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The article contains a theoretical and methodological analysis of the structure and typology of legal culture as a social phenomenon. Particular attention is paid to discussion issues, the author compares the various positions of modern scholars on this issue, explores the varieties and social forms of legal culture. The article attempts to scientifically analyze the elemental composition of the legal culture: legal mentality and legal consciousness, legal activity and legal acts.

A relationship of epilepsy and a used antiepileptic drug (AED) with the menstrual cycle, overweight, and reproductive disorders in women has been studied in recent years. In this connection, topiramate engages attention as one of the AEDs that contribute to weight loss, but not gain.Objective: to investigate the efficacy/tolerability of topiramate in reproductive-aged women with menstrual disorders.Patients and methods. An analysis was made in a group of 58 patients of fertile age (18–35 years) with a long history of focal epilepsy (FE) (n = 44) or idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) (n = 14) who received mainly combined therapy with 2 AEDs. Different degrees of overweight was observed in 82.8% of the patients; 51.7% had one or another menstrual cycle disorders; however, the women had been followed up by a gynecologist in exceptional cases. Switching from one of the parent AEDs to topiramate or its incorporation into a treatment regimen as an additional drug substantially improved the course of the disease: remission at 12 months was achieved in 59.1% of the patients with FE and in 78.6% of those with IGE.Results. 29.3% of the patients receiving dual therapy, the second medication of which was topiramate, were noted to have lost weight not only if those had a high baseline body mass index (BMI), but also if those had normal BMI at baseline. 8.6% of all the patients and 16.7% of those with menstrual cycle disorder achieved normalization of menstrual function. Topiramate was discontinued only in 1 (1.7%) patient because of critical weight loss (BMI

Objective: to analyze the efficacy and tolerability of sustained-release sodium valproate (SV) in adult patients with focal or generalized epilepsy in real clinical practice in three regions (Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, and Samara) of the Russian Federation.Patients and methods. The investigation enrolled adult patients with focal (n=63) or generalized (n=31) epilepsy who had received a stable dose of the drug alone (n=64 (68%)) or in combination with one of the antiepileptic drugs (AEDs): levetiracetam, lamotrigine, topiramate, or perampanel (n=30 (31.9%)) for at least one year. According to the brand name of drugs, their use frequency was as follows: Depakine® Chrono (61.7%), Convulex® (16%), Depakine® Chronosphere (9.6%), Valparine® XP (8.5%), and Encorate® Chrono (4.3%).Results. For a period of over one year, most patients with focal epilepsy (FE) (49.2%) and idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) (67.7%) achieved a remission of seizures when they used moderate (1000 mg) and low (

Aim. To study the influence of L-carnitine on reactive oxygen species production by phagocytes in blood of patients with postinfarction cardiosclerosis.Material and methods. Peroxide species formation was registered via lucigenine-dependent chemiluminescence by luminometer “Biotox-7” (Russia) in 15 patients with postinfarction cardiosclerosis. We studied the baseline and stimulated by forbole ether (PMA) chemiluminescence, and inhibitory activity of L-carnitine.Results. In whole blood samples of the patients after myocardial infarction there was spontaneous chemiluminescence registered, that witness on the pre-activated (primed) phagocytes presence in blood. The response to addition of PMA (1mcM), after latent time period (96±15 s), was as the significant increase of active oxygen species formation. L-carnitine (3 mM), added after PMA, decreased the amplitude of maximum response to PMA by 18±3%. L-carnitine (30 mM) seriously suppressed the spontaneous formation of oxygen species formation. At the background of L-carnitine action (30 mM) with addition of PMA (1 mcM) there was increase of latent time by 1,9 times, and decrease of oxygen reactive species generation with the decrease of amplitude of maximum response on this agent, by 2,3 times.Conclusion. L-carnitine does decrease spontaneous and induced by PMA reactive oxygen species production by pre-activated (primed) phagocytes of blood of post infarction cardiosclerosis patients. This data points on antioxidant activity of higher L-carnitine concentrations and on its ability to decrease systemic oxydative stress in dose-dependent manner for the studied kind of patients.

Derealization is mental disorder, manifested in a feeling of unreality and strangeness of the surrounding real world, a form of impairment of consciousness. The most common and recognizable such disorder is the phenomenon of «déjà vu» – deja vu (DV). Objective: to study the clinical and diagnostic value derealization disorders (DD) in epilepsy. Materials and Methods: the total study group was 152 persons (mean age 25,17±9,19; 63,2% of women). The phenomena of derealization were compared in groups of healthy subjects (n = 139) and patients with epilepsy (n = 23). Patients were interviewed on the DV characteristics and long-term (12-16 hours) ambulatory EEG monitoring was conducted. Results: the same frequency of DV in patients with cryptogenic and symptomatic focal epilepsy was demonstrated. DV could be combined with any types of seizures, it could be aura of a seizure or own seizure. The main clinical characteristics that differentiate DV in healthy from DV in patients with epilepsy are: frequency, fear of the onset DV and emotional coloring. The most important criterion is the dynamic characteristics of the DV: elongation increased the appearance of negative emotions. The DV phenomenon characterized in EEG by start with polyspiking activity in the right temporal leads and, in some cases, ended by slow wave, theta-delta activity in the right hemisphere

A comparison was made between the efficacy of anti-epileptic (AE) outpatient treatment which was initially prescribed by neurologist, and that after therapy correction by qualified epileptologist. The prospective study enrolled 310 subjects (69.03% of females and 30.97% of males) with different types of seizures. The mean age of patients was 29.8 ± 8.7 years, duration of disease was 13.01 ± 6.7 years, and the mean age at the onset of disease was 16.8 ± 8.5 years. After treatment correction by epileptologist the share of “new generation” AE drugs has gone up significantly, and the size of administration of basic AE drugs also increased, with increased share of dosage forms with active substance controlled release. The prolonged forms of valproic acid started to be used 1.75-fold more often (from 20.6% to 36.13%), and carbamazepine by 2-fold more often (from 7.09% to 14.19%). In a year after treatment correction the medicinal remission was attained in 51.2% of patients (n = 159), and seizures became rarer (>50% -

Objective: to investigate the efficacy/tolerability of topiramate in reproductive-aged women.Subjects and methods. A group of 58 patients in fertile age (18–35 years) with a long history of focal (n=44) or idiopathic generalized (n=14) epilepsy (FE and IGE) who received mainly combined therapy with 2 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) was analyzed. 82.8% of the patients were overweight; 51.7% had one or other menstrual cycle disorders; however, the women had been followed up by a gynecologist in exceptional cases.Results. Switch from one of the parent AEDs to topiramate or its incorporation into a treatment regimen as an additional drug substantially improved the course of the disease: remission at 12 months was achieved in 59.1% of the patients with FE and 78.6% of those with IGE. 29.3% of the patients receiving dual therapy, the second medication of which was topiramate, were observed to have lost weight not only if those had high baseline body mass index (BMI), but also if those had normal BMI at baseline. 8.6% of all the patients and 16.7% of those with menstrual cycle disorder achieved normalization of menstrual function. Topiramate was discontinued only in 1 (1.7%) patient because of critical weight loss (BMI

The authors analyzed the direct and indirect costs of treating epilepsy in 611 children aged from 1 month to 18 years in urban outpatient treatment and diagnostic center for the treatment of epilepsy in children based on the individual characteristics of each patient: forms of epilepsy, used regimen of therapy, effectiveness of therapy, body mass. The pharmacoeconomic aspects in idiopathic generalized epilepsy, idiopathic partial epilepsy, epileptic encephalopathies, symptomatic partial epilepsy and cryptogenic partial epilepsy were analyzed. It turned out that in patients with 50% effectiveness of treatment costs increase by more than twice, and in cases of non- effectiveness of treatment — more than three times — in all forms of epilepsy. Indirect costs in cases of loss of control for seizures exceed the direct costs saving

Aim. To study the influence of biogenic stimulators Actovegine and Zifodine (deproteinized hemodrivates of calf blood) on reactive oxygen species formation by blood phagocytes in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).Material and methods. Reactive oxygen species formation was registered by lucigenine-dependent chemiluminiscence on the luminomenter “Biotox-7” (Russia) in 20 patients with CHF of II-III functional classes by NYHA. The hemiluminiscences basal and stimulated by farbolic ether (RMA) were measured, as also inhibitory activity of Actovegine and Zifodine.Results. In CHF patients’ blood there was “spontaneous” secretion superoxide anion radicals, that is showing presence of preactivated phagocytes. In addition, a significant increase of oxygen radicals is shown as a response to RMA (1 mcM). Actovegine and Zifodine dose-dependently suppressed prominence of the response. While concomitantly applied Actovegine and Zifodine at the RMA background there was additive inhibitory effect found, which was not depended on consequence of additives.Conclusion. Actovegine and Zifodine decrease reactive oxygen species secretion by phagocytes, which are extracted from the blood of CHF patients. Addictiveness of such inhibitory effects of Actovegine and Zifodine shows absence of their identity by structure and of improper translation of this data into conclusions on effectiveness and safety, found in clinical practice while prescribing Actovegine and Zifodine.

Objective: to study the clinical and neurophysiological characteristics of the deja vu phenomenon in epilepsy. Patients and methods. The manifestations of the dВjЕ vu phenomenon were compared in 154 examinees in two groups: 1) 139 healthy individuals and 2) 25 patients with epilepsy (mean age 25.17±9.19 years; women, 63.2%) The characteristics of the phenomenon were determined, by questioning the examinees; 12—16-hour ambulatory electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring was made. Results. The deja vu phenomenon occurred with cryptogenic and symptomatic focal epilepsy with equal frequency; however, the phenomenon was also seen in the idiopathic generalized form of the latter and could be concurrent virtually with any types of seizures and observed as an individual seizure and in the structure of a partial and secondarily generalized seizure. In epileptic patients, the main clinical characteristics of the deja vu vu phenomenon are its frequency, fear before its onset, and emotional coloring. The most important criterion is a change in the characteristics of deja vu vu: prolongation, more frequencies, and the emergence of negative emotions. On EEG, the phenomenon was characterized by the onset of polyspike activity in the right temporal leads and, in some cases, ended with slow-wave, theta-delta activity in the right hemisphere.

Objective: to optimize pharmacotherapy in patients with epilepsy and to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of its therapy with the new antiepileptic drugs (AED): levetiracetam, lamotrigine, topiramate, and oxcarbazepine.Patients and methods. The study enrolled 134 patients (women, 69.03%; men, 30.97%) with different types of seizures, who had previously received antiepileptic therapy. The patients visited their physician at least twice; after correcting therapy by an epileptologist, the mono- or polytherapy regimen included new AEDs. The patients' mean age was 29.8±8.7 years; disease duration was 13.01±6.7 years; mean age at onset was 16.8±8.5 years. In the groups of working and nonworking patients with different types of seizures, the authors calculated the cost of epilepsy therapy, by taking into account the use of new AEDs and the pharmacoeconomic index "cost-benefit" before and after therapy optimization.Results. When the new AEDs were incorporated into the therapy, the low incidence rate of seizures following a year averaged 75 to 92%. The index cost-effectiveness was decreased by 2—3 times in all types of seizures when the new AEDs were used despite the increased direct cost of treatment. Also, there was a significant reduction in the cost of epilepsy treatment in practically all the groups under study. The findings suggest that the index cost-efficacy directly depends on the rational choice of an AED in an adequate dose. Rational therapy with the new AEDs makes it possible to reduce not only the total cost of epilepsy treatment, but also to lower the index cost-efficacy.

The investigation evaluated the clinicoeconomic benefits of epilepsy therapy performed by a district neurologist versus an epileptologist in the outpatient setting. The index «cost-benefit» was calculated for different types of epileptic seizures in employed and unemployed patients before and after therapy optimization. Even if there was a considerable increase in direct costs after correction of antiepileptic therapy, the cost of patient management was shown to decrease by 2-3 times on average irrespective of the type of a seizure.

Aim. To study the associations between 24-hour blood pressure monitoring (BPM) results and selected cardiovascular risk factors in young people.Material and methods. In total, 204 students of Stavropol State Medical Academy were examined - 80 men and 124 women (mean age 20,3+0,32 years). Questionnaire survey focused on family history, health behaviours, psychological problems, and self-evaluated health. Anthropometry parameters, blood pressure, BP levels (measured by office and 24-hour BPM methods), and lipid profile were also assessed. According to the number of cardiovascular risk factors (CVD RF) diagnosed, all participants were divided into three groups: Group I - no CVD RF; Group II - one CVD RF; Group III - 2 or more VD RF.Results. No CVD RF were observed in 25% of the participants. Most subjects had one CVD RF (34% males, 59,7% females), two CVD RF (32% and 11,7%), or three and more CVD RF (5,2% and 1,3%, respectively). Increase in CVD RF number was associated with elevated mean circadian levels of systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean (mBP) and pulse BP (PBP).Conclusion. In young men and women, an association between CVD RF number and circadian BP levels was observed. Specifically, increased CVD RF number was linked to elevated mean circadian, mean daytime and mean nighttime SBP, DBP, mBP, and PBP.

The method is developed for preparation of metal-carbon nanocomposites which consist of carbon-carbon composites on the basis of IR-pyrolyzed PAN with nanoparticles of platinum group metals introduced into the carbon matrix