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Background: Differences in the embryonic development of the colonic mucosa determine the physiological embryonic-anatomical asymmetry of its structure and can manifest themselves via different molecular phenotypes (expression profiles) of the colon segments. These molecular characteristics are hypothesized to determine differences in the carcinogenesis mechanisms and influence the prognosis of right- or left-sided colorectal cancer (CRC). Studies of the tumors molecular phenotypes depending on their localization may be of interest for assessment of the prognosis and choice of treatment for CRC. Aim: To perform comparative analysis of molecular phenotypes of the normal colonic mucosa and adenocarcinoma CRC tissues depending on the natural embryonic anatomic asymmetry of the colon. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective study of molecular phenotypes (mRNA expression of 61 genes) from different embryonic-anatomical parts of healthy colon and CRC. The normal group included 254 samples of mucosa from three different parts of the colon from 74 healthy donors who had no cancer and no organic abnormalities of the colon, including 90 samples from the right colon, 116 from the left colon, and 48 from the rectum. The CRC group consisted of 154 samples of localized stage T1–4N0–2M0 adenocarcinoma from 154 patients who had not received neoadjuvant radio- and chemotherapy, including 40 samples from the right colon, 54 from the left colon, and 60 from the rectum. The relative mRNA abundance of 61 genes was assessed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In both groups, the resulting expression phenotypes were compared between the anatomical parts of the colon. Statistical management of the data included the discriminant analysis with stepwise inclusion of variables. Results: Based on the assessment of the mRNA level of the studied genes, a discriminant model was built that allows for classification of the normal group samples according to their anatomic origin in the colon with an accuracy of 95.8%. The most significant (p 0.05) for classification are the following 19 genes: CCND1, SCUBE2, TERT, BAG1, NDRG, IL1b, IL2Ra, IL7, ESR1, TGFb, IGF1, MMP9, MMP11, PAPPA, CD45, CD69, TLR2, TLR4, LIFR. The discriminant model built for the CRC group included 27 genes and made it possible to differentiate samples from three parts of colon with an accuracy of 75.2%. A statistically significant (p 0.05) contribution to the samples differentiation by the discriminant model was made by the COX-2, BIRC5, LIFR, TPA, IL1b, MMP11, MMP7, and P16INK4A genes. When combining samples from the two groups into one model in accordance with their embryonic-anatomical origin, there was a clear separation of tumor tissue samples and healthy colonic mucosa in the discriminant function space. Conclusion: The analysis of CRC gene expression profiles using the discriminant model showed that genetic changes in the colonic mucosa in CRC flatten the molecular phenotypic boundaries of the embryonic-anatomical parts. These changes are specific to CRC, forming a particular “pathological” molecular phenotype.

Aim to determine the age-related morphological features of the isthmus of fallopian tubes of parous elderly and senile women in comparison with women in early adulthood. Material and methods. For the morphological study, 79 parous women were divided into 3 groups: Group I included 26 women of early adulthood (aged from 22 to 35), Group II included 28 elderly women (aged from 57 to 74), Group III included 25 senile women (aged from 75 to 88). The histological, micrometric and statistical methods were used in the study. The preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The thickness of the mucous membrane of the isthmus of fallopian tubes was measured. Results. The mucous membrane of the isthmus in the old and senile age is characterized by thickened folds located close to each other, forming a narrowing of the uterine tube lumen. From the early adulthood to old age, the thickness of the uterine tube mucosa in the isthmus area was decreasing by 9.1% in the right tube and by 9.2% in the left tube. In the interval from the old age to senile age, the thickness of the right fallopian tube mucosa was decreasing by 4.7% and that of the left fallopian tube by 4.5% (p0.01). There was a tendency for asymmetry in the thickness of the mucous membrane in the isthmus area with predominant parameters in the right fallopian tube in all age groups under the study (p0.05). Conclusion. The results obtained during the study allow us to expand the previously available information on the age-related restructuring of the female reproductive system organs. This information may provide the basis for various kinds of "anti-age" and clinical research.

Background. Among the damaging factors affecting the mucociliary system of the nasal cavity, surgical wound is of particular relevance in the practice of an otorhinolaryngologist. The clinical assessment of regeneration of the mucociliary system is associated with certain diffi culties, since the intravital morphological examination of the nasal mucosa in patients is traumatic. Therefore, the development of animal models of experimental rhinitis is considered to be highly relevant in order to study the dynamics of mucociliary pathomorphological changes and assess the epithelium regeneration.Objectives. To evaluate the developed model of experimental rhinitis in laboratory rats by studying clinical, morphological and biochemical changes in the infl ammatory process.Methods. The experimental rhinitis model was developed and tested on 60 mature male Wistar rats. All animals were randomized into two groups: experimental group #1 (n = 30) — rats in which experimental rhinitis modeling was performed and group #2 (n = 30) — control, intact animals. In the course of the experiment, the authors examined the content of CRP in blood, evaluated the differential blood cell count, and studied a morphology of the nasal septum mucosa in 2, 5, 10 days after the injury to assess the dynamics of the infl ammatory process in rats of both groups. Statistical analysis of the study results was carried out by means of Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft Inc., USA).Results. After injury, the rats from group #1 developed acute rhinitis, which was clinically manifested by the release of mucous or mucopurulent secretion from the nostrils, sneezing and scratching the nose. An increase in CRP, band and segmented neutrophils, and a decrease in lymphocytes were observed in blood of the rats from group #1 in comparison with the control group. Microscopic analysis of changes in the nasal septum mucosa showed that the acute phase of exudative infl ammation developed on the second day: vascular congestion, edema, neutrophilic infl ammatory infi ltration of the submucosal membrane were observed against the background of foci of epithelial necrosis. The proportion of lymphocytes and macrophages in the infl ammatory infi ltrate increased by the fi fth day, initial signs of restoration of epithelial tissue — the formation of an undifferentiated regenerating epithelium — appeared by the tenth day.Conclusion. The results of the study show that an adequate experimental model of acute rhinitis in laboratory animals have been obtained. An acute infl ammatory process is characterized by clinical manifestations and changes in blood parameters. Particular destructive and reparative-proliferative changes develop in the mucous membrane of the nasal septum of experimental animals as a result of a surgical wound.

Background. Аcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children is not only the most common but also potentially curable disease in 8590% cases. The other side of high effectiveness of modern treatment protocols their toxicity. Inspite of skin and mucosal toxicity is not a life threatening condition, it requires a supportive care to prevent infectious complications, which prolong hospitalization, administration of antibacterial, antifungal and in some cases antiviral drugs. Aim. To study skin and mucosal toxicity in patients with ALL, treated by ALL IC-BFM 2002 protocol. Materials and methods. One hundred and nineteen pediatric patients with primary diagnosed ALL were enrolled the study. All the patients were treated by ALL IC-BFM 2002 protocol. Toxicity assessment was performed on each step by the scale of National Cancer Institute (NCI) USA, 2d version. Results. The most often variants of skin and mucosal toxicity during ALL IC-BFM 2002 protocol were found on protocol mM/M, based on high-dosed methotrexate. In 42.1% stomatitis 2st. was diagnosed on methotrexate dose 5000 mg/m2, 3st. 15.8%, 4st. 5,3%. Methotrexate dosed 2000 mg/m2 coused stomatitis 3 st. in 6.3%, in other patients stomatitis was 12st. Exfoliative dermatitis was in 1 (1%) case with prolonged methotrexate elimination. Block polychemotherapy used in high risk group of patients was complicated with stomatitis 34 st. in 90%. In 20% naso-gastral catheter was performed and in 25% used partial/hole parenteral nutrition support. Alopecia was reversible and observed in 100% patients. Protocols I, II and maintenance treatment were free of clinically significant skin and mucosal toxicity. Conclusion. The skin and mucosal toxicity profile of ALL IC-BFM 2002 protocol was tolerable. Hole volume of supportive care, preventing and treatment of dermatological toxicity of chemotherapy can prevent of severe skin and mucosal toxicity (soft tissue infections, sepsis, metabolic disorders).

The key side effects of antiplatelet therapy are associated with the damage of the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) mucous that can lead to erosions or ulcers and specifically complicated by bleeding. Aim. To assess the upper gastrointestinal mucosal condition by endoscopic and histological methods in patients with stable coronary arteries disease receiving long-term antiplatelet therapy with gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) history or with high risk of this complication. Materials and methods.The study included patients from the single-center prospective registry of long-term antithrombotic therapy REGATTA-1. The gastric mucosa endoscopic examination with biopsy was performed in 20 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding history less than 1 year ago and in 24 patients without GIB, which have concomitant risk factors such as erosions and ulcers history and/or persistent dyspepsia clinical signs. The mucosal condition (erosions and ulcers) was estimated using a modified Lanz scale. The presence of Helicobacter pylori was determined by Histological verification. The inflammatory process characteristics were evaluated according to the modified Sydney classification. All participants received antithrombotic therapy at the time of esophagogastroduodenoscopy; 81.8% of patients received proton pump inhibitors. Results. Chronic inflammation (93.2%), atrophy (59.1%), multiple erosions (45.5%) or ulcers (18.2%) were the most frequent endoscopic finding. H. pylori infection, found in mucosal samples in 90.9% of patients was one of the most important pathogenesis mechanism, which support the gastrointestinal mucosa damage. Conclusion. Mucosal damage endoscopic signs remains despite long-term proton pump inhibitors therapy in patients with coronary arteries disease and concomitant GIB risk factors, receiving antithrombotic therapy. H. pylori contamination may be the cause of these changes. Therefore, its active screening and eradication is necessary in such patients.

Introduction. The modern environment is polluted by xenobiotics which can cause the development of pathological processes. One of xenobiotics is epichlorohydrin (ECH). The impact of this xenobiotic causes changes in the state of various organs, including the organs of the digestive system. However, the effects of ECH on the duodenum have not been investigated. The aim of the study is to investigate the changes in the state of the duodenal villi in rats and changes in mitotic activity of mucous epithelial cells under ECH influence as well as to evaluate a possibility and effectiveness of Echinacea purpurea (EP) extract and thiotriazoline use for these changes correction. Material and methods. An experimental study was performed on male white rats. Six experimental groups were created. Six rats from each experimental group were removed from the experiment on the 1st, 7th, 15th, 30th, 60th days after the end of the two-month administration of ECH, EP extract and thiotriazoline. The height of the villi of the duodenal mucosa and changes in mitotic activity of mucous epithelial cells were estimated using a microscope of the MS 100 series of Micros (Austria). Results. Morphofunctional organization of duodenal mucosa in rats was changed after the long-term introduction of ECH. The height of villi and mitotic activity of mucous epithelial cells were reduced. Over time, the expressiveness of the changes diminished. Introduction of EP extract and thiotriazoline administration to rats which did not receive ECH was accompanied by an increase in the height of villi. In the case of thiotriazoline administration, this effect was longer. The use of EP extract as well as the use of thiotriazoline during ECH inhalations reduced the severity and duration of the decrease in the height of villi and mitotic activity of mucous epithelial cells caused by this chemical. The negative effects of ECH were corrected more effectivelly by thiotriazoline than by EP extract. Conclusions. Prolonged action of ECH is accompanied by negative changes in the state of duodenal mucosa. The negative effects of ECH were corrected more effectivelly by thiotriazoline than by EP extract.

The high incidence of respiratory infections at an early age requires constant attention of doctors of various specialties. It should be born in mind that the development of the respiratory tract in young children has unique features, and that different drugs can have different effects on the mucous membrane and ciliated epithelium. Also take into account the possibility of using different ways drugs can be administered to prevent and treat respiratory infections with due account for the age of the child, the effectiveness of action and adverse events risk reduction.

The study for quantitation of TLR2, TLR4 and HBD-1 gene expression in urethral mucosal epithelium from women with chronic bacterial cystitis and healthy females. Materials and methods: RNA was extracted from the samples of urethral mucosa followed by RT-PCR. Results: increased expression of TLR2, TLR4 (respectively, 6.9-, 2.6-fold), along with 13.6-fold decrease in HBD-1 was revealed in women with chronic bacterial cystitis, as compared with appropriate parameters in normal women. Six months later, after combined therapy with autologous immunopeptide complex, TLR2, TLR4 и HBD1 expression levels proved to be near-normal in the patients, being similar to those in healthy females. Conclusion: Imbalanced expression of genes controlling innate immunity was revealed in urethral mucosa of the patients with chronic cystitis, thus increasing risk for urinary tract infections.

Background. Rectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) are macroscopically divided into granular (LST-G) and non-granular (LST-NG). LST-Gs have in turn two types: homogeneous and nodular mixed.Subjects and methods. The retrospective study analyzed the data of 20 patients (11 men and 9 women) in whom homogenous LSTs were removed by argon plasma coagulation (APC). The patients» mean age was 65.8 ± 6 years. Therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by Ki-67 proliferation index and the frequency of complications and recurrences.Results. The average size of removed homogeneous LST-Gs was 12.3 ± 3.8 cm2. The average number of APC sessions to achieve a LST-G reduction was 4.4 ± 0.9. Three days before APC, Ki-67 in the neoplasia biopsy specimens amounted to as much as 67.8 ± 4.4 % on average; it reduced to an average of 33.0 ± 3.0 % at 14 days of APC initiation, 16.5 ± 1.8 and 4.2 ± 0.4 % after 21 and 180 days, respectively.Discussion. Inability to receive complete histological data on removed LST-Gs is a main pitfall in APC.Conclusion. Stepwise tumor APC may be the method of choice in elderly and senile patients with a family history of comorbidity. APC can precisely remove LSTs along the boundary of the dentate line. This technique requires no single-use tools.

The overview of own works is devoted to the new insights to mucosal innate immunity functioning. We described multifunctional lectin systems of probiotic bacteria (LSPB) and their complexes which recognize a wide spectrum of selected glycoconjugates. LSPB (separately or in combinations with other antimicrobials and antipathogen factors) are important contributors to biotope distant protection against pathogens. Being metabolomebiotics, LSPB form reversible complexes to natural and artificial glycopolymers of mucin type that allows building on duty dynamic network of directed cascades of replies of mucosal innate immunity. Probiotic molecular-cellular network "LSPB - glycopolymers" serves as an important synergistic system participating in biotope microbiocenosis antipathogen resistance and in Cross-Talking communications with human protective cells and systems to support prolonged healthy status of mucosa. This network influences mucosa pores, affine texture, tropism and redistribution in biotope. Mucosal innate immunity strategies of LSPB and their complexes against microbial and viral pathogens, early tumor-like mucosal cells are proposed. Biological properties of artificial glycopolymers interacted in LS were compared.

Toxic metals that commonly occur in human environment may exert a negative influence on people’s health. This study presents the problem of pathological changes occurring within the oral cavity as a result of exposure to toxic metals. According to literature, they may adversely affect soft tissues, teeth, the saliva secretion process or taste sensations. There is also risk of developmental defects of the facial skeleton, particularly the cleft palate and impaired tooth buds mineralization. Therefore, it is essential to limit industrial and non-industrial sources of toxic metals.

ENT specialists are increasingly concerned about high incidence of the mucous membrane disorders in the upper respiratory tract. To paraphrase a well-known expression, it can be argued that there are no patients with completely healthy noses and sips, but there are patients who have not yet got tired of constant tickling in the throat, mucus discharge, nasal congestion and other symptoms.

The key side effects of antiplatelet therapy are associated with the damage of the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) mucous that can lead to erosions or ulcers and specifically complicated by bleeding., Aim: To assess the upper gastrointestinal mucosal condition by endoscopic and histological methods in patients with stable coronary arteries disease receiving long-term antiplatelet therapy with gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) history or with high risk of this complication., Materials and Methods: The study included patients from the single-center prospective registry of long-term antithrombotic therapy REGATTA-1. The gastric mucosa endoscopic examination with biopsy was performed in 20 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding history less than 1 year ago and in 24 patients without GIB, which have concomitant risk factors such as erosions and ulcers history and/or persistent dyspepsia clinical signs. The mucosal condition (erosions and ulcers) was estimated using a modified Lanz scale. The presence of Helicobacter pylori was determined by Histological verification. The inflammatory process characteristics were evaluated according to the modified Sydney classification. All participants received antithrombotic therapy at the time of esophagogastroduodenoscopy; 81.8% of patients received proton pump inhibitors., Results: Chronic inflammation (93.2%), atrophy (59.1%), multiple erosions (45.5%) or ulcers (18.2%) were the most frequent endoscopic finding. H. pylori infection, found in mucosal samples in 90.9% of patients was one of the most important pathogenesis mechanism, which support the gastrointestinal mucosa damage., Conclusion: Mucosal damage endoscopic signs remains despite long-term proton pump inhibitors therapy in patients with coronary arteries disease and concomitant GIB risk factors, receiving antithrombotic therapy. H. pylori contamination may be the cause of these changes. Therefore, its active screening and eradication is necessary in such patients.

This article provides the current data of the modern literature on the question of the biocompatibility of dental materials, their influence on the local immune homeostasis of the oral cavity; influence of the method of transmission of masticatory load on the tissues and organs of the oral cavity. Thus, when installing the seal, the choice of material, the localization of carious lesions, and when prosthetics - the choice of material of the prosthetic structure and the method of transfer of chewing load is important. It should be understood that the reaction of the mucous membrane can be not only in the area of direct contact with the dental material, but also appear in remote areas of the oral mucosa.