Search

Not only the general theme of madness, but also the features of the narrative allow us to compare the Garshin’s "A Red Flower" with "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man" by Dostoevsky and "Ward No. 6" by Chekhov. It turns out that the storytelling process creates similar problems, the solution of which each writer provides in his own way: see personalisation, dual narrative and apparent objectivity. Motifs along with metaphorical constructions (f.e. dream, luminaries, illness) are also have common features. In Dostoevsky's story, the concept of the "fantastic" becomes a form of path to the personal narrative of the subject of the text, who analyzes the story, develops new linguistic and semantic means for the presentation of history, in which laughter-madness is becoming the generative principle. Consequently, both the parable character and the transformation of the short story into a short novel by Dostoevsky are realized, despite the fact that there is a first-person narrator. In "A Red Flower" there is also the mission of saving the world as a "crazy man", but the narrator in the third person and the narrative does not turn into a story-parable. The story seems to reproduce an anecdote about the adventures of the hero. At the same time, the uniqueness of Garshin's work lies in the way the world is renamed "illy", i. e. metaphorical language. In Chekhov's short novel, the metaphorical plan unfolds the comprehension of the hero, giving the corpus of "crazy narratives" a new touch thanks to completely non-random details – reminiscent of Garshin's. As a result of the analysis, it becomes clear that "Ward No. 6" implements the parable beginning, even if it does not unfold into a personal narrative similar to "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man".

Modern surgery is difficult to imagine without mechanical stapling devices. The objective of the study was to trace the continuity of the development of mechanical stapling technology by European and American surgeons. The main step that led to this technological development was the idea of using a simple paper staple for suturing of human tissue. The first time the mechanical stapling device was used on a human was 9th May, 1908 in Budapest. Subsequently, surgeons and engineers of Europe, primarily Hungary (Austria-Hungary) (H. Hultl, V. Fischer, A. von Petz, etc), Germany (H. Friedrich, etc.) and the USSR (V. Gudov, V. Demikhov, P. Androsov, etc) refined the mechanical principles and practical implications of this new technology. By the mid-1950s, two types of devices were manufactured in the USSR for simple suturing tissues such as the pulmonary parenchyma or bronchus and for the construction of anastomosis. The disadvantages of these devices could be attributed the requirement of delicate manual loading of small metal staples into the cartridge and assembling of sterile parts immediately prior to application. A group of surgeons and engineers led by an American thoracic surgeon, Mark Ravitch, managed to overcome these disadvantages by making devices user-friendly, launched their production in the USA and even organized a training network for surgeons wishing to use the new instruments. The history of mechanical stapling devices illustrates the successful realization of novel ideas that were supported by technological advances and the professional ambitions of surgeons.

The article analyzes the status of investment activity of personal peasant farms (PPFs). Investment is one of the most important factors in the development of the economy. Especially of great importance are investments aimed at the development of agricultural production, because on its development depend the development of all other sectors of the economy, accelerating the processes of reproduction and increasing its efficiency. It is proved that the investment activity of the PPFs is unsatisfactory, investment processes are insignificant, and the sources of allocation of resources are irrational. The sources of investment provision of personal peasant farms have been identified. It is concluded that internal sources of financing of PPFs, which consist of: income from economic activity, related types of activities, provision of services, lease of land plots, pensions, wages, scholarships of members of the PPFs, funds from the sale of property, rent for land plots, interests on deposit investments, insurance payments from reimbursement of losses, previously accumulated savings, etc., are not sufficient. Therefore, we need to look for opportunities to provide resources for external sources of funding. The key role here should be played by the State. It is necessary to develop an effective mechanism for attracting and implementing investment support from the part of the State, as well as external and internal investments, along with joint projects.

The paper discusses the issues of split spirit and body, as well as dual reality (“interpretation through media / virtuality”) and mirroring in the book “The Aglaja Apocryph” by Jerzy Sosnowski. This means that the characters and “authors” of the two novels that make up the book, live as if in two worlds, “as in computer games.” The paper thus reveals how Sosnowski understands the modern syndrome of life and generally postmodern phenomenon of hyperreality and simulacra. The author of the paper explores how heroes turn simultaneously into people and machines, how their body turns out to be a machine that comes to life, and only “trust” can overcome the unreliability of such reality. The material for the analysis is also the problem of the instability of “reality and fiction” as well as “author and hero.” The fictitious author, the writer of the novel looks at the supposedly real creatures, living persons, on the one hand, as his heroes, and on the other, as an electric object, a thing (“coffee-maker”), bringing these two incompatible phenomena and concepts closer. In the course of the analysis of the text “The Aglaja Apocryph” reveals both the complex relationship between the author and the hero – the rebellion of creation against its creator, and the constant criticism of fiction and words. Poetry is rewritten from a scientific and technical position, which is also deconstructed in the name of the right to poetic language. In the same regard, the work is devoted to the analysis of the motivational and metaphorical presentation of the relationship between male and female characters. The study of plant, zoomorphic components, musical elements and artefacts related to the images in question leads to the discovery of parallelisms between different parts of the book, in which several readings of the same story of a woman and a man collide: who is a predator and who is a victim; who is a machine and who is a human; who is the creator and who is the creation? Discursive and stylistic multilayers, intertextual references (for example, Faust), etc. interact and create new interpretive lines in the book. The focus of the paper’s author, however, appeals primarily to the problem of self-invention and self-reflection, which can not be realized without telling and detailing the own story. Summing up the analysis, the paper’s author concludes the need for verbal presentation, the transgression of the story into metaphorical text in order to highlight the complex nature and new meaning of the issues put forward and discussed in Sosnowski’s book.

Abstract. Aim. Accurate knowledge of the extent and local distribution of pollution plays a key role in many areas of life.Method. Although there are many well-known and generally-accepted methods for obtaining the intended data, these methods do not give a satisfactory result in cases when it is necessary to determine the exact parameters of pollution quickly and in a relatively small area (e.g. an industrial zone of several square kilometers, a residential area, etc.) and to determine changes in these parameters as expressed numerically. Small UAVs (multicopter with fixed or rotating wing) were equipped with sensitive detectors for gamma rays and polluting gases, including the assignation of flight data coordinates to the measured data. Such informational groupings provide the opportunity to determine the distribution of radiation or air polluting gases. Using this method, it is possible to identify and localise illegally-stored or illegally-released gamma ray emitting materials, continuously monitor pollution caused by chemical disasters and determine the spatial distribution of pollution.Results. The article presents systems based on practical experiments, which, in the case of using a gamma detector, allow the localisation of objects using low radiation doses along with a high-quality map of gamma radiation in a specific area; and, in the case of gas sensors, the visualisation of the spatial distribution of a polluting gas. The method is used primarily in the field to detect gamma emitters with low activity or to analyse the emission of industrial facilities with the emission of pollutants.Conclusion. The combination of spatial coordinates with remote sensing data comprises an effective meas-urement method. The developed system is generally applicable for mobile platforms equipped with sensors. The systems are designed to provide fast, efficient and reliable measurements that can be used for both detection and control. The type of pollutants to be measured depends on the sensors used. The experiments also indicate that, when replacing the used sensors, it may be necessary to change the processing of the measured data in accordance with the characteristics of the particular sensor; however, in general, data processing and visualisation of the results can be carried out in practice.

The article examines the way phraseological units with numerals ‘7’ and ‘8’ in Russian and Hungarian represent native speakers mentality. We focus on the difference in categories to which phraseological units in both languages belong, analyze their style characteristics, compare the grammar structure and concentrate on the possible explanations as for how the numeral components appeared in the phraseological units.

Against the background of globalisation more and more professionals who master several foreign languages are needed. In some European universities they have launched pilot projects of teaching from 3 to 5 related languages at the same time within the frame of one course. One language is supposed to be known at C1-C2 level including all kinds of activities (both productive and perceptive) while all the other languages are taught to be understood when listening and reading. The article presents the history of the project, focuses on learning techniques within the frame of the programmes and outlines some perspectives.

Objective: The measurement of aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao) is an accepted marker in stratifying individual cardiovascular risk in adults. There is an increasing volume of evidence concerning impaired vascular function in different diseases in paediatric populations, but, unfortunately, only a few studies are available on the measurement of normal PWVao values in children. The aim of our study was to determine the reference values of PWVao in a large healthy population using a newly developed technique. Methods: Three thousand, three hundred and seventyfour healthy individuals (1802 boys) aged 3–18 years were examined by an invasively validated, occlusive, oscillometric device. Results: The mean PWVao values increased from 5.5_0.3 to 6.5_0.3 m/s (P

The fundamental role of the cardio-respiratory system is to supply the tissues with adequate amount of oxygen to cover their metabolic need. Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome are characterized by atelectasis of the alveoli, causing inadequate gas exchange in the lung and lack of oxygen supply to the body. Under these circumstances by increasing the FiO2 only may not be enough to improve oxygenation. One of the possible alternatives is the lung recruitment manoeuvre, during which the alveoli are opened up with high inflation pressure and to keep them open by maintaining appropriate positive end expiratory pressure. However, high intrathoracic pressures may cause haemodynamic instability by affecting the work of the heart and compressing the mediastinal veins. It is uncertain, how haemodynamics are best monitored during lung recruitment. Is continuous monitoring of the mean arterial pressure and the central venous pressure enough, or do we need to measure invasive haemodynamic parameters such as cardiac output and intrathoracic blood volume during such an aggressive intervention?. The aim of this article is to give a review of the possible answers for these questions based on the results of physiological and recently published clinical and experimental research. Key words: lung recruitment, acute respiratory distress syndrome, positive end expiratory pressure, extravascular lung water, oxygenation, hemodynamic monitoring.