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The article focusses on the question of whether Zimbabwe’s local units of public management are substitutable. The question is asked considering Zimbabwe’s present heightened national government emasculation of lawfully designated local authorities’ powers and tasks. Water supply and sanitation, solid waste management, road construction and maintenance, healthcare, motor vehicle registration and licensing are just a few of the examples of local functions the national level has allocated to national agencies it directly controls over the past few years. Given this background, the article sought to explore through structured documentary analysis acceptability of the national level’s substitution of the local units of public governance in service delivery. Crucially, the engagement revolves around the fundamental policy issue of protecting the autonomy of the local units. Among others, the article finds that the local sphere of government is rooted in rich philosophies, theories and legal protections that make it indispensable in the country’s governmental system even as it is constantly encountering brutal assault seemingly designed to bring it into the orbit of national government; tamed, subdued and emasculated.

Guidelines and recommendations developed and/or endorsed by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) are intended to provide guidance for particular patterns of practice and not to dictate the care of a particular patient.The ACR considers adherence to these guidelines and recommendations to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in light of each patient’s individual circumstances.Guidelines and recommendations are intended to promote beneficial or desirable outcomes but cannot guarantee any specific outcome. Guidelines and recommendations developed or endorsed by the ACR are subject to periodic revision as warranted by the evolution of medical knowledge, technology, and practice.The American College of Rheumatology is an independent, professional, medical and scientific society which does not guarantee, warrant, or endorse any commercial product or service.

Rats received guanethidine (50 mg/kg) daily during the period from 2 weeks to 3 months to exclude selectively sympathetic irritation in order to study its influence on the phospholipid status of the lung surfactant component. An increase in total phospholipids of lung extracts as well as that of separate fractions of phospholipids especially of phosphatidylcholine was revealed along with a direct interrelationship between the alveoli area and the phosphatidylcholine rate. The alterations in surfactant phospholipids are regarded as a compensatory reaction maintaining alveolar stabilization in the case of sympathectomy.