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In the second half of the 20th century, through the efforts of scientists from many countries, a coherent theory of natural plague foci (sylvatic plague) was formulated, attempted to describe the history of the origin and evolution of the causative agent of plague infection, the microbeYersinia pestis. But the accumulated knowledge in this regard remained extremely limited. Envisioned by the modern phylogenetics, the methods of phylogenetic constructions in the pregenomic time were rather primitive, “manual”, characteristic of early empirico-intuitive Haeckel phylogenetics. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the introduction of genomic methodologies in the study of the plague pathogen allowed to detail the intraspecific diversity (subspecies, genovariants) of this particularly dangerous pathogen at the level of geographical and local populations (individual natural foci) around the world and to bring the diagnostics and description of intraspecific diversity to a high degree of perfection. Two important discoveries were made. First, the direct ancestor of the plague microbe was reliably established, it turned out to be the causative agent of intestinal infection — Far Eastern scarlet-like fever (Y. pseudotuberculosis0:1b). Secondly, the evolutionary youth of the plague pathogen was shown, the “molecular clock” showed the time of its divergence from the ancestral population no earlier than 30 thousand years ago. Thus, the root of the phylogenetic tree ofY. pestiswas fully characterized. Nevertheless, molecular genetic (MG) achievements do not yet allow to reveal the secrets of its phylogeny, i.e. the origin and sequence of world expansion. The most important reason is the high dependence of the MG of phylogeny reconstructions on the choice of evolutionary model for the analyzed characters: the model of neutral evolution is traditionally accepted, but its adequacy in relation toY. pestisphylogeny is questioned by many well-known ecological (in the broad sense) facts. At the same time, MG achievements contributed to the creation of an ecological (ECO) approach based on the provisions of the theory of natural plague foci in an updated version, according to which the plague pathogen is an evolutionarily young pathogen descended from a psychrophilic pseudotuberculous ancestor. The presumptive ECO scenario has no obvious natural-scientific and historical contradictions and can serve as a null hypothesis for improving the MG methodology of phylogenetic constructions for plague and other similar microbes. It is suggested that the creation of a real phylogeny of the plague microbe is possible only based on integration of MG and ECO approaches.

Background. Sunflower seed production is based on utilization of the heterosis effect, manifesting itself in improving both yield and plant height in hybrids. Short-stemmed lines need to be used to develop commercial hybrids with an optimum height. Molecular bases of the trait manifestation in the dwarf lines from VIR’s sunflower genetic collection have not yet been studied. Materials and methods. The material included 27 short-stemmed and 10 tall sunflower lines from VIR’s genetic collection, as well as the F1 and F2 hybrid generations derived from crossing the tall (VIR 340) and dwarf (VIR 171) genotypes. The parental lines and hybrids were phenotyped for plant height, leaf number, and internode length. Genotyping for the Rht1 locus (HaDella1 candidate gene), encoding the negative regulator of the gibberellin response, the DELLA protein, was performed using the developed CAPS marker. Results. The average plant height in the VIR 340 line over a three-year study was 162 cm, the number of leaves 29, and the internode length 6 cm. The VIR 171 line demonstrated the plant height of 66 cm, leaf number of 24, and internode length of 2.8 cm. The F1 hybrids were uniform, with the height of 180–190 cm, that indicated the dominance of the long stem trait. Analyzing the segregation in the F2 hybrid generation led to an assumption admitting the digenic control of the dwarf phenotype in the VIR 171 line. The CAPS marker G-D-1/ Bmt I was developed to identify a missense mutation T>C in the first exon of the HaDella1 gene, which results in the substitution of leucine with proline in the DELLA motif. Using the marker, the mutant Rht1 allele was identified in the VIR 171 and VIR 434 dwarf lines, similar in their origin and phenotype. The results of validation in the F2 hybrid population (VIR 340 × VIR 171) confirmed the efficiency of the G-D-1 / Bmt I marker for selecting dwarf genotypes homozygous for the Rht1 mutant allele.

In December 2023, the leading mycologist-phytopathologist of the Russian Federation, head of the laboratory of plant immunity to diseases of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Olga Silvestrovna Afanasenko celebrates her anniversary. The main direction of O.S. Afanasenko’s work is a comprehensive study of the mechanisms of variability in populations of phytopathogenic fungi, race-forming processes and interorganismal genetics in the pathosystems “cereal crops - hemibiotrophic pathogens”. In cooperation with colleagues from VIR, as well as from specialized institutions of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, research is being carried out to identify genes for resistance of grain crops to the most harmful pathogens.

Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca macularis Mag. (syn. Podosphaera aphanis Wallr.)) is a dangerous disease of strawberry (Fragaria L.). The resistance of strawberry to powdery mildew is controlled polygenically. Several genetic loci with a large contribution to disease resistance have been identified in various strawberry varieties. Diagnostic DNA markers have been developed for QTL 08 To-f. They showed a high level of reliable gene detection in mapping populations. The purpose of this study was assessment of a strawberry genetic collection for resistance to powdery mildew and identification of promising strawberry forms for breeding for resistance to S. macularis. The objects of the study were wild species of the genus Fragaria L., varieties and selected seedlings of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) created in the I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center, and strawberry varieties introduced from various ecological and geographical regions. To identify QTL 08 To-f, DNA markers IB535110 and IB533828 were used. Locus 08 To-f was detected in 23.2 % of the analyzed strawberry genotypes, including wild species F. moschata and F. orientalis, strawberry varieties of Russian breeding (Bylinnaya and Sudarushka) and foreign breeding (Florence, Korona, Malwina, Ostara, Polka and Red Gauntlet). The correlation between the presence of markers IB535110 and IB533828 and phenotypic resistance (powdery mildew effect on strawberry plants is absent) was 0.649. The determination coefficient (R2 ) showing the contribution of the studied locus to the manifestation of the trait was 0.421, that is, in 42.1 % of cases resistance was explained by the presence of QTL 08 To-f, and in 57.9 % of cases, by other genetic factors. All strawberry genotypes with locus 08 To-f were characterized by high field resistance to S. macularis in the conditions of Michurinsk, Tambov region. Thus, locus 08 To-f is promising for conferring resistance on local powdery mildew races, and markers IB535110 and IB533828 can be used in marker-assisted breeding programs to create powdery mildewresistant strawberry genotypes.

The genetic base of compactness has been an area of active research in recent years, with several genes and mutations identified to be associated with the appearance of dwarf phenotypes. Understanding the functions of these genes and the underlying mechanisms of dwarfism in cucurbit crops is essential for developing new cultivars with improved yield and fruit quality. This study presents current data on genes and mutations associated with the evolvement of compact phenotypes in cucurbit crops. The review includes examples of mutant compact phenotypes and their associated genes in representatives of the Cucurbitaceae family, such as Cucurbita maxima Duch., Cucurbita pepo L., Cucurbita moschata Duch., Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, and Cucumis melo L. The review provides up-to-date information on the genetic and molecular bases of compact phenotype formation, as well as molecular markers for detecting known genes associated with reduced plant size.

Background. Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora (Burill) Winslow et al.) is a dangerous disease of fruit crops. In the Russian Federation, fire blight is one of the quarantine diseases. Apple resistance to fire blight is controlled polygenically. However, the data on the genotypes of Malus Mill. wild species and varieties in the context of individual resistance loci are scarce. The purpose of the research was studying the genetic collection of apple wild species according to the FBF7 fire blight resistance locus to identify promising sources of resistance to E. amylovora.Materials and methods. The materials of this study included 23 wild and two cultivated apple-tree species (50 accessions) from the genetic collection of the I.V. Michurin FSC. The FBF7 QTL for fire blight resistance was identified with the flanking SCAR-markers AE10-375 and GE-8019, and SSR-marker CH-F7-Fb1.Results and conclusion. The GE-8019 marker was identified in 50.0% of the apple accessions, AE10-375 in 76.0% of the accessions, and CH-F7-Fb1 in 30.0%. Inter- and intraspecific polymorphism of the Malus genus was revealed for the analyzed resistance locus, as well as for individual DNA markers linked to the FBF7 QTL. The GE-8019 and AE10-375 markers flanking the FBF7 QTL were found in 42.0% of the studied genotypes. Meanwhile, three diagnostic markers (GE-8019, AE10-375, and CH-F7-Fb1) were identified only in 7 accessions: M. × robusta var. persicifolia (Carr.) Rehd. (к-41279), M. × cerasifera var. hiemalis Spach. (к-2342) (Ser. Baccatae), M. sylvestris (L.) Mill. (k-73 and k-123), M. × spectabilis var. albi plena (Ait.) Borkh. (к-2416) (Ser. Malus), M. × sargentii (Rehd.) Langenf. (k-2428) (Ser. Toringonae), and M. coronaria (L.) Mill. (к-2336) (Ser. Coronariae). These forms are promising genetic sources of resistance to E. amylovora.

Rice is a valuable crop used for food throughout the world. To develop modern, productive and disease resistant rice varieties, it is necessary to accelerate the breeding process using molecular biology methods. The purpose of the current study was to identify alleles of six blast resistance genes (Pi-1, Pi-2, Pi-33, Pi-40, Pi-ta and Pi-b) in the selected rice samples using MAS (marker-associated selection method). The objects of the study were 446 breeding rice samples sent to the laboratory of cell breeding for analysis by breeders from the laboratory for rice breeding and seed production of the FSBSI «ARC «Donskoy». Identification of genes in them was carried out differentially and was determined by the pedigree of the samples. In order to determine the alleles of the blast resistance genes Pi-1, Pi-2 and Pi-33, all 446 samples were studied, for the Pi-40 gene there were studied 20 samples, for the Pi-ta gene there were studied 316 samples. For DNA extraction, there was used a Russian-made kit ‘DNA-Extran-3’. PCR was performed using specific primers of the target genes. Identification of reaction products was performed on agarosegels after photographing in ultraviolet light. As a result of the study, there were identified the rice samples which carried from 1 to 5 blast resistance genes in various combinations. There have been identified 14 samples that possess a set of 5 resistance genes, such as 2723, 2724, 2727, 2728, 2729, 2730, 2733, 2735, 2736, 5007, 5671, 5673, 5450/2 and 2450/2. The information obtained from the results of the study could then be used by breeders to use valuable genotypes as donors in crosses, as well as to select promising breeding material resistant to blast disease.

Apple clonal rootstocks are the basis of modern intensive horticulture, providing a rapid increase in yield and convenience of fruit trees cultivation. Production of clonal rootstocks under high humidity often causes powdery mildew infection caused by the pathogenic fungus Podosphaera leucotricha Salm., which significantly reduces the productivity of stoolbed. Growing powdery mildew resistant genotypes is the most appropriate way to combat this disease and allows reducing the use of fungicides. To accelerate the search for resistant forms, molecular markers associated with resistance genes have been developed. However, these markers have not been used to study clonal rootstocks. The aims of the work were the field assessment of powdery mildew resistance of apple clonal rootstocks from the collection of the Michurinsk State Agrarian University and the screening of the collection for Pl-1, Pl-2, Pl-w and Pl-d resistance genes. The results of a three-year field evaluation of powdery mildew resistance of 80 rootstocks allowed us to distinguish five main groups ranging from very low to highly resistant. A group of 57 accessions was classified as powdery mildew resistant. The search for resistance genes was performed using the AT20 SCAR (Pl-1 gene), OPU02 SCAR (Pl- 2 gene), EM DM01 (Pl-d gene), and EM M02 (Pl-w gene) markers. The Pl-d and Pl-1 genes identified in 33 (41.25 %) and 31 (38.75 %) accessions, respectively, were the most common in the collection. The Pl-w gene was detected only in two accessions. Identification of the Pl-2 gene with the OPU02 SCAR marker did not reveal a fragment of the expected size. Thirty accessions with different powdery mildew resistance scores had two genes, Pl-1 and Pl-d, and highly resistant forms G16 and 14-1 had a combination of the Pl-d and Pl-w genes. These accessions can be used as donors of powdery mildew resistance for breeding new apple clonal rootstocks.

The genetic diversity of crop varieties should be assessed using modern molecular markers. One of the most promising and simple methods of plant genetic analysis is intermicrosatellite labeling (ISSR). The purpose of this research is to study the polymorphism of varieties of fiber flax and linseed flax included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation, as well as local forms of fiber flax using ISSR markers. The objects for the research were 83 samples from the collection of the Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, among them 24 varieties of linseed flax, 56 varieties of fiber flax of domestic and foreign breeding, and three local forms from the Central Non-Black Earth Region. Genetic analysis was carried out by PCR method using a set of 25 ISSR primers. Detection of amplification products was carried out using electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose gel. Based on intraspecific selection of flax varieties to oilseed and fiber forms, a cluster analysis was performed according to the results of ISSR labeling independently in each of two groups that allowed to increase the reliability of conclusions on the existing dependences. Dendrograms of the genetic similarity of the studied samples of linseed flax and fiber flax were studied independently from each other. As a result of the analysis, linseed flax varieties were divided into five clusters, which made it possible to establish dependencies related to their origin (originator of the variety) and oil content in the seed. The dendrogram which included varieties of fiber flax and its local forms, revealed twelve subclusters forming three uneven groups. Almost every group had its own characteristic feature, not related to the geography of origin. The grouping of varieties occurred mainly on the basis of their various characteristics in terms of flax fiber content, ripening time and resistance to environmental stress factors. The results of the research show the applicability of using the ISSR-markers as a valid and accessible method for developing the elements of marker-associative breeding of bast fiber crops.

This review considers the processes of morphogenesis used in the development of propagation methods and the creation of a new starting material for sugar beet. It has been demonstrated that methods of particulation, in vitro microcloning and cell breeding that reflect non-sexual forms of plant reproduction increase the effectiveness of breeding experiments. The review describes the in vitro culture methods maintaing a tendency in plants for vegetative propagation and stimulating increase in genetic variability of properties when mutagens such as ethyl methanesulfonate, alien genetic structures with mf2 and mf3 bacterial genes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains, and selective agents (Сd++ ions and abscisic acid) are incorporated into plant cells. It presents the results of using fluorescent microscopy, cytophotometry, biochemical analysis and determining the level of phytohormones and content of nucleic acids in nuclei for forecasting the seed setting ability. It has demonstrated that long self-pollination of plants causes decrease in fertility of pollen grains, resulting in the sterilization of male gametes and the appearance of pistillody flowers. Self-fertile plants isolated from these lines serve as sterility fixers, while the apomixis elements increased the ovule number, additional embryo sacs and embryos. A role of apomixis in contributing to variability in the ontoand phylogenetic development of plants have been substantiated. The review reflects the morphological features of the in vitro development of sexual and somatic cells in embryos during the formation of seedlings based on floral and vegetative embryoidogeny. Use of the SNP and SSR (Unigenes) molecular-genetic markers having a high polymorphism level has appeared effective to characterize the developed breeding material and hybrid components when carrying out crossings. The study of sugar beet starting materials for the presence of TRs mini-satellite loci making it possible to reveal O-type plants-pollinators (sterility fixing agent) and MS-form plants are of interest for breeding as well. The selected material can be widely used in breeding to produce hybrids, allowing for a 2–3-fold reduction of the development period. The review also discusses the prospects for the development and implementation of new methods and original schemes in sugar beet genetics, biotechnology and breeding.

Birch (Betula L.) is a genus of approx. 60 species, subspecies or varieties with a wide distribution in the northern hemisphere. Understanding of systematics and evolution of this taxonomic group is of high practical importance, since most of the genus birch species are actively used in various industrial sectors and reforestation projects and are important forest tree species. The genus birch is considered to be one of the most complex among angiosperms. Taxonomy of birches has been revised several times, but systematic position of many representatives of the genus birch is being reconsidered today. Despite multiple comprehensive studies involving both morphological and molecular approaches a lot of unsolved issues remain in systematics and phylogeny of the genus birch. Main reasons for this include high variability of morphological characters, polyploidy, and intensive and widespread hybridization, which hampers identification of species. The purpose of the study is taxonomic analysis of the genus birch. Article discusses the features of birch introgressive hybridization, the origin of some species, summarizes the results of several molecular phylogenies based on various chloroplast and nuclear markers, and also lists birch representatives, whose taxonomic position is not confirmed by molecular genetic studies and requires additional study of natural populations using molecular markers. Various methods are used to determine the relationship between birch species: classical morphology analysis, chromosome number analysis and molecular genetic methods. One group of methods is not enough to clearly determine systematic position of some representatives of the genus birch. Therefore, the approach to the taxonomy and phylogeny of birches should be complex, using various modern methods complementing each other.

The use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in the laboratory diagnostics of syphilis is described. The data of the indication of syphilitic lesions on the basis of identification of molecular markers are presented in this paper.

Background. Cultivation of resistant cultivars is an effective method of wheat protection against leaf rust. The purpose of this work was to characterize the juvenile leaf rust resistance of bread wheat cultivars listed in the State Register for Selection Achievements in 2021 and identify their Lr genes using molecular markers.Materials and methods. The material included 18 cultivars of winter bread wheat and nine spring ones. Juvenile resistance in the seedling phase was assessed with two test clones (kLr9 и kLr19) and the Krasnodar population of Puccinia triticina Erikss. Molecular markers were used to identify 18 Lr genes.Results and discussion. A high level of resistance (score 0 or 0;) was shown by cvs. ‘Khamdan’, ‘Sharm’ and ‘Omskaya 44’; moderate resistance (score 2, 2+) by ‘Albidum 2030’. Reactions of ‘Polina’, ‘Rossyp’, ‘Status’, ‘Balkysh’ and ‘Bogema’ were variable. The studied cultivars did not contain juvenile genes Lr9, Lr24, Lr25, Lr28, Lr29, Lr39, Lr47 or Lr66 and adult plant resistance genes Lr21 and Lr35. Markers of identifiable genes were not detected in cv. ‘Sharm’, highly resistant to leaf rust. ‘Khamdan’ had an ineffective Lr10 gene and a partial resistance gene Lr34, which offered no protection in the seedling stage. These cultivars seem to contain additional resistance genes. A high level of resistance to leaf rust in ‘Omskaya 44’ is provided by a combination of the Lr19, Lr26, Lr1 and Lr3 genes. In ‘Nemchinovskaya 85’, the partially effective adult plant resistance gene Lr37 was identified. In other tested cultivars, Lr1, Lr3, Lr10, Lr26 and Lr34 were widely represented.

Potato virus Y (PVY) is an economically important pathogen of potato as a vegetatively propagated crop. High resistance to all strains of PVY is determined by Ry-genes, which are introgressed into modern potato varieties from a limited number of sources of resistance ‒ Solanum stoloniferum Schlechtd. et Bche., Solanum andigenum Juz. et Buk., Solanum chacoense Bitt. Use of new species Solanum and interspecific hybrids based on them provides for the expansion of existing potato gene pool in breeding for resistance to PVY. Traditional breeding for resistance to viruses has still a great potential, though, it is a long and laborious process. Molecular markers linked to Ry-genes are widely integrated in order to increase the effectiveness of practical breeding. Previous studies have revealed a number of shortcomings in using the molecular markers of Ry-genes. To assess the predictive abilities of molecular markers RYSC3, M45, M6 of the Ryadg gene and YES3-3A of the Rysto gene for resistance to PVY, the F1 generation of two potato populations was studied, in the creation of which inter-specific hybrids were used. The nature of segregation 5:3 obtained by phenotype showed that the original parental forms can be the sources of not only previously identified, but also unidentified Ry-genes and Ny-genes of hypersensitivity. Correlation coefficient between the presence of markers and resistance to PVY was 0.64 for the YES3-3 marker (79 % matching) and 0.54 for RYSC3, М45, М6 markers (76 % matching). There have been revealed the cases of “false positive” results of the study (the presence of a marker in susceptible genotypes), which indicate to the insufficient effectiveness of the markers used. The marker segregation observed in the populations was consistent with chromatid segregation, confirming the simplex nature of Ry-genes inheritance from resistant parents. The ratio of genotypes with the presence/absence of markers was 0.86:1.

Tan spot of wheat (pyrenophorosis) is a worldwide spread and economically significant disease of wheat. Growing resistant cultivars is an environmentally friendly method of disease control. The aim of the present work was to assess tan spot resistance in common wheat cultivars recommended for cultivation in the Russian Federation, and to identify the dominant Tsn1 allele using a molecular marker. The assessment involved 39 winter and 31 spring wheat cultivars included in the State Register of Selection Achievement in 2018-2020. Evaluation of wheat resistance was carried out in laboratory conditions under artificial inoculation of seedlings and leaf segments. Two isolates of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs, producing ToxA toxin (I_ToxA) and ToxB toxin (ToxB) were used. The dominant allele of the Tsn1 gene was identified using the Xfcp623 marker. A high level of resistance (R) to both isolates (I_ToxA and I_ToxB) was shown by spring cultivars ‘Grenada’ and ‘Silach’; moderate resistance (MR) was demonstrated by winter cultivars ‘Felicia’ and ‘Akhmat’ and spring cultivars ‘Omskaya 42’, ‘Zauralskaya Zhemchuzhina’, ‘Radmira’, ‘Tarskaya 12’ and ‘Extra’. A resistant reaction (R, MR) to the isolate I_ToxA was typical for 26% of winter cultivars and 45% of spring ones. The number of cultivars resistant to the I_ToxB isolate was significantly higher (59% and 52%, respectively). The total fraction of cultivars resistant to the isolate I_ToxA (reaction R, MR) in the collection of winter wheat was 26% and 45% in the spring wheat collection; while the fractions of cultivars resistant to the I_ToxB isolate in these collections were equal to 59% and 52%, respectively. By using the Xfcp623 marker, the diagnostic product was amplified in winter cultivars ‘Bodry’, ‘Kavalerka’, ‘Timiryazevka 150’, ‘Shef’, ‘Anastasia’, ‘Barynya’, ‘Donskaya Step’, ‘Elanskaya’ and spring cultivars ‘Odeta’, ‘Stolypinskaya 2’, ‘Iren’ 2’ and ‘OMGAU 100’. All these cultivars were moderately susceptible to the isolate I_ToxA, with the exception of ‘Odeta’ and ‘Iren’ 2’, which may indicate a decrease in the expression level of the ToxA gene in genotypes of these cultivars.

Long-term or permanent chemical ambient air pollution in residential areas is among priority factors that cause medical and demographic losses. It is necessary to achieve greater precision when assessing risks of changes in homeostasis at their early reversible stage (molecular level). These changes are highly likely to transform into pathological processes at an older age in case the exposure persists. Our research goal was to create a bioinformatics matrix of molecular markers to predict risk-associated health disorders (exemplified by a marker of exposure). We introduced a stepwise research algorithm that involved using the proteome technology to identify expressed proteins and cause-effect relations between them and influencing factors; revealing molecular-cellular and functional relationships within the “exposure factor – gene – protein – negative outcome” system to predict risk-associated health disorders. The algorithm was implemented to examine the proteomic blood plasma profile of children aged 3–6 years living under long-term aerogenic exposure to fluoride-containing compounds. We established certain changes in the proteomic profiles of the exposed children in comparison with non-exposed ones as per 27 identified proteins. A bioinformatics matrix was created on the example of cathepsin L1; we established that changes in the level of this protein had a cause-effect relationship with fluoride ion concentrations in urine. Qualitative synthesis of molecular-cellular localization, functional and tissue belonging showed that cathepsin L1 expression caused by elevated fluoride ion levels in urine could affect extracellular matrix remodeling, degradation and post-translation modification of proteins in cells of the lungs, large intestine, and pancreas, in cardiomyocytes and in glomerular podocytes. It also mediated proteolysis of the subunits of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein necessary for the virus penetration into a cell and its replication. This created bioinformatics matrix exemplified by cathepsin L1 made it possible to predict risk-associated negative outcomes in exposed people including cardiomyopathy, colitis, glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and coronavirus infection. These predictive estimates raise effectiveness of early detection and development of preventive measures aimed at minimizing possible negative outcomes.

Background. Fruit aroma is an important consumer trait of strawberry varieties. Identification of genotypes carrying the genes of the aromatic complex in fruits is an important stage in the development of new cultivars with aromatic fruits. The purpose of this study was to analyze the allelic state of the FaOMT fruit aroma gene in strawberry cultivars and selected forms developed at the I.V. Michurin Federal Science Center to identify promising genotypes for use in breeding for fruit aroma.Materials and methods. The research materials were strawberry cultivars and promising selected forms developed at the I.V. Michurin FSC using the methods of introgressive and intervarietal hybridization. Allelic state of the FaOMT gene was identified with the codominant marker FaOMT-SI/NO.Results and conclusion. The FaOMT fruit aroma gene is represented in the studied strawberry varieties and forms by three combinations of alleles: the homozygous state of the functional allele, the heterozygous combination of the alleles, and the homozygous state of the nonfunctional allele. Cvs. ‘Rubinovy kaskad’, ‘Privlekatelnaya’ and ‘Feyerverk’ are characterized by a heterozygous combination of alleles of the FaOMT gene. Cvs. ‘Lastochka’, ‘Pamyati Zubova’, ‘Flora’, ‘Yarkaya’ and ‘Urozhaynaya CGL’ are characterized by the homozygous state of the FaOMT+ allele. Selected strawberry forms 928-12, 26-5, 72-71 and 62-41 have the heterozygous genotype; hybrids 298-19-9-43 and 932-29 are characterized by the homozygous state of the FaOMT+ allele; selected forms 61-12 and 65-26 are characterized by the homozygous state of the nonfunctional FaOMT– allele. Strawberry forms promising for breeding, with the homozygous state of the functional FaOMT+ allele, were identified: cvs. ‘Lastochka’, ‘Pamyati Zubova’, ‘Flora’, ‘Yarkaya’ and ‘Urozhaynaya CGL’, and selected forms 298-19-9-43 and 932-29.

Crown rust is the most harmful disease of oat (Avena sativa L.) around the world. The purpose of this review is to analyze and generalize the available information about DNA markers developed for oat breeding for resistance to crown rust. The review reveals the mechanisms of the A. sativa resistance to the fungus Puccinia coronata Corda f. sp. avenae Erikss. which causes crown rust disease. Special attention is paid to the race-specific resistance caused by the action of Pc genes and the nonspecific resistance controlled mainly by the loci of quantitative traits. Strategies for creating resistant genotypes and the role of molecular markers in oat breeding for crown rust resistance are discussed. Currently, research is focused mainly on the search for and development of molecular markers related to the oat race-specific resistance to P. coronata.The article presents the technological advantages and disadvantages of the existing DNA markers. KASP, TaqMan and HRM markers are currently the most promising technologies for identifying crown rust resistance genes. The validated SCAR and STS markers for the Pc39, Pc68, Pc91, Pc94 genes are recommended as the most available for implementation in practical oat breeding. The results of recent studies on identifying loci of nonspecific resistance to P. coronata are also presented. In general, the use of DNA markers has significant potential for creating oat genotypes resistant to crown rust under present-day conditions. DNA markers of various types are recommended for practical use, in particular for pyramiding genes and increasing the resistance period of new cultivars. Introduction of DNA markers into oat breeding will increase with the growth of molecular genetic data and the improvement of technologies for identifying genes and loci associated with both race-specific and nonspecific resistance of oat to P. coronata.

Background. Resistance to pathogens is an important breeding trait of a cultivar. Red stele root rot (Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Hickman) is a dangerous root disease. Revealing the patterns of resistance inheritance and identifying promising genotypes is an important stage in the development of strawberry cultivars resistant to red stele root rot. The purpose of the study was to identify patterns of inheritance for the SCAR-R1A marker, linked to the Rpf1 red stele root rot resistance gene, in the strawberry hybrid combinations.Materials and methods. The target materials were the strawberry cultivars ‘Bylinnaya’, ‘Olimpiyskaya Nadezhda’, ‘Privlekatelnaya’ and ‘Feyyerverk’, and hybrid seedlings of the cross combinations Bylinnaya × Olimpiyskaya Nadezhda, Bylinnaya × Feyyerverk, Olimpiyskaya Nadezhda × Bylinnaya, Privlekatelnaya × Bylinnaya, and Feyyerverk × Bylinnaya. The Rpf1 gene was identified with the marker SCAR-R1A.Results and conclusion. For the hybrid combination Bylinnaya × Olimpiyskaya Nadezhda, the percentage of seedlings with an Rpf1 resistance allele was 33.3%. For the combination Bylinnaya × Feyyerverk, their percentage was 37.2%; for Olimpiyskaya Nadezhda × Bylinnaya, 39.4%; for Privlekatelnaya × Bylinnaya, 39.6%; and for Feyyerverk × Bylinnaya, 36.2%. The average percentage of seedlings with an Rpf1 allele for the studied combinations was 37.1%. Assessment of the compliance between the observed segregation and theoretical one according to the χ2 criterion confirmed the monogenic character of the studied trait and the Mendelian ratio of inheritance frequencies for the marker fragments of the Rpf1 gene as 1 : 1. Therefore, all identified seedlings with an Rpf1 allele are characterized by a heterozygous genotype. Strawberry hybrids promising for breeding were identified: 62-41 (Bylinnaya × Feyyerverk), 65-17, 65-24 (Olimpiyskaya Nadezhda × Bylinnaya), and 69-29 (Feyyerverk × Bylinnaya).

Background. The search for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes that carry effective genes for resistance to powdery mildew agent Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei is a present-day issue for Russian plant breeding. The mlo11 allele that confers long-term protection of barley against the pathogen is rarely found among the varieties, approved for cultivation in the territory of Russia. There is no information on the occurrence among Russian varieties of another effective allele, mlo11 (cnv2), therefore, the search for its source is a current necessity. Materials and methods. Seven barley accessions from Ethiopia and 7 accessions from Japan have been tested for resistance to the northwestern population of the powdery mildew agent in the field and in laboratory conditions. To identify of the Mlo gene alleles, nucleotide sequences of the Stowaway-MITE (Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Elements) and the adjacent promoter fragments were determined. Results. Phytopathological tests in the field and greenhouse conditions, as well as molecular markers were used to study 14 barley accessions from Ethiopia and Japan. According to the preliminary tests, plants were resistant to powdery mildew. The highly effective allele of powdery mildew resistance mlo11 (cnv2) was for the first time identified in four barley accessions from Ethiopia, k-20087, k-20523, k-20524 and k-28126. Under field conditions, adult plants were resistant, and in the greenhouse they were moderately damaged by powdery mildew (1-2 points). The disease symptoms were similar to those described for the sample Eth295, a carrier of the mlo11(cnv2) allele variant: single pustules and the absence of necrotic spots on the leaves. The fragments of Stowaway-MITE and adjacent Mlo 5' promoter sequences were amplified in all 14 accessions. The amplicons were cloned and sequenced. The unique marker SNPs within the MITE and Mlo 5’ promoter sequences, i.e. the substitutions of cytosine by thymine in positions 262 and 452, were found only in k-20087, k-20523, k-20524 and k-28126. These accessions belong to different botanical varieties and differ from each other in a number of morphological features, i.e. they are not duplicates. Conclusions. The genotypes selected as a result of the study can serve as a source of the mlo11(cnv2) allele in breeding powdery mildew-resistant barley varieties.

Background. Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Erikss. is a significant wheat disease in all regions of the Russian Federation. The genetic diversity of the cultivated wheat varieties regarding the type of resistance and genes that control it ensures reliable protection of this crop against the pathogen. The aim of this work was to characterize the diversity of new Russian varieties of winter and spring common wheat for leaf rust resistance genes (Lr-genes).Materials and Methods. The research material was represented by 43 varieties of winter and 25 of spring wheat included in the State Register of Selection Achievements of the Russian Federation in 2018-2020.Results. Using molecular markers, 18 Lr genes were identified: Lr1, Lr3, Lr9, Lr10, Lr19, Lr20, Lr21, Lr24, Lr25, Lr26, Lr28, Lr29, Lr34, Lr35, Lr37, Lr41 (39), Lr47 and Lr66. A phytopathological test was used to clarify the results of molecular analysis. Ninety-three percent of the studied wheat varieties were found to contain Lr genes, either separately or in combinations. These were the highly and partially effective genes Lr24, Lr9, and Lr19, adult plant resistance genes Lr34 and Lr37, and ineffective genes Lr1, Lr3, Lr10, Lr20, and Lr26. The Lr24 gene has been identified for the first time in Russian varieties. The spring variety ‘Leader 80’, harboring this gene, is recommended for cultivation in the West Siberian and East Siberian regions. An effective combination of Lr9 + Lr26 genes, individually overcome by the pathogen, was determined in the spring cultivar ‘Silach’, highly resistant to leaf rust. The Lr9 gene was found in the winter variety ‘Gerda’, which is recommended for cultivation in the North Caucasus region. Previously, the varieties with Lr9 were not grown in the North Caucasus. An increase in the number of leaf rust resistant accessions protected by the effective adult plant resistance gene Lr37 is noted among wheat varieties undergoing regional adaptation testing. Many of the identified Lr genes (Lr19, Lr24, Lr26, Lr34, Lr37) are linked with effective Sr genes (Sr25, Sr24, Sr31, Sr57, and Sr38), which additionally ensures stable genetic protection of wheat against stem rust.Conclusions. The obtained information about representation of Lr genes in wheat varieties should be used in regional breeding programs. A timely replacement of genetically protected varieties allows stabilizing the populational composition of the phytopathogen and reducing the likelihood of epiphytotics.

According to epidemiological studies, the leading cause of morbidity, disability and mortality are cerebrovascular diseases, in particular ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. In recent years considerable attention has been given to the study of molecular markers of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. These studies are relevant because brain-specific protein biomarkers of neurons and glial cells can provide valuable and timely diagnostic information necessary for clinical decision-making.The aim of the study was to reveal the differences in the serum level of molecular markers in acute, subacute and early recovery periods of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.Material and methods. The study included 59 patients. Twenty patients were diagnosed with hemorrhagic stroke and 39 had ischemic stroke. The control group included 20 volunteers. Serum levels of molecular CNS markers were determined in acute, subacute, and early recovery stages of stroke. The serum levels of CNS molecular markers of patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke was measured quantitatively by enzyme immunoassay. Statistical analysis was performed by nonparametric Mann-Whitney method.Results. The level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the control volunteers was 574.5 [455.5; 615] pg/ml. Significant differences were found for acute and subacute periods of hemorrhagic stroke: it was 674 [560; 749] pg/ml (P=0.003) and 664 [616; 762] pg/ml (P=0.0001).The level of neuron-specific enolase was significantly increased in all periods of the study: it was 4.15 [3.53; 4.8] ng/ml in the control group, 5.4 [4.4; 6.4] ng/ml in acute period of ischemic stroke (P

Background. Downy mildew (DM) caused by the fungus Plasmopara halstedii (Farl) Berl. & De Toni) is one of the most harmful diseases of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Due to the pathogen’s attacks, annual seed harvest losses range between 30% and 70%. Lines resistant to new races of the pathogen should be obtained for the development of commercial sunflower hybrids.Materials and methods. Downy mildew resistance of 323 lines and 10 cultivars from the sunflower collection was assessed in the field at the Kuban Experiment Station of VIR in 2017–2018. Line VIR 845, susceptible during all years of observations, was used as a control. Resistance genes were identified by means of the molecular analysis using diagnostic markers of the Plarg, Pl6 and Pl8 genes that confer resistance to many known P. halstedii races.Results. The founder varieties of VIR’s lines were susceptible to a varying extent. Thirty-nine lines were resistant in 2016 and 2018; among those, 36 lines were susceptible in 2017. Presumably, a more virulent P. halstedii race became widespread in 2017, compared to the races that prevailed in 2016 and 2018, so the genes that determined resistance in 2016 and 2018 turned out to be ineffective. Lines ТА 716-18, VIR 768, and VIR 800, having originated from interspecific hybrids, exhibited absence of pathogenic damage during 3 years of the trials. Molecular markers of the Plarg, Pl6 and Pl8 genes were detected in most lines that demonstrated resistance in 2016 and 2018. There were no markers in lines VIR 768 and VIR 800, whereas in ТА 716-18 the markers of Plarg and Pl8 were present.Conclusion. As a result of the long-term studies, a trait-specific genetic collection was established for sunflower. It comprises genotyped lines with various effective DM resistance genes. Lines ТА 716-18, VIR 768 and VIR 800 appeared highly resistant to the pathogen and probably possess new resistance genes/alleles introgressed from wild species.

Rationale. Countries of Africa, especially countries in sub-Saharan Africa, represent a region characterized by high incidence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Methods for detection of HBV and HCV in low and middle-income countries differ from those that are used in countries having access to high-cost technologies. The Republic of Guinea is a region with high prevalence of hepatotropic viruses, however, the information on HBV and HCV prevalence in the area is extremely limited, thus emphasizing the significance of this study.The purpose of the study is to evaluate the need for improving laboratory diagnostics of parenteral HBV and HCV infections in the Republic of Guinea.Materials and methods. A total of 2,616 samples of blood serum were tested, the samples were collected from apparently healthy residents of the Republic of Guinea during the routine medical checkup. The testing included qualitative detection of HBsAg, anti-HBs IgG, anti-HBcore IgG, anti-HCV IgG antibodies as well as HBV DNA and HCV RNA.Results. The detection frequency of serological markers of HBV and HCV infections was 80.77% and 18%, respectively. However, HBsAg was detected only in 16.01% of individuals. Tests for detection of HBV DNA were performed among seropositive patients and patients seronegative by other HBV markers, HBV DNA was detected in 22.36% of cases, including 6.07% of HBsAg-negative cases. HCV RNA was detected in 2.2% of cases. Both HCV RNA and HBV DNA were detected in 27 people, including 19 HBsAg-negative cases, thus accounting for 1.03% of the examined group.Conclusions. The markers that are currently used for laboratory detection of HBV and HCV in the Republic of Guinea are not efficient enough to diagnose reliably all cases. Undoubtedly, there is an urgent need to improve laboratory diagnostics for timely detection of parenteral viral hepatitis. Routine laboratory operations need assays for additional serological and molecular markers of HCV and HBV infections.

Background. An important consumer trait of strawberry fruits is their aroma. Methyl anthranilate makes a considerable contribution to the fruit flavor. The methyl anthranilate content in strawberry fruits is controlled by the FanAAMT (аnthranilic acid methyltransferase) gene. Identification of genetic determinants for this trait facilitates targeted selection of promising forms based on diagnostic DNA markers. The purpose of this study was to study the allelic diversity of the FanAAMT fruit flavor gene in wild strawberry species and strawberry cultivars for identification of promising genotypes.Materials and methods. The objects of this study were wild species of Fragaria L. as well as F. × anaschata Kantor. and F. × ananassa Duch. cultivars of different ecogeographic origin. The FanAAMT gene was identified with the dominant marker FanAAMT.Results and conclusion. In the analyzed collection of strawberry genotypes, the FanAAMT gene was identified in 36.4% of the forms, including the wild species F. vesca L., F. moschata Duch. and F. virginiana subsp. platypetala (Rydb.) Staudt, and cv. ‘Kupchikha’ (F. × anaschata). Among the analyzed F. × ananassa cultivars, the FanAAMT gene was found in 31.6% of the tested forms, specifically in 27.3% of the 22 Russian cultivars, and 37.5% of the analyzed foreign ones. Promising sources of high methyl anthranilate content in fruits were identified: wild spp. F. moschata, F. vesca, and F. virginiana subsp. platypetala; cv. ‘Kupchikha’ (F. × anaschata); Russian garden strawberry cvs. ‘Bylinnaya’, ‘Zenit’, ‘Lastochka’, ‘Neznakomka’, ‘Feyerverk’ and ‘Tsarskoselskaya’; and foreign garden strawberry cvs. ‘Karmen’, ‘Ostara’, ‘Samson’, ‘Symphony’, ‘Troubadour’ and ‘Vima Tarda’, in which the functional allele of the FanAAMT gene was found. In the remaining studied strawberry genotypes the marker FanAAMT was not detected, which presumably indicates that the FanAAMT gene is absent. cells (R9.4.1).

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is a causative agent of tan spot in wheat. In recent years, there has been an increasing spread and harmfulness of wheat tan spot. The aim of the research was to study the racial composition of the P. tritici-repentis population in the Republic of Kazakhstan. A collection of 30 common wheat accessions, including promising lines and cultivars from Kazakhstan and CIMMYT–ICARDA, was assessed for resistance to P. triticirepentis in a greenhouse and characterized using the Xfcp623 molecular marker, diagnostic for the Tsn1 gene. Monosporic isolates of P. tritici-repentis isolated from the southeastern region were assigned to certain races based on the manifestation of symptoms of necrosis/chlorosis on standard differentials (Glenlea, 6B662, 6B365). Five races of P. tritici-repentis have been identified, including races 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8. It has been shown that races 1 and 8 of P. tritici-repentis are dominant. As a result of the analysis of the frequency of occurrence of the P. tritici-repentis races, it was found that race 1 (50 %) producing Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB and race 8 (35 %) producing Ptr ToxA, Ptr ToxB and Ptr ToxC turned out to be dominant. From a practical point of view, of greatest interest are 16 wheat samples, which demonstrated resistance to race 1 and confirmed insensitivity to Ptr ToxA in a molecular screening. These include eight Kazakhstani (4_PSI, 10204_2_KSI, 10204_3_KSI, 10205_2_KSI, 10205_3_KSI, 605_SP2, 632_SP2, Dana) and seven foreign lines (KR11-20, KR11-03, KR11-9014, 11KR-13, KR12-9025, KR12-07, GN-68/2003). The results of this study are of interest in wheat breeding programs for tan spot resistance.

Background. The collection of durum wheat landraces (Triticum durum Desf.) at VIR contains unique material of the “Russian northern branch”, which is not found in any other collections worldwide. Studying the genetic diversity of such wheat accessions according to their gliadin bands as markers of genotypes is important for identification and conservation of their gene pool authenticity.Materials and methods. For the first time, molecular markers were used to differentiate among 38 accessions of the local durum wheat variety known under the name of “Kubanka”, collected and placed into the VIR collection in the 1910–1940s, and five accessions from the seed genebanks of the USA and Canada. Electrophoretic patterns of gliadin were used as markers of genotypes within the polymorphic cultivar. Recording bands in the form of “protein formulas” allows the researcher to evaluate the polymorphism of each accession and the diversity within the collection. Gliadin analysis was performed on single grains according to the standard method adopted at VIR and approved by ISTA.Results and conclusions. Fourteen major biotypes marked with gliadin bands were identified. Depending on the component composition of the α-zone encoded by alleles of the GLI-2A locus, biotypes were combined into 4 groups. Within the groups, biotypes are determined by alleles of the GLI-1A, GLI-1B, GLI2B loci. Genetically close monotypic accessions and polytypic ones incorporating 2 to 6 biotypes were identified. Group I is typical for the European part of Russia as well as for Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Accessions of this group can be attributed to the Volga steppe ecotype. Group II biotypes are widespread in Altai Territory, Orenburg and Astrakhan Provinces of Russia; Group III in Stavropol Territory, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan; Group IV only in Altai Territory. The greatest genetic diversity was exhibited by the ‘Kubanka’ accessions from Altai and Krasnodar Territories, and Kyrgyzstan.

Relevance. High lycopene fruit content has been regarded as a very important genetic trait in tomato breeding. Use lycopene molecular markers in combination with conventional breeding techniques allowed us to create hybrids with high lycopene accumulation, excellent organoleptic qualities, high yield production and resistance to pathogens, and to effectively optimize our breeding programmes for commercial greehouses production.Material and Methods. In this study tomato samples including selected lines and hybrids with various allelic combinations of genes determining carotene accumulation, and other genetic traits, such as disease resistance and yield production were tested. Introgression of spontaneous and induced mutations was used to increase carotenoid levels (og and hp) and improve fruit technological qualities (nor, alc, rin). The research material was tomato collection, mutants, breeding lines and hybrids listed in the State Register Russian Federation tomato hybrids of breeding SS Agrofirm "Ilyinichna" VNIIO branch of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing – Branch of the FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center. DNA typing of fruit quality genes was performed at the Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.Results. New domestic hybrids for industrial greenhouses, which characterised by improved organoleptic qualities and technological traits were developed with the help of phasedcross-breeding that allowed to combine the genes nor, rin, alc, leading to an extension of the shelf life with the genes B, og, hp1, etc., contributing to an increase in carotenoid content in fruits. It was established that for targeted selection and hybridization, despite the negative influence of the nor, rin, alc genes it is possible to raise the level of carotenoids to average values. Correlation between lycopene concentration in fruits and high temperature and level of insolation was confirmed. It was shown that pink-fruited forms contain significantly more lycopenethanred-fruitedones. Different all eliccombinations of structural genes involved in carotenoids biosynthesis and regulatory genes that provided maximal accumulation of lycopene in hybrid swithred and pink fruits were revealed. Hybrids with the combination of high concentrations of sugar (° Brix), dry matter and maximal lycopene values, combined defining excellent taste were selected: Prekrasnaiya lady, Olya, Quadrille, Victoria. New F1 hybrids one for industrial greenhouses: G950, G956, G960, Magistral and pink fruited G12897, surpassed the Dutch standard in productivity up to 21%, and in tastes/organoleptic qualities for 1-1.8 points.

Background. Breeding new crops is associated with a risk of decrease (erosion) in genetic polymorphism. It is associated mainly with the fact that only a limited range of pre-existing cultivars and forms are used for breeding new cultivars. The Russian cultivars of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) are characterized by a high level of phenotypic variability, while dynamics of polymorphism at DNA level is poorly investigated. Such an investigation is relevant from the point of view of the prospects for further breeding of the crop, and for planning strategies of polymorphism conservation in germplasm collections. Materials and methods. The material used in the study included 18 Russian cultivars bred before 1991, 22 Russian cultivars created later, 40 foreign cultivars, as well as 7 marker lines and wild-growing accessions. These lines were phenotyped and genotyped using DNA markers (14 CAPS, 8 SSR, one mitochondrial and one chloroplast). Variability level was measured as an average Jaccard coefficient resulting from pairwise comparison within each group. Additionally, we analyzed the published characteristics of cultivars included in the State Register in 1994 - 2019. Results. At the phenotypic level, the variability of grain cultivars increased, while a decrease was recorded for vegetable cultivars. A comparison with foreign cultivars has shown that their polymorphism was similar to those of Russian cultivars, except for the vegetable cultivars which are phenotypically less polymorphic than foreign ones. The DNA polymorphism demonstrated a similar tendency, although to a lesser extent. A low level of within-cultivar polymorphism was found. Productivity characteristics of cultivars included into the State Register in the early period (1995 - 2000) and those included later (2016 - 2019) do not differ significantly. Conclusions. There is no clear indication of genetic erosion in Russian cultivars of pea. We also found no reliable increase in the basic agriculturally important characters within the two decades.

Introduction and purpose:Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common kidney cancer that has no symptoms for a long time. It is most often diagnosed accidentally during abdominal ultrasound or abdominal computed tomography, performed primarily due to non-specific clinical symptoms. Despite progress in treatment, late detection is associated with poor prognosis. The aim of the study is to analyze literature (database PubMed) for potential prognostic markers and those used in RCC diagnostics.A brief description of the state of knowledge: The most common RCC subtype is clear cell renal cell carcinoma(ccRCC). Metastatic ccRCC is associated with poor prognosis. The pathogenesis of ccRCC includes, among others, disorders of miRNA change. These molecules are described as a promising marker of both diagnostic and prognostic. Detection of CD163 + antigen on cancer cells may be useful in assessing the clinical course of ccRCC patients. In clinical diagnosis of RCC, the presence of mutations and epigenetic inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CIAX) genes are particularly important. Plasma CIAX levels are described as not only a diagnostic and prognostic marker, but also lymph node involvement. There are studies on molecular markers that can also be a therapeutic target, including Caveolin-1 (CAV1), CCL5. Recent research results show a link between PDL1 expression and high-grade tumors. PDL-1 may also be an important prognostic factor.Conclusions:Research on molecular markers is a promising personalized diagnostic and prognostic route. The limitation is the nonspecificity of molecular markers, so research on new and current markers is needed.

Background. Monogenic scab resistance is an important trait of apple, useful to plant breeders. DNA markers provide a possibility to differentiate apple cultivars according to individual resistance determinants with high reliability and identify promising genotypes. The present study shows the results of the molecular genetic analysis of apple varieties, targeted at the Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi6 and Rvi8 monogenic scab resistance loci.Materials and methods. Biological material was represented by apple cultivars of different environmental and geographical origin. Total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh leaves using CTAB methods according to the DArT protocols. The Rvi6 gene was identified with two markers, VfC (STS) and AL07 (SCAR). The presence of the Rvi4 gene was detected with the multiallelic SCAR marker AD13. The Rvi2 and Rvi8 genes were diagnosed with the SCAR marker OPL19.Results and conclusion. The Rvi6 gene was identified in 54.4% of genotypes, of which 91.9% were heterozygous, and 8.1% (cvs. ‘Svezhest’, ‘Freedom’ and ‘GoldRush’) homozygous dominant for this locus. The marker AD13-SCAR was detected in 25.0% of the studied forms (the putative genotype for the resistance gene is Rvi4Rvi4 or Rvi4rvi4). The marker OPL19-SCAR (Rvi2 and Rvi8 genes) was present in 73.5% of the analyzed forms. At least one of the studied molecular markers was present in the genome of 86.8% of genotypes. The appletree cultivars ‘Kandil Orlovsky’, ‘Krasulya’, ‘Sozvezdiye’, ‘Galarina’, ‘Priam’, ‘Redfree’ and ‘Witos’ are characterized by the combination of markers VfC, AL07-SCAR, AD13-SCAR and OPL19-SCAR in one genotype (the putative genotype for the resistance genes is Rvi2(Rvi8)Rvi4Rvi6rvi6). Cvs. ‘Antonovka zimnyaya’, ‘Antonovka krasnaya’, ‘Berkutovskoye’, ‘Geyzer’, ‘Pamyati Nesterova’, ‘Renet Simirenko’, ‘Terentyevka’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Telemon’ presumably have a homozygous recessive genotype for the studied resistance loci.

Rheumatic diseases (RDs), including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, are non-infectious slowly progressive incurable inflammatory diseases that lead to prolonged disability due to damage to the musculoskeletal system. Pain is a dominant symptom at any stage of these diseases, is directly related to joint functioning, and determines the quality of life in patients. Moreover, despite the significant successes of studying the role of inflammation and regulation of autoimmune processes, the pathogenetic mechanisms for the development and maintenance of pain in RDs are little investigated. The nociceptive mechanisms due to inflammation and/or joint structural impairment are involved in the development of rheumatic pain. In addition, the latter is also associated with impaired signaling in the nervous system and with psychological problems in patients.At the present stage, pain treatment includes non-pharmacological interventions, as well as the use of certain pharmacological agents, in particular opioids and narcotic drugs. However, despite significant successes in the design of drugs that relieve pain, at present, a significant proportion of patients with RDs still experience pain after therapy. When designing novel drugs for the treatment of pain, it is necessary to take into account the molecular mechanisms of its development in RDs. This review considers the features of the manifestations of pain, its molecular markers and mechanisms at different stages of the disease in patients with the two most common RDs, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Fruit aroma is an important consumer attribute of strawberry varieties. The key volatile compounds of the aromatic complex of strawberry fruit are mesifurane (fruity and caramel aromas) and y-decalactone (fruity, sweet, or peachy aroma). The mesifurane content in strawberry fruit is controlled by the FaOMT gene, which is mapped to the distal region of the long arm of chromosome VII-F.1. The y-decalactone content in strawberry fruit is controlled by the FaFADl gene, mapped to the distal region of the long arm of chromosome III-2. Identification of forms carrying genes for fruit flavor volatiles is an important step in breeding varieties with fragrant fruit. The use of molecular markers allows highly reliable detection of target gene alleles in a genome at early developmental stages. This study involves molecular genotyping of Fragaria L. varieties for the FaOMT and FaFADl genes, analysis of polymorphism of the loci in question, and identification of genotypes valuable for breeding. The objects of our study were wild species of the genus Fragaria L. and strawberry varieties (Fragariax ananassa Duch.) of different ecological and geographic origins. To assess the allelic states of the FaOMT gene, the codominant marker FaOMT-SI/NO was used, and for the FaFADl gene, the dominant marker FaFAD1. The functional allele of the FaOMT gene (FaOMT+) in the heterozygous state (FaOMT+FaOMT- genotype) was detected in 34.9 % of the accessions tested. The functional allele of the FaOMT gene in the homozygous state (FaOMT+FaOMT+ genotype) was detected in 51.2 % of the accessions. The homozygous state of the inactive allele (FaOMT-FaOMT- genotype) was detected in 13.9 % of the studied strawberry accessions. The FaFADl gene was identified in 25.6 % of the analyzed collection of strawberry genotypes, including the wild species F. orientalis Los., F. moschata Duch., F. ovalis Rydb. The combination of functional alleles of the FaOMT and FaFADl genes was detected in 16.3 % of the analyzed forms. The wild species F. orientalis Los. and F. moschata Duch. and strawberry variety Red Gauntlet combine the functional allele of the FaFADl gene with the homozygous state of the active allele of the FaOMT gene; therefore, we recommend them as promising sources of high contents of mesifurane and y-decactone in fruit in breeding programs for fruit aroma.

The identification of plants of the genus Mentha is often difficult due to significant intraspecific polymorphism, intense interspecific hybridization, and ploidy changes. An attempt was made to apply an integrated approach to the study of different parameters of two species: Mentha arvensis L. and M. canadensis L. Eight geographically dispersed populations of Mentha in different regions (European Russia, Khakassia and Far East, Western Ukraine, and Indochina) were studied. Diagnostic morphological characters and compositions of essential oil components were examined, and DNA was analyzed with ISSR markers. The data obtained were statistically processed by cluster, principal component, and principal coordinate analyses. The European and Asian groups of samples were clearly distinguished by the analysis of quantitative parameters of the calyx and leaves, but different methods of data processing produced different results in determining the belonging of the Far Eastern plants to a particular group. Therefore, their taxonomic positions can hardly be determined on morphological grounds. According to the composition of essential oil and ISSR fragments, a group of the genetically, morphologically, and phytochemically closest plants was identified, which included representatives of the populations of the Moscow oblast, Vladimir oblast, Kaluga oblast, the Komi Republic, and Khakassia. All these plants belonged to M. arvensis. Plants collected in the natural flora of the Russian Far East showed a greater resemblance in essential oil composition and ISSR markers to the European group of M. arvensis than to plants from Indochina, which, according to the data obtained, belonged to M. сanadensis. It was shown that a comprehensive study of plant morphological characters, the compositions of essential oil, and ISSR fragments allows one to clarify the species identity and to assess their polymorphism and the degree of kinship between populations. A certain correlation between the data of molecular analysis and the composition of essential oil and, to a lesser extent, their correlation with morphological characters of plants was revealed.

Background. Molecular identification of plant genomes, based on the use of DNA markers, is becoming a reliable tool for cultivar identification. Widespread application of DNA markers will ensure protection of breeders’ rights for plant breeding centers, purity of seed production processes, and transparency of the domestic crop seed market. The system of SSR markers is suitable to solve the problems of identification and genetic profiling of many crops; it could be successfully used on flax and linseed. The aim of this work was to study the polymorphism of a number of modern Russian common flax cultivars and develop their genetic profiles.Materials and methods. Among the large number of SSR markers (over 1300) used for common flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), the most informative for genotype identification is, in our opinion, the set of 11 SSR primers, characterized by their highest precision. This set of markers was used to study the polymorphism of eleven flax cultivars developed in three geographically diverse locations – Tver, Pskov and Tomsk.Results and discussion. In the studied group of cultivars 53 alleles were identified: 15 of these appeared to be rare, including 11 unique ones. Each flax sample contained its specific set of alleles. Using the alphabetic code for SSR markers made it possible to develop genetic profiles for more precise genotyping of flax samples hardly distinguishable morphologically, thus providing an opportunity to effectuate genetic profiling for all flax cultivars listed in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in Russia. Cluster analysis with a dendrogram showing genetic similarities helped to find differences among the studied flax samples in their distribution according to the place of their origination and the duration of their growing seasons.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the clinical significance of CNS biological markers in an ischemic stroke.Materials and methods. Blood serum biomarkers of CNS were assayed by ELISA in patients suffering from cerebrovascular disorders of ischemic origin. Neuron-specific enolase, brain-derived neutrophic factor (BDNF), glial-derived neutrophic factor (GDNF), protein S-100 total (ɑβ–ββ), sialyl carbohydrate antigen (KL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor, and superoxide dismutase were analyzed. All tests were carried out using automatic microplate immunoassay analyzer Immunomat TM. The study included 43 patients of 50 to 80 years of age, suffering from cerebrovascular disorders; among them there were 24 women and 19 men. Blood serum biomarkers of CNS were assayed within the first 3–6 hours, and on week 2, 3, and 4 from onset of the disease. The control group consisted of 20 volunteers (apparently healthy donors). Statistical analysis was carried out using non-parametrical Mann–Whitney test. Results were considered as significant at P 0.05.Results. During the pre-necrotic and early necrotic period, higher neuron-specific enolase, protein S-100, superoxide dismutase, and lower brain-derived neutrophic factor and glial-derived neutrophic factor were observed, reflecting structural brain alterations due to disturbed circulation. At later follow-up time-points, BDNF, GDNF, VEGF, and KL-6 increased evidencing activated CNS regeneration processes.Conclusion. The content of biological markers in blood serum of ischemic stroke patients reflects the disease stages, which helps managing the CNS regeneration processes.

This article presents the results of a molecular marker-assisted study of allelic variants of Wx genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines. The study was carried out as part of the work on the transfer of null alleles of the genes Wx-A1, Wx-B1, and Wx-D1 to the varieties of soft wheat and creation of breeding material with modified activities of the main enzymes involved in amylose biosynthesis. The lines were obtained at the Department of Breeding and Seed Production of Wheat and Triticale, National Center of Grain named after P.P. Lukyanenko, by crossing mutant forms carrying inactive (null) alleles of genes Wx-A1, Wx-B1, and Wx-D1 with bread wheat cultivars. The molecular markers selected for the study allowed identification of valuable breeding material carrying both single null alleles of Wx genes and their combinations in its genome. A combination of two null alleles (Wx-A1b + Wx-D1b) was detected in 30 lines. The presence of three null alleles (Wx-A1b + Wx-B1b + Wx-D1b), which corresponded to fully Wx wheat, was found in one line. We selected 37 lines that combined the presence of the Wx-B1e allele with the Wx-A1b and Wx-D1b null alleles. The Wx-A1b + Wx-B1e combination was identified in 26 lines, and 24 lines carried the combination of alleles Wx-B1e + Wx-D1b. The mutant forms PI619381, PI619384, and PI619386 were identified as carriers of the functional Wx-B1e allele. The Wx-A1b and Wx-B1e alleles could have been transferred to the studied lines from the donors used or from the Starshina and Korotyshka varieties, respectively. The mutant forms used in the crosses are donors of the Wx-B1b and Wx-D1b alleles. The use of molecular markers chosen by us for identification of the allelic state of the Wx-A1, Wx-B1, and Wx-D1 genes can provide grounds for marker-assisted selection for this trait. Selected lines found to possess null alleles of the Wx genes are applicable in breeding programs aimed at the improvement of technological qualities of grain and raise of bread wheat varieties with modified starch properties.

Tan spot caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is an important leaf spot disease in wheat growing areas throughout the world. The study aims to identify wheat germplasm resistant to tan spot based on phytopathological screening and molecular marker analysis. A collection of 64 common wheat germplasms, including cultivars and breeding lines from Kazakhstan and CIMMYT, was assessed for tan spot resistance in greenhouse conditions and characterized using the Xfcp623 molecular marker, diagnostic for the Tsn1 gene. All wheat cultivars/lines varied in their reaction to tan spot isolate race 1, ranging from susceptible to resistant. Most accessions studied (53 %) were susceptible to Ptr race 1. Spring wheat cultivars were more susceptible to race 1 than winter wheat cultivars. As a result of genotyping, an insensitive reaction to Ptr ToxA was predicted in 41 wheat cultivars (64 %). The tsn1 gene carriers identified included 27 Kazakhstani and 14 CIMMYT cultivars/lines, demonstrating insensitivity to Ptr ToxA. The majority of the Tsn1 genotype were sensitive to race 1 and showed susceptibility to the pathogen in the field. Disease scores from seedling stage positively correlated with field disease ratings. Of particular interest are 27 wheat accessions that demonstrated resistance to spore inoculation by Ptr race 1, were characterized by insensitivity to ToxA and showed field resistance to the pathogen. The results of this study will contribute to wheat breeding programs for tan spot resistance with Marker Assisted Selection using the closely flanking markers.

Alleles of the genes, conferring a dwarfing phenotype, play a crucial role in wheat breeding, as they not only reduce plant height, ensuring their resistance to lodging, but also have a number of positive and negative pleiotropic effects on plant productivity. Durum wheat carries only two subgenomes (A and B), which limits the use of the D-subgenome genes and requires the expansion of the arsenal of dwarfing alleles and the study of their effects on height and agronomically important traits. We studied the effect of the gibberellin-insensitive allele Rht-B1p in the B2F2:3 families, developed by crossing Chris Mutant /#517//LD222 in a field experiment in Moscow and Krasnodar. In our experiments, plants homozygous for Rht-B1p were shorter than those homozygous for the wild-type allele Rht-B1a by 36.3 cm (40 %) in Moscow and 49.5 cm (48 %) in Krasnodar. In the field experiment in Krasnodar, each plant with Rht-B1p had one less internode than any plant with Rht-B1a, which additionally contributed to the decrease in plant height. Grain weight per main spike was lower in plants with Rht-B1p than in plants with Rht-B1a by 12 % in Moscow and by 23 % in Krasnodar due to a decrease in 1000 grain weight in both regions of the field experiment. The number of grains per main spike in plants with Rht-B1p was higher in comparison to that with Rht-B1a by 6.5 % in Moscow due to an increase in spikelet number per main spike and by 11 % in Krasnodar due to an increase in grain number per spikelet. The onset of heading in plants with Rht-B1p in comparison with the plants with the wild-type allele Rht-B1a was 7 days later in Krasnodar. The possibility and prospects for the use of Rht-B1p in the breeding of durum wheat are discussed.

Background. Leaf mold, a disease caused by the fungus Cladosporium fulvum Cooke in tomato, is one of the reasons for a significant decrease in the fruit yield. The most reli­able and environmentally friendly way to protect tomato from diseases is the development of resistant cultivars and hybrids. The study of genetic aspects of disease resistance in plants is the basis of successful breeding work. Marker-assisted selection of the source forms of tomato is a rela­tively new approach in breeding, based on direct selection of plants for genes that determine the economically impor­tant traits. It allows for the time-saving analysis of breed­ing material.Materials and methods. The present work offers the results of screening more than 30 accessions from the genetic collection of tomato cultivars and hybrids of the Michurinsk State Agrarian University using the P7 molecular marker.Results and discussion. Polymor­phism of the Cf-19 gene of resistance to leaf mold was evalu­ated, and clear reproducible results were obtained. To test the marker, seven hybrid forms of greenhouse tomato were used. The reliable identification of the Cf-19 gene by using the P7 marker was confirmed through artificial infection with C. fulvum. Six out of seven hybrids demonstrated a high level of resistance to the pathogen, which is con­firmed by the originators’ data. A strong lesion was noted on the leaves of only one hybrid. The molecular genetic analysis has shown that among all control samples, only this genotype was a recessive homozygote. Besides, ac­cording to the originator, this genotype is not resistant to leaf mold. The performed test proves the high efficiency of the P7 marker. By using it, 35 genotypes were analyzed. The data obtained during the work show that the majority of the studied samples turned out to be heterozygous. At the same time, homozygous forms were also noted. For in­stance, the ‘Golden Rain’ tomato cultivar has only one 250 bp fragment, which corresponds to a recessive homo­zygote. Four genotypes were found to contain 300 bp frag­ments, which correspond to dominant homozygotes. The molecular genetic analysis revealed a number of genotypes that can be used as sources of resistance to leaf mold.

Background. Miscarriage is a common complication in early pregnancy. Current studies have shown a higher prevalence of miscarriage, ranging from 10 to 20%. The review is devoted to modern concepts of etiology and pathogenesis of early pregnancy losses. Aim. Assess the role of epigenetic factors and molecular-genetic markers in the pathogenesis and prediction of early pregnancy losses Materials and methods. In order to write this review domestic and foreign publications were searched in Russian and international search systems (PubMed, eLibrary, etc.) for the last 10-15 years. Relevant articles from the peer-reviewed literature and clinical practice guidelines were included. Results. Many recent studies have proved the contribution of various epigenetic factors to the pathogenesis of spontaneous miscarriages, and the molecular-genetic determination such kinds of pregnancy complication has been confirmed. Conclusion. The miscarriage in early gestation is driven by combined impact of epigenetic and molecular-genetic factors, as well as the presence of intergenic interactions. It is may lead to deterioration of physiological functions, and maternal pathologenic pathways could be changed as during her periconceptional period as so during the pregnancy.

Background. Anthracnose, caused by phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Colletotrichum, is one of the most important strawberry diseases. Strawberry yield losses from anthracnose lesions can reach 80%. Most strawberry cultivars are susceptible to anthracnose. Therefore, identification of the initial forms carrying resistance genes is a necessary step toward successful breeding of anthracnose-resistant cultivars. Use of molecular markers will increase reliability of identification and enhance effectiveness of strawberry breeding.Materials and methods. Biological material was represented by strawberry cultivars (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) of various ecological and geographical origin. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the fresh leaves using the CTAB methods according to Puchooa (2004). To assess the allelic state of the Rca2 anthracnose resistance gene, the SCAR marker STS-Rca2_240 was used. The SCAR marker STS-Rca2_240 was multiplexed with the microsatellite marker EMFv020 used as the positive PCR control.Results and conclusion. The SCAR marker STS-Rca2_240, mapping at about 2.8 cM from the Rca2 gene, was identified in the strawberry cultivars ‘Elianny’, ‘Troubadour’ and ‘Sudarushka’. Cvs. ‘Elianny’ and ‘Troubadour’ are presumably characterized by a dominant homozygous (Rca2Rca2) or heterozygous (Rca2rca2) genotype. Cv. ‘Sudarushka’ has the heterozygous state for the Rca2 anthracnose resistance gene (Rca2rca2). In the remaining cultivars studied, the marker STS-Rca2_240 was not detected (the prospective genotype is rca2rca2).

Diseases of agricultural crops are the main reason for decreased yield and quality of product. Blast (causative agent: Pyricularia oryzae Cav.) is the most harmful disease on rice fields. Economic damage caused by the pathogen is significant in all areas of the world’s rice cultivation. The most effective, economically justified and environmentally friendly strategy for combating it is development of resistant varieties. The application of DNA markers linked to loci of resistance to blast is relevant in this area. This makes it possible to significantly shorten the breeding process and promptly develop disease-resistant rice forms. In this regard, the aim of the work was to develop source material for breeding as well as highly productive rice varieties and lines with genes of resistance to blast based on the use of molecular marking method. To achieve this goal, we have launched a program since 2007 aimed at introduction of the blast resistance Pi-ta gene, effective for the south of Russia, into the domestic rice cultivar Flagman. After a number of recurrent crosses, the breeding material was obtained, which was studied for economically valuable traits in breeding nurseries. As a result of evaluation and rigorous discarding as well as according to the results of a phytopathological test for blast resistance, several lines were identified that have high indicators of milled rice quality, resistance to blast, yield and economically valuable traits. Rice accession KP-171-14 with the Pi-ta gene, adapted to growing conditions in the south of Russia, resistant to the Krasnodar population of P. oryzae, and having high yield and grain quality, in 2017 was submitted for State Variety Trials (SVT) under the name Alyans. Accessions KP-30 and KP-23 are tested for economically valuable traits and disease resistance in competitive variety trials. The best accession will be submitted to SVT. The introduction and cultivation of such varieties will reduce the use of chemical protection products, obtain environmentally friendly agricultural products and avoid contamination of grain ecosystems

Thyroid nodules are one of the most common thyroid diseases. The prevalence of thyroid nodules is estimated to be 265% depending on the detection methods. Yet despite the high frequency of thyroid nodules only about 510% of such nodules are malignant. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid nodule is currently the primary diagnostic tool for determining the nature of a thyroid nodule. Now, the fine needle aspiration biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing thyroid cancer but in 30% of cases the cytological conclusion is uncertain. Cytological research is not enough to diagnose benign and malignant tumors. The need to improve the effectiveness of fine needle aspiration biopsy findings led to the search for new diagnostic biomarkers and the creation of diagnostic panels on their basis for their application in the diagnosis of uncertain nodules. Determination of molecular markers in the thyroid aspirate will allow to differentiate benign and malignant tumors more accurately at the preoperative stage and reduce the number of inappropriate surgery. The review article presents the characteristics of MicroRNAs, allowing them to be used in preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Diagnostic panels based on gene mutations and MicroRNA expression demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity of these methods are also indicated. Analysis of literature indicates that molecular analysis of fine needle aspiration genetic material from thyroid nodal formations demonstrates great prospects of prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. However, there is no sufficient evidence to recommend or to prohibit of utilization this molecular testing during the cytological conclusion of indeterminate thyroid nodules. Molecular analysis (MicroRNA) is a perspective method for evaluation of thyroid nodal formations with indeterminate cytology, however, this method requires further study and improvement.

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) varieties are susceptible to many fungal diseases. Identification of forms, carrying resistance genes, is an important stage in breeding programs leading to resistant varieties. The use of molecular markers allows to determine with high reliability the presence of the necessary genes in the genome and to identify promising forms. Some of the common strawberry's diseases, causing significant damage to strawberry plantations, are anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds) and red stele root rot (Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Hickman). Dominant Rca2 gene is involved in monogenic resistance to C. acutatum pathogenicity group 2. Rpf1, Rpf2, Rpf3 genes are determined in monogenic resistance to red stele root rot. The purpose of this study was molecular genetic testing genotypes of genus Fragaria L. to identify carriers of Rca2 allele anthracnose resistance and Rpf1 allele red stele root rot resistance. The objects of study were the wild species of the genus Fragaria L. and strawberry varieties (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) of different ecological and geographic origin. To assess allelic state Rca2 anthracnose resistance gene the dominant SCAR marker STS-Rca2_240 was used, was linked to the resistance gene Rca2 with a genetic distance of 2.8 cM. Rpf1 gene red stele root rot resistance was identified with the dominant SCAR marker R1A, was linked to the resistance gene Rpf1 with a genetic distance of 3.0 cM. The resistant allele of the marker STS-Rca2_240 was identified in the Laetitia variety (Rca2Rca2 or Rca2rca2 genotype), which allows us to recommend it as a promising source in breeding for anthracnose resistance. The other studied forms have homozygous recessive state of the marker STS-Rca2_240 (putative genotype rca2rca2). The resistant allele of the marker SCAR-R1A in the varieties and wild species of strawberry under study is absent, which presumably indicates their homozygous recessive genotype of Rpf1 gene (rpf1rpf1).

Introduction. Colon and rectal cancer (CC, RC) are different entities from a clinical and tumor biological point of view. Up to now, both, CC and RC, are synonymously called “Colorectal Cancer” (CRC). With our experience in basic and clinical research and routine work in this field we now have come to the opinion, that the term “CRC” should definitely be questioned, and if justified, be abandoned.Materials/Methods. We analyzed the actual available data from the literature and our own results from the Ulm based study group FOGT to proof or reject our hypothesis.Results. The following evident differences were recognized: Anatomically, the risk to develop RC is 4× higher than for CC. Molecular changes in carcinogenesis in CC are different from RC. Physical activity helps to prevent CC, not RC. Pathologically there are differences between RC and CC. In addition, there are also major clinical differences between CC and RC, such as in surgical topography and– procedures, multimodal treatment (MMT) approaches (RC in MMT is less sensitive to chemotherapy than CC), and prognostic factors for the spontaneous course and for success of MMT (e.g. TS or DPD ). Discussion. CC ´sand RC´s definitely are different in parameters of causal and formal carcinogenesis, effectivity of primary prevention by physical activity, conventional and molecular pathology.According to our findings we can demand from the preclinical point of view that CC and RC are two different tumor entities in terms of various representative biological characteristics.CC and RC are also differing substantially in many clinical features, as outlined in a separate paper from our group.Conclusion. “CRC” should no longer be used in basic and clinical research and other fields of cancer classification as a single disease entity. CC is not the same as RC. CC might even be divided into right and left CC.

Double-shot pyrolysis with gas chromatography and mass detection (Double-shot GC MS) was conducted for a sample of typical chernozem and humic acids separated from it. The humic acids preparations were pyrolyzed at 500, 600 and 700°C. The data were compared with the lignin pyrograms witch were obtained under similar conditions. It was shown that 500°C is the optimum temperature for pyrolysis of humic acids obtained from Chernozems. Toluene in pyrolysis products may be considered as a marker of excessively high temperature occurring during the experiment. The results of a Doubleshot pyrolysis for the soil itself and the humic acids which were extracted from it were compared. Eight products of the soil pyrolysis coincided with substances determined in humic acids (with a total of 41). In the case of thermal desorption of the soil, there were only three such substances, and they also were detected during subsequent pyrolysis of the soil sample. The data obtained speak about the predominantly macromolecular composition of humic substances. The conducted works demonstrate the posibility and perspective for using the Doubleshot pyrolysis GC MS for in situ investigation of soil organic matter, humus matter in general and humic acids in particular.

Leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina Erikss., inflicts serious crop loss of common wheat Triticum aesti­vum L. The species Aegilops speltoides Tausch (2n = 14, SS) is considered a promising issue of genes to protect bread wheat from diseases. The objective of this study was the monitoring of resistance to leaf rust of Ae. speltoides ac­cessions and introgressive lines and cultivars with genetic material of this species to the Western Siberian popula­tion of fungus. The estimation of specimens in the field conditions on natural infectious background showed that the Ae. speltoides accessions were immune to leaf rust, however, а tendency towards increasing susceptibility of the introgressive lines and varieties was detected. The protective effect of the known genes Lr28, Lr36 and Lr35 decreased, but Lr47 remained efficient in West Siberia, as confirmed by the results of testing of the Omsk population of P. triticina for virulence to the mentioned genes. During the study (2003-2017) the resistance has been overcome of lines Od 26/89, 156/90, analogs of cv. Novosibirskaya 67 – ANK-39 (B, C), and L-500 from the “Arsenal” сollection. High resistance to leaf rust was preserved of lines Od (35/1, 35/89, 210/90, 278/89); ANK39 (A, D, E); L-501 and cvs. Chelyaba 75 and Mit. Analysis of DNA markers and phytopathological tests showed that the studied variet­ies and lines lacked the known genes Lr28, Lr36, and Lr47 from Ae. speltoides (except for the lines of cvs. Thatcher and Pavon). On the base of analysis of DNA markers, it was assumed that Chelyaba 75 and seven resistant lines from the Odand ANK-39-series have translocations bearing the LrSp gene. Presumably, the rest of samples possess additional not yet identified genes of Ae. speltoides. The trend of overcoming of resistance to leaf rust of introgres­sive lines and varieties with Ae. speltoides genes should be taken into consideration in common wheat breeding in Western Siberia.

With the creation of the molecular markers allowing to carry out analysis of genotypes on the level initial genetic information – DNA, onset one of the most multifarious and one of the most large in number class of markers at the present day. It is concerned with that each separate nucleic acid sequence is unique on its structure. Set of molecular and genetic methods, named as DNA-fingerprinting, most wide used in modern investigations for solving different problems in different biological areas. In this connection, necessity in comparative classification of modern molecular and genetic markers is actual. Based on published literature material it shown data on different classifications of molecular markers. Determined definition of term “marker” in genetics and breeding. Gave the characters and distinctive features of genetic markers. It given the definition what is “good” genetic marker as well as kinds, categories, variations and types on heredity of molecular markers. Manifested by means of molecular markers polymorphisms can classified on polymorphism of sequence itself (including nucleotide substitution and insertion-deletion) and polymorphism the number of tandem repeat sequences in repeated regions. Moreover, molecular markers can classify on two variations: anonymous, for which nucleotide acid sequence unknown and for manifestation of the molecular marker its detection not necessary (for example, RAPD, AFLP, RFLP), and announce (or determined), for which nucleic acid sequence is known or can be detect during analysis (for example, SNP, CAPS, STS). However, in independence on using of molecular markers the choice of method of investigation will be depend on investigated plant species as well. The next influence of molecular and genetic methods on genetics and practical breeding of plants will be depend on results, which will be obtain, in particular, on revealing the possibility or not possibility of genotyping of individual on single genetic marker as wel as on economic price of obtain informative data.

The 100-year history of building up the VIR collection of genetic resources of drought- and salt-resistant perennial and annual forage crops and its current status are described. Numerous expeditions were conducted to collect valuable germplasm material. The collections of a number of drought- and salt-resistant forage plants were established and studied. Breeders from VIR, its network and other breeding centers developed drought-resistant and salt-resistance varieties on the basis of the Vavilov collection. Theoretical and practical research on the physiology of desert plants was further developed. Currently salt tolerance of forage crops is assessed using molecular methods.