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Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the urgent problems in pediatric nephrology and pediatrics. Despite numerous works devoted to the study of pathogenetic mechanisms and development of new diagnostic measures in patients with urinary tract infection, many questions on pathogenesis have not yet been clearly elucidated. Considering that non-specific symptoms prevailing in the disease clinical picture in children of the first three years of life, it is necessary to search for reliable, early, non-invasive methods for diagnosing urinary tract infections. Purpose of the study is to determine diagnostic and pathogenetic significance of proteins that bind fatty acids as well as zonulin in diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children of the first three years of life. Materials and methods. There were examined 120 children, aged from 29 days of life to 2 years 11 months and 29 days inclusive with urinary tract infection. Control group 30 healthy children. All children were tested for serum level of proteins that bind fatty acids L-FABP and I-FABP, and the level of I-FABP, L-FABP and zonulin was measured in urine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. In the blood serum of children with urinary tract infection, the levels of L-FABP and I-FABP were significantly increased compared with those in children of the control group (L-FABP 753.9426.16 ng/ml vs. 148.719.6 ng/ml, I-FABP 92.971.41 ng/ml vs. 18.033.03 ng/ml, respectively, p 0.001). Fractions of urine proteins L-FABP and I- FABP in sick vs. healthy children were also determined at a higher level (6.960.19 ng/ml and 1.010.25 ng/ml vs. 0.370.01 ng/ml and 0.10.02 ng/ml, respectively, at p 0.001). The level of urine zonulin was increased (2.840.12 ng/ml) in sick vs. healthy children (0.170.04, p 0.05). Conclusion. The study allowed to identify early markers of kidney and urinary tract damage (L-FABP, I-FABP, ZO) involved in developing inflammatory bacterial process, whereas measuring urine I-FABP, L-FABP, zonulin level can be used for non-invasive UTI diagnostics in infants and young children.

Introduction. In the Russian Federation, the number of new cases of congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities reported among children from birth to 14 years of age each year is over 1,000 per 100,000 population. Therefore, the urgency of the problem of diagnosis and prevention of congenital malformations does not admit of doubt.Purpose of the study. To study the influence of antenatal risk factors on the formation of the urinary system’s congenital malformations in children.Materials and methods. The study carried out by the “case – control” method. The main group included 126 mothers who gave birth to children with kidney and urinary tract defects, and the control group included 40 women with healthy children. The assessment of the results reliability the obtained carried out by calculating the odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval.Results. The most significant factors in the formation of malformations of the urinary system were: the age of mothers over 35 years old (OR 3.264, 95% CI: 1.079–9.875), a burdened obstetric history (OR 2.380, 95% CI: 1.012–5.594), a burdened gynecological anamnesis (OR 2.825, 95% CI: 1.319–6.051), preeclampsia (OR 2.910, 95% CI: 1.057–8.010), exacerbation of opportunistic infections during pregnancy (OR 2.833, 95% CI: 1.103–7.280), the presence of chronic placental insufficiency (OR 3.413, 95% CI: 1.405–8.290), passive smoking during pregnancy (OR 2.711, 95% CI: 1.110–6.618), a burdened nephrological history in the mother (OR 3.462, 95% CI: 1.148–10.442), the presence of neurocirculatory dystonia (OR 4.703, 95% CI: 1.062–20.822). The work revealed the role of folate metabolism genes polymorphisms in the formation of kidney defects. In addition, a reliable relationship between the development of kidney and urinary tract defects with the absence of pregravid preparation was found, as well as untimely intake of folic acid preparations.Conclusions. The study made it possible to identify the most significant factors of the antenatal period, influencing the development of congenital malformations of the urinary system. The results obtained must be taken into account at the stages of planning pregnancy in an outpatient setting.

Abstract Introduction. Protein-induced enteropathy is one of the common manifestations of gastrointestinal food allergy in young children. The search of non-invasive methods for intestine estimation is especially relevant for early diagnosis and timely prevention of exacerbation.The aim of the study was to determine the serum and urinal levels of the intestinal fraction of the protein binding fatty acids in children with protein-induced enteropathy and to evaluate their clinical and diagnostic significance.Materials and methods. It was examined 36 children with protein-induced enteropathy aged 1.5 months to 1 year and 20 healthy children (control group). All patients underwent esophagogastroenteroscopy with morphological examination of biopsy specimens for differential diagnosis with congenital gastrointestinal diseases. The Cow’s Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMMiS) was used to evaluate clinical symptoms. The intestinal fraction of a fatty acid binding protein was determined for all children in blood serum, urine by enzyme- linked immunosorbent analysis.Results. It was found the increase its serum level (125.20 ± 23.79 pg / ml), and urinal level (0.164 ± 0.031 pkg / ml) compared with the control group (19.21 ± 4.94 pg / ml, 00.039 ± 4.62 pkg / ml, respectively, p

Mathematical modeling of conductive - convective heat transfer in a closed rectangular area with thermally conductive enclosure structures in conditions of radiant heating of internal boundaries is passed. The fields of temperature and stream functions for the two possible descriptions of the radiant energy distribution (even distribution of heat flow only along the lower horizontal boundary and the Lambert's law radiant energy distribution along vertical inner surfaces) are obtained. It is established that the absorption of radiant fluxes by vertical enclosure structures radiant flux increases the temperature gradients in the characteristic sections. Scale of the influence of turbulence on the flow rate of heat transfer is showed.

The plane problem of forced convection and conjugate heat exchange in a two-phase closed thermosyphon of rectangular cross-section was solved. Numerical modeling was conducted for three filling ratio variants (10%, 25%, 50%) of the heat transfer device under study. It was established that filling ratio increasing leads to a redistribution of the energy accumulated by liquid and vapor, and, respectively, to the thermal regime change of the heat exchanger under consideration. It was shown that an increase in filling ratio decreases the heat transfer rate from the bottom horizontal boundary to the upper boundary and, as a result, the temperature of thermosyphon bottom lid rises.

The exponential growth of online technologies in everyday life transforms the very contours of social phenomena, processes, and institutions well known to sociologists. We discuss these transformations in two interrelated areas: transnational migration and extremism. First, the paper proposes an approach to examine «transnationalism online» as a sub-set of transnational migration studies. Second, it presents a critical review of how contemporary scholars study extremist activities and discourse of those who are involved in migration with a special focus on online manifestations of extremism. In a concluding part of the paper we present theoretical and methodological comments on the paths in examining the «dark side» of transnationalism online.