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The ethnicity of the Nagaibaks originated in 1736 after the establishment of the Nagaibak fortress, in which inorodtsy of different backgrounds from adjacent areas were gathered and given the status of Cossacks (on condition of their baptism). Later, after their resettlement to the New Line in 1842–43, the Nagaibaks formed a peculiar community: their membership in a military estate and their inclusion of peoples of different traditions and creeds helped them to become “a border people” in spatial and sociocultural dimensions. In turn, this “liminality” allowed the Nagaibaks to unite opposing features within their ethnicity—hospitality and rivalry, openness to innovation (in terms of active participation in ethnic projects) and closeness in traditions (in terms of preserving rituals of kinship). At various points in their history, the Nagaibaks turned to either openness or closeness, or a combination of both. In the Soviet period, an emphasis on closeness allowed them to preserve their culture (“introvert mode”). In the post-Soviet period, on the contrary, the Nagaibaks mobilized their ethnicity through openness (“extrovert mode”). This dynamic ethnicity made possible a transition from the spatial mobility of the past to the activization of ethnicity in the present. Through their development at the crossroads of different types of cultures (nomad and sedentary, Christian and Muslim, European and Asia) the Nagaibak culture became open-minded and adaptable, while the nomad and Cossack sociocultural heritage led to mobility and flexibility in their actions.

The criticality of innovation activity in relation to the sphere of high-tech national production in the current situation is argued. The existence of a systemic innovation crisis in modern Russia is stated with motivation. A number of causes of its occurrence, existence and aggravation - both internal and external are singled out. The sphere of formation and implementation of innovative operations in relation to the current conditions of the Russian economy with a predominant focus on high-tech industrial production is conceptually structured. Produced the delimitation of spheres direct the implementation of innovative operations of producers of novations (novators) and their customers (innovators), as well as the service sphere, highlighting donors returnable borrowing - primarily of banks, insurance companies, consulting agencies and maintain the appearance of the infosphere. The structural and functional analogies with the typical sphere of marketing operations are given. The typology of innovative operations on the basis of country-based deployment of novators and innovators is introduced. Shows the dominance of the objective of innovation through the channel of import and domestic innovation channel. The basic typology of regulatory operations of public administration in relation to innovation and investment is introduced. The sphere of organization of tenders for the execution of orders for the production of innovative products, integrated with the sphere of legislative and other regulatory regulation, is emphasized. The analysis of the existing basic regulations of normative legal regulation in this sphere and the derivatives generated problems taking into account the realities of the materialization of behavioral models of the typed operators of the innovation sphere is presented. A number of fundamental conceptual innovations in the field of this regulation, including those focused on the use of the activity potential of the subjects of innovation activity, are proposed.

Copyright of Hileya: Scientific Bulletin / Gileya is the property of GILEYA Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An important success factor for innovative activity of countries, industries, firms is the availability of qualified personnel. A very small number of educational institutions train highly qualified personnel for innovative business in Russia. At the same time the range of non-governmental institutions offering courses in the fields which are components of innovation, such as marketing, economics, etc. promote poor training. To correct the situation one should create high demand for knowledge. The consumers, i.e. innovative entrepreneurship, including small enterprising are in need of development. An effective solution of this problem may be based on the formation and development of innovation environment and innovation sphere in different areas of social life. The basis for modeling the development process of food service establishments based on the development and implementation of innovative projects under regional conditions are presented. The concepts of innovation environment and innovation sphere are given. The main elements of mechanism for formation of the innovation environment and its functions promoting the efficiency of innovative activities and implementing innovative projects are described. Selection of elements is based on the patterns of the innovation cycle which results in options depending on the kind of innovative activity under regional and field of industry conditions. The described functions of the main elements of the mechanism for innovation environment formation make it possible to determine the variant approaches to the innovative activity management based on knowledge management. It is shown that the overall innovation environment promotes the activation of scientific-innovative activity and, as a consequence, the development of enterprises and organizations on the basis of innovative projects and programs.

Many of modern legal concepts have their roots in the jurisprudence of Ancient Rome. The concept of novation is one of them. That is why it is vitally important to analyze the main provisions concerning novation that were stated in ancient first-hand sources in order to improve modern theory on that matter. The concept of novation is one of the classic issues in the realm of law of obligations. Thus much attention was paid to it, and especially to the treatment of novation in Ancient Rome. The problem of novation was addressed in the writings of such scholars as Yu. Baron, K. von Czyhlarz, H. Dernburg, D. V. Dozhdyev, D. D. Hrimm, J. A. Pokrovs’kyy, B. Windscheid, and others. The main objective of the paper is to provide an overview of the main provisions stated in ancient Roman first-hand sources on the matter of novation and to suggest some practical implications that might be entailed from those provisions. In Ancient Rome novation is deemed to be a substitution of one obligation with another, or, in other words, a transformation of debt into some new obligation. The conclusion is made that both the primary and the new obligation had to be unilateral. Thus the author states that bilateral obligation was not able to be turned into unilateral one through the novation. Also the elements of the novation are defined. They are: (a) the existence and validity of the former obligation; (b) the existence and validity of the new obligation; (c) the difference between the former and the new obligation; (d) clearly an undoubtedly expressed intention of the parties to renew the obligation. Special attention is paid to the problem of novation under some special condition. The legal consequences of invalidity of the former or new obligation are also discussed. Despite the seeming similarity of the definitions of novation in Antient Rome and in modern jurisprudence, the Roman concept of novation was much broader, especially because it encompassed the substitution of parties and the transformation of the obligation due to commencement of action.

In this study, the methods used in the appointment of mudarris, who make up the backbone of the madrasah system in the Ottoman Empire, have been examined. For historical scope of the study, the 18th century when the Ottoman State started to westernize, was chosen. In this century, the system is different in some aspects compared to the system in the foundation and rise periods. In this study, these differences are mentioned, and determinations made with regard to appointment methods are presented. In this context, changes in the inauguration and promotion of mudarrises are discussed. When the documents in this period are examined, it is seen that with regard to the appointment of the mudarrises, the expressions of “tevcih”, or “tevcih buyuruldu” were used to mean appointed. Mudarris appointments can be classified as appointments made with offers, appointment with the recommendations of Shaykh al-Islam, appointments with kadi’asker’s decree and the Sultan’s edicts. Mudarris appointments were made with such reasons as legitimacy, escheated, novation, eternalization and grace.

Transport proves to be one of the most important industries intended to ensure dynamic development of the national economy. Evolution of railway transport in the modern trends context of economic development on national and world basis needs to be supported with innovation theory researches now regarded among the most useful for the railway industry. Innovation management challenges (and in particular methodological and definitions issues) as applied to railway transport come into key importance. Analysis of various enucleation approaches to innovations has shown that innovation object may be considered about and studied in different ways depending on the selected criteria. The studies make emphasis on the innovation classi-fication problem. The present paper proposes innovations classification in the area of railway transport. This classification version is based on the universal categories and links. It specifies and systematizes definitions, links up various sort innovations, inventions and novations and spins off into a separate category innovations corresponding to modern trends in the scientific and technical development. Application of the newly developed classification allowed for tangible explication and development of the multifunctional innovation classificatory, linking up the rates of innovation and investment activities, which is most significantly at the moment when the task of coping with economic ‘turbulence’/stagnation and obtaining the correct path of dynamic economic growth becomes imperative. Such a classificatory clarifies the dependence between innovations and investments in the macroeconomic environment and can be employed to justify stepping up the JSC RZD innovation and investment strategy.

Copyright of Hileya: Scientific Bulletin / Gileya is the property of GILEYA Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author substaintiates the methodological principles and the technique of the research of strategic priorities on the innovative development of Ukraine’s enterprises in agrarian sector of the economy. The author also improves the technique of applying SWOT-analisis of agrarian enterprise innovative development in combination with the method of simulating innovative changes.

The article deals with the concept of sustainable development in terms of the most important stages of its formation and institutionalization, as well as the most current trends in the use of technology as a promising social technology. Emphasizes that an English term «sustainable development» acquired a new socio-cultural status, which reflects the particular form of maintaining a stable relation between the social parameters of humanity and the natural environment of its habitat, only after the publication of the report «The Our Common Future» and the subsequent its discussion at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The idea of sustainable development as a fundamental paradigm of the assess and justify priorities of modern sociodynamics in its global, regional and local-national projections received further specification and refinement in the materials and solutions of authoritative international forums and conferences. In article denoted those the problem shifts and the identified novations in the understanding and interpretation of the idea of sustainable development, which were recorded in the decisions of 21 session of the Governing Council of Program of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), held in 2001 in Nairobi (Kenya), the international summit in Johannesburg (South Africa) in 2002, the UN Conference "RIO+ 20", held in 2012 in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Special attention is paid to the idea of a "green economy", which has become a kind of the concretization of the principle of sustainable development and has entered into the final document of the UN Conference "RIO+ 20", entitled "The future we want." Also, in the materials of this conference quite clearly are expressed the idea about the systemic nature of the concept of "the sustainable development" and the need to integrate in its contents of the economic, environmental and socio-cultural factors. The interpretation of the systemic vision of the sustainable development strategy involves the development and justification of the necessary totality of its basic principles. As such principles, the article proposes to allocate some of the provisions (the principle of biosferacentrism, the principle of co-evolutionary regulation of socio-natural systems, the principle of rationalization of social needs, and others.). Implementation of such the system parameterization of idea of sustainable development will significantly reduce the level of polysemy of the term «sustainable development» and identify ways to further explication as the most important concept of modern science and philosophy. Recently, more and more popular becomes context of using the concept of "sustainable development". This variable instability and spontaneous dynamism of modern social systems are initiates the search and study of technologies for optimal controlling these processes in order to implement a program of sustainable and balanced development of the concrete historical type of society, taking into account the basic and functionally important components. Exactly, such a broad interpretation of the term "sustainable development" is correlated with the newest technologies to optimize the relationship between man and nature. As specific examples of such social technologies in article describes " The National Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Republic of Belarus" and " The Local Agenda XXI century» (LA 21 - Local Agenda 21), on the basis of which was developed by a number of local initiatives in the field of environment Western and Northern Europe, and in particular, in Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article the author defines the concept of "neofobiya" and "neofiliya" showing their interaction with the "creative act" - social and philosophical concept that reflects the result of mutual transformation of the individual and the macrocosm, a kind of "information filter elimination" in the mind. In addition, analysis of social innovation as a creative activity and social innovations driven classification by measure performance. According the action measure novations can have different meanings: Novations that improve social life, aimed at the development and modification of basic innovation, their distribution in different areas; Psevdonovations related to human ingenuity wrong way aimed at partial improvement and extension of agony outdated technology, social systems and institutions that shape innovation preserved, but its meaning is lost; Annovations characterizing some form of novation, the content of which is reactionary in nature, causing reverse movement in a given area, determine simplification, emasculation, archaism. These types of novations are not static: the contradiction content and format of the possible transitions of one species to another. It is important to measure - dialectical unity of quality and quantity, or a range of quantitative changes within which kept qualitative determination of the subject. But only actual novation, in essence, is a creative act. In addition, the article neofily and neofoby presented as phenotypes - a set of characteristics inherent to the individual at a certain stage of development. That is, a person depending on their stage of development, and with free will, can change its phenotype of neofobiyi on neofiliyu, and vice versa. But notice: metaphysical absolutisation neofobiyi neofiliyi and denies them the dialectical nature as creative neofiliya defines progressive movement of humanity and social inertia neofobiya aims to preserve a measure of novation, at least in the preservation of life. But can absolutisation only one party, such as dominance neofobiyi. This process is notable in modern Ukraine and in the modern world in general and regulates many changes in society. Needed is a research degree in this conflict, because neofoby not give mankind drive themselves in unpleasant situations hasty and poorly tested innovations and neofily trying constantly introduce new material as a solution to the problems of life. In any case, the creative act is given space relations subject to objective, subjective and transcendent reality - it allows for the decomposition of the system into a subsystem conditions and identify the main "incarnation" of the act. The actual development of the world through creative activity involves the objectification of product creativity in culture. Objectification of creative activity finds its expression in the products of labor scientist, artist, writer, musician, inventor, designer, working - people for their beliefs are neofily. This process not only provides for exclusion, but also understanding of reality. The implementation plan to the nearby world of things - the objectification of the subject as a clash with the real world - a basic entry of subject content objectively, regardless of his world, the appropriation of the content. That is, each created innovation physically or socially transforming the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]