necessary information in the given field of nuclear spectroscopy enables the selection of resonance with the characteristics suitable for the calibration purpose. Considerable increase of the scattering cross section in the resonance region saves the time and simplifies the experiment technical maintenance. The experiments were performed at the 10 MeV tandem accelerator of the Institute for Nuclear Research, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, after its modernization. Silicon and oxygen were used as the targets. Silicon targets were of two types of thickness: 1) the target of complete absorption, 2) the target with the thickness in which the loss of protons energy exceeded the width of the selected resonance. The elastic and non elastic scattering from silicon were used in region of the 3,100 MeV proton energy resonance. Oxygen target, as component of the surface oxidizing layer on beryllium had the thickness which in terms of the loss of proton energy was less than the width of the selected elastic narrow resonance at 3,470 MeV proton energy. As result of the measurement the corrections concerning the energy scale of the accelerator and protons energy spread in the beam were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]