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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a relatively common neurodevelopmental mental disorder affecting an estimated 7.2% of children and adolescents, and 2.5% of adults. It manifests primarily through inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Multimodal treatment approaches are recommended, addressing the psychological, behavioral, vocational, and educational needs of patients and their families. Conventional therapies include pharmacologic interventions (e.g., psychostimulants) and non-pharmacologic strategies (e.g., psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy). The ongoing search for novel treatment options focuses on improving cognitive function, psychological well-being, and ADHD symptomatology. Nutritional interventions with vitamins and minerals are emerging as potential complementary or adjunctive therapies. This review summarizes recent literature (past 5 years) on the relationship between magnesium and ADHD, encompassing observational studies, interventional trials, and meta-analyses. Evidence from recent publications suggests that children with ADHD have reduced magnesium levels and that magnesium supplementation improves symptoms. However, these studies do not definitively establish the exact cause-and-effect relationship between magnesium and ADHD. Current data are insufficient to recommend magnesium for routine ADHD treatment. High-quality, large-scale, and long-term studies are necessary to definitively understand the magnesium-ADHD link and to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of magnesium supplementation as an adjunct therapy. These studies should define optimal doses, forms, and duration of supplementation for safe and effective clinical use.

Magnesium alloys are an ideal material for creating lightweight and durable modern transport systems, but their widespread use is limited due to some physical and chemical properties. This paper considers the effect of nonlinear elastic unloading of the MA14 (ZK60, Mg–5.4Zn–0.5Zr) magnesium alloy in a coarse-grained state after recrystallisation annealing. The study found that the nonlinearity of the unloading characteristic, is formed when reaching a certain threshold stress level. It is expected that the effect under the study is associated with the deformation behavior of the alloy, during which the twin structure formation according to the tensile twinning mechanism is observed. The sample material microstructure was determined, by scanning electron microscopy using electron backscattered diffraction analysis. Determination of the threshold stress, for the formation of unloading nonlinearity was carried out by two methods: 1) by the value of the loop area formed by the nonlinearity of the unloading mechanical characteristics and the repeated loading (mechanical hysteresis) characteristics, and 2) by analysing the acoustic emission recorded during failure strain. A comparison of the results obtained, allows suggesting that the unloading nonlinearity is caused by twinning in grains, in which an unfavorable configuration (low Schmidt factor), for dislocation slip is observed. Rotating the twinned crystal at an angle close to 90° does not contribute to an increase in the Schmidt factor and activation of dislocation slip systems to secure the deformed structure through the dislocation strengthening mechanism. With a subsequent decrease in the external stress, detwinning and partial restoration of the crystal lattice configuration occur.

Background Development of resorbable implants for paediatric orthopaedics is promising as there is no need for implant removal. The aim of this paper is to present our experience in resorbable implants in paediatric traumatology, and to make an overview of the recent literature. Material and methods In our department of paediatric traumatology and orthopaedics, we have operated 7 children with fractures of long bones with resorbable screws (ActivaScrew™). The inclusion criteria were intra-articular and juxta-articular fractures in children with an indication for screw fixation. To prepare the review, we searched for information sources at the scientific platforms such as PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, RSCI, as well as other published products (Elsevier, Springer). Results The cohort is represented by 7 patients, 4 girls and 3 boys, aged from 5 to 14 years old. The 7 fractures were 3 at the elbow and 4 at the ankle joint. In the immediate postoperative period, no patient presented with abnormal swelling, redness, or tissue reaction. Pain disappeared at day 7 in all cases. Weight-bearing and return to sport activities were allowed in normal delay. Radiological bone union was obtained between 3 and 6 weeks. Range of motion in adjacent joints was comparable to the opposite non-fractured side at 3 months. There were no cases of complications, no infection, and no need for a reoperation. Discussion The use of resorbable implants, either co-polymers or magnesium, solves the problem: removal of implants is not anymore necessary. Resorbable implants are becoming safer as they have good solidity allowing bone union of fractures and osteotomies before their eliminating. Conclusion Main indications of resorbable implants in pediatrics remain fractures and osteotomies fixed with screws. The development of plates and intramedullary nails will enlarge the indications. Level of evidence: IV.

Introduction and purpose: The main aim of our study is to summarise existing knowledge and draw conclusions about the impact of magnesium deficiency on the occurrence of anxiety. Methodology: The literature available in the National Library of Medicine database at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov and Google Scholar was reviewed. Articles were searched by using keywords: magnesium, deficiency, supplementation, anxiety disorders. Forty-seven research papers and meta-analyses were analysed. Description of the state of knowledge: Magnesium is an extremely important mineral in the human body involved in many physiological processes. A deficiency of this element affects the whole body and can cause mental disorders - including anxiety disorders. There are many theories showing a link between magnesium and anxiety disorders in both humans and animals. Magnesium has been shown to influence the function of neurotransmitters affecting the experience of anxiety. Supplementation in people with hypomagnesaemia has been proven to improve their health and well-being. However, it should be noted that supplements on the market vary in the bioavailability of the mineral, and the frequency of intake and dosage also affect the bioavailability of magnesium. Conclusions: It is important to ensure adequate levels of magnesium in the diet, given its impact on the proper functioning of the human body (including the nervous system) and the fact that most people consume insufficient amounts of this macronutrient. Evidence of a link between magnesium levels and anxiety has led to increased interest in the potential efficacy of magnesium supplementation to alleviate anxiety symptoms.

Sources of literature on the role of the trace element magnesium and the assosiation with calcium in physiological processes in the body of reproductive aged women and pregnant women, the importance of its main functions and role in preventing the main pregnancy complications were analyzed. Magnesium is the fourth most important extracellular cation after sodium, potassium and calcium and the second intracellular cation in importance after potassium. Many researchers have proven the participation of magnesium in almost everyone important functions in the body. Magnesium performs the following functions which are closely interconnected: metabolic, energetic, enzymatic, cardiovascular, antithrombotic, vascular, neuroprotective, structural, is an antagonist of calcium and an agonist of NMDA receptors. Magnesium realizes its functions in close interaction with cations of sodium, potassium and calcium. It acts as a calcium antagonist. It should be noted attention to the understanding of the interaction of divalent cations-competitors of magnesium and calcium. Calcium has complex influences on interaction of magnesium with blood proteins, reduces its concentration, which can affect physiological processes during pregnancy and in non-pregnant women. Today, magnesium is used only for prevention and treatment of eclampsia, in which anticonvulsants are commonly used ineffective. It can be assumed that different convulsive states have different intracellularly or extracellularly magnesium concentration is important in the pathogenesis and occurrence of eclampsia. Determination of magnesium concentration never was indicated in the recommendations for the management of preeclampsia. Magnesium use is insufficiently substantiated in cases of uterus contraction activity in any conditions (threat of abortion, premature birth) and prevention of pathological blood clot formation (as causes of multiple complications of pregnancy), neuroprotective effect on a child. The role of magnesium in the production of steroid hormones has been proven. However, this effect remains unrealized in obstetrics and gynecology practice. Data from literature sources given in the article help justify the use of magnesium and analyze its interaction with calcium during pregnancy.

Current research is focused on practical implications of magnesium-based implants largely due to their biodegradability and ability to promote bone healing and formation. However, the mechanism underlying the osteogenesis regulation by magnesium is still unclear.We describe cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of magnesium ions (Mg2+) on bone growth following the device implantation. The presented data demonstrate magnesium-induced activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in human bone marrow stromal cells resulting in their differentiation into osteoblasts, osteogenic effect and recovery of bone defects. We describe the role of the molecular mechanisms responsible for osteopromotive properties of Mg2+ and associated with unique transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) cation channels mediating the Mg2+ influx. TRPM7-mediated Mg2+ influx is important for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced proliferation, adhesion, and migration of human osteoblasts, as well as for promotion of Mg2+-associated bone regeneration.We discuss the effect of Mg2+ on intracellular signaling processes, expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor-2α, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α. Mg2+ can promote bone regeneration by enhancing the production of type X collagen and VEGF by osteogenic cells in bone marrow.

Introduction. It is believed to be relevant to assess a profile in patients not using menopausal hormone therapy (non-MHT) with climacteric syndrome (CS) and surgical menopause, because this cohort includes patients with malignant neoplasms of the reproductive system at the stage of rehabilitation after radical surgery, for whom few study data in real-world data are available.Aim: to describe a profile of non-MHT women with CS and surgical menopause included in the MAGYN study.Materials and Methods. A non-interventional epidemiological study screened for magnesium deficiency in 1528 non-MHT women with CS and surgical menopause; 29 patients were at recovery period after radical surgical treatment of reproductive system cancer (vulvar, cervical, endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer). The number and proportion of women with magnesium deficiency was assessed using the Magnesium Deficiency Questionnaire (MDQ), and a biochemical blood test was performed to measure serum magnesium concentration. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF). There were analyzed general somatic pathology, complaints, symptoms of magnesium deficiency by using visual analog scale, as well as the data of drug therapy, including a combination of magnesium citrate + vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) applied for 4 weeks.Results. According to the MDQ, the prevalence of magnesium deficiency was 72.3 % (55.1 % with moderate and 15.2 % with severe deficiency). Of 469 women, serum magnesium concentration ≤ 0.80 mmol/L was found in 377 (80.38 %), ≤ 0.70 mmol/L – in 278 (59.28 %). Surgical menopause was significantly more common in patients with magnesium deficiency (13.0 %). Among the symptoms of CS in patients with magnesium deficiency, neuropsychiatric symptoms were significantly more common: 47.3 % vs. 43.2 % (p = 0.035). After 4 weeks of therapy, the MDQ score decreased from 46.0 ± 12.7 to 29.2 ± 15.1 points (p < 0.001), serum magnesium level increased to 0.79 ± 0.23 mmol/L. The WHOQOL-BREF demonstrated a significantly improved QoL compared to pre-therapy, including physical and psychological well-being (21.1 ± 4.5 vs. 26.2 ± 3.5 score; p < 0.001), selfperception (18,2 ± 3.7 vs. 22.2 ± 3.6 score; p < 0.001), social well-being (24.8 ± 4.9 vs. 28.1 ± 4.4 score; p < 0.001) and satisfaction with microsocial support (9.3 ± 2.7 vs. 11.0 ± 2.8 score; p < 0.001).Conclusion. The high prevalence of magnesium deficiency and its close relationship with symptoms decreasing QoL (neuropsychic symptoms, hot flashes, irritability, sleep disturbances, fatigue, chronic stress, frequent headaches, etc.) have been confirmed. Further research is needed to assess an effect of magnesium deficiency correction as part of complex medical rehabilitation on the QoL of women with malignant neoplasms of the reproductive system after radical surgery.

Brazing filler metals based on the Al-Si system are widely used for brazing aluminum alloys. Their melting point is 577 °С (eutectic). It is necessary to conduct comprehensive studies of the technological properties of experimental filler metals and brazed joints to create a brazing filler metal with a reduced melting temperature for vacuum brazing of thin-walled aluminum products made of alloy 3003. The paper presents the research results on high-temperature vacuum brazing of aluminum alloy 3003 with Al-Cu-(Si, Mg) filler metal. It was determined that the amount of magnesium in the filler should be limited due to the risk of porosity formation associated with magnesium vaporization. It was identified that reducing the magnesium content increases the liquidus temperature above 530–550 °C. Therefore, experimental alloys require additional alloying with depressant elements, particularly silicon, to achieve the required melting temperature level. The chemical inhomogeneity of the filler in the initial state (after rapid solidification from the liquid state) and the structure of the brazed joints were investigated using micro-X-ray spectral analysis. Through empirical means, it was determined that a magnesium content of 1.5 % by weight in the filler allows for producing high-quality brazed joints without visible defects. In this case, shear strength is in the range of 0.6–0.7 of the strength of the base material. Tests of brazed joints for three-point bending resulted in an angle close to 180°, which indicates the promising use of experimental brazing filler metal in vacuum brazing of aluminum alloy 3003.

Magnesium — intracellular cation — is important in many pathological processes including the pathogenesis of migraine. Magnesium deficiency in patients with migraine may be developed as a result of genetic inability to absorb magnesium and its excessive loss with stress because of low nutritional intake and a number of other reasons. Migraine magnesium deficiency contributes in changing the activity of NMDA-receptors, distribution of cortical depression hyperaggregation platelets, affects the function of serotonin receptors and metabolism of many neurotransmitters. Intravenous magnesium-containing drugs show high efficacy in the treatment and prevention of migraine.

Uric acid is an independent risk factor for socially important diseases, such as chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease. The review summarizes current data on the impact of nutrition as a presumably modifiable factor into the development of hyperuricemia and gout. The authors describe biochemical mechanisms underlying hyperuricemia and present data on the influence of excessive intake of fructose, purines, and various alcohol-containing drinks on the risk of gout. Favorable impact of vitamin C supplements, coffee, cherry juice, some chemical elements (magnesium, zinc, and copper) on uric acid levels has been shown, as well as the impact of intake of low fat dairy products, polyphenols, food fibers, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the incidence of hyperuricemia. The information presented in the review can be used in clinical practice for preparation of an individualized nutritional plan aimed at normalization of uric acid levels. This would minimize the use of agents affecting the synthesis of uric acid and slow down the progression of chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease.

Nonspecific vaginitis is one of the most common problems in women of reproductive age, which ranks first in the structure of gynecological diseases and tends to increase. It is known that one of the causes of nonspecific vaginitis is the chronic stress influence on a woman’s body. At the same time, not only the hormonal system changes, but there is also a deficiency of trace elements, especially magnesium. Aim. To study the effect of magnesium preparations on the clinical manifestations of stress in the complex treatment of nonspecific vaginitis in women of reproductive age. Materials and methods. 160 women were examined, who were divided into 2 clinical groups with subgroups: the main group – 94 (58.8 %) patients with nonspecific vaginitis, who received treatment according to developed clinical diagnostic algorithms and schemes. The comparison group included 66 (41.2 %) patients with nonspecific vaginitis, who received treatment according to known protocols. In the process of examining groups, the following methods of examination were used: general (collection of complaints and anamnesis, gynecological examination, assessment of microscopy of vaginal smears according to the Amsel, Nugent and Donders criteria), laboratory (serum levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, magnesium), questioning, statistical. Results. The use of magnesium preparation according to the scheme in the main group significantly reduced the symptoms of anxiety and depression, normalized the blood magnesium level in contrast to the comparison group (Р < 0.05). Conclusions. In women of reproductive age, suffering from nonspecific vaginitis, who are constantly under the influence of stress factors, a deterioration in the psycho-emotional state is determined in the form of anxiety and depression of varying severity, as evidenced by the results of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). In addition, in such women, there is an increase in the levels of stress hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol), a decrease in the blood magnesium level in contrast to the indicators in healthy individuals. The use of magnesium preparation according to the scheme in the complex treatment of nonspecific vaginitis in women of reproductive age with chronic stress normalizes the blood magnesium levels, significantly improves the psycho-emotional state, reduces the symptoms of anxiety and depression and significantly improves the direct results of treatment.

Objectives: to determine the status of connective tissue and ionized magnesium value before and after complex treatment of atrophic colpitis with the CO2 laser in menopausal women. Materials and methods. 160 women with atrophic colpitis took part in this prospective study and were divided into three groups depending on the therapy. The main group included 55 patients who underwent CO2 laser therapy. The comparison group included 40 women who underwent CO2 laser therapy and local hormonal treatment with suppositories containing estriol and magnesium saturation by magnesium lactate dihydrate. The control group consisted of 65 women who received only suppositories containing estriol. The duration of treatment was 12 months. In addition to general clinical studies, markers of collagen synthesis (Total PINP, Total PІІІNP), collagen resorption marker (Pyriliks-D), as well as the ionized magnesium value in blood serum were determined in all patients. Results. A significant increase and steady retention at the physiological level of the average value of the Total PINP in the comparison group was revealed. The average level of the Total PIІІNP in patients of this group underwent a significant decrease and remained steadily at the upper limit of the physiological norm. A significant decrease and stable retention at the physiological level of the Pyriliks-D was noted in the comparison group against the background of the proposed therapy. Correction of magnesium status in the comparison group leads to a reliable and stable increase in the Mg+ ions concentration in blood serum. Conclusions. The inclusion CO2 laser in combination with local hormonal therapy and long-term correction of mineral metabolism in the treatment of the comparison group led to the stable normalization and prolonged retention at the physiological level for 12 months of the procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide, procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide, collagen resorption marker Pyriliks-D and a significant increase in magnesium concentration. This is confirms the effectiveness of the proposed complex.

The aim of the research was to identify promising biochemical markers of blood associated with the intensity of live weight gain in young cattle. The work was carried out in 2021...2022 in the conditions of the dairy farm of LLC Severnaya Niva in the Kortkerossky district of the Komi Republic. A group of newborn heifers of the Kholmogorsky breed (n = 30) was selected for the experiment. It has been established that on the first day after birth, calves with intensive growth rates had lower AsAT activity (r = -0.510) and iron concentration (r = -0.650) in blood serum, and vice versa a higher level of SMLMM рlasma (0.626). At later stages of the analysis, a pronounced correlation of the intensity of body weight gain was observed with respect to the activity of alkaline phosphatase: -0.639 and -0.744 on day 7 and 14, respectively. It was determined that many of the calculated coefficients obtained during the blood test on the 14th day after birth had a more noticeable correlation with the intensity of growth. Such markers included: Alkaline phosphatase/Calcium (-0.746), Alkaline phosphatase/Magnesium (-0.756), Magnesium/Alkaline Phosphatase (-0.760), Calcium×Phosphorus/Alkaline Phosphatase (0.758) and Alkaline Phosphatase/(Calcium+Magnesium) (-0.753). At the next stage, the analysis of the rate of live weight gain in heifers ranked by the increase in the values of the developed coefficients was carried out. It is proved that the use of coefficients contributed to a more pronounced differentiation of the rate of weight gain in comparison with the values established with the use of one alkaline phosphatase. Thus, the calculated index of Alkaline phosphatase/Calcium/ Magnesium on the 1st, 7th and 14th days of postnatal ontogenesis provided a difference between the phenotypes of the 1st and 3rd groups by 74.1(P≤0.05), 92.6 (P≤0.01) and 90.7 (P≤0.001) g of weight gain per day, whereas the difference when using one alkaline phosphatase was 33.3; 16.0 and 12.2 % less. Thus, the use of these coefficients to predict the rate of live weight gain in calves can increase the accuracy of the selection of animals with the desired phenotype in early postnatal ontogenesis.

Open letter by Galina N. Sukhodolova, MD, Toxicologist, Dr Sci Med, Professor, Senior Researcher, Department of Acute Poisoning and Somatopsychiatric Disorders, Clinical and Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Moscow, Russia; Professor, Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Chairman of the Association of Clinical Toxicologists of Russia. The open letter dedicated to the ongoing resonant case of Elina Sushkevich.

Objectives. To elaborate a risk assessment model for the development of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT) in patients with drug-induced long QT syndrome (LQTS) caused by class III antiarrhythmic drugs. Material and methods. The study included 64 patients with drug-induced LQTS, 37 (57.8%) out of them were women and 27 (42.2%) men, their mean age made up 57.2±9.4 years. All patients underwent clinical, laboratory and instrumental studies, including 12-lead ECG recording, 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring while receiving antiarrhythmic therapy. Depending on the presence or absence of unsustainable PVT according to Holter monitoring, the patients were divided into 2 groups: “PVT” (n=17) and “Without PVT” (n=47). Based on the obtained data, a logistic regression equation with a binary response and a logit link function was constructed to predict the development of PVT. Results. A logistic regression model has been elaborated, which includes the following indicators: patients’ gender, serum magnesium level, QT interval dispersion, and index of cardioelectrophysiological balance (QT/QRS). With a calculated threshold probability value of ≥0.599, the resultant model can identify patients at high risk of PVT development with drug-induced LQTS while taking class III antiarrhythmic drugs with a sensitivity of 88.24%, specificity of 90.00% and total accuracy of 89.55%. Conclusions. The developed model will make it possible to predict the risk of ventricular arrhythmias in the sick with drug-induced LQTS, which will lead to a decrease in the number of cardiovascular complications and sudden cardiac death cases in this category of patients.

Introduction. The question of the ratio of calcium and magnesium in the body in the scientific community is not discussed as often as the role of each of these elements. Experts pay even less attention to the ratio of minerals in the body of pregnant women.Aim. To analyze the content of magnesium and calcium in the blood of pregnant women at different gestation periods and evaluate the ratio of magnesium / calcium in order to establish the calculated coefficient.Materials and methods. 272 pregnant women (age 31.85 ± 5.0 years) at different gestation periods were included in the study. The subjects did not complain, typical for the clinic of magnesium and calcium deficiency. All surveyed gave written consent to the study. A biochemical blood test (determination of the concentration of total calcium, magnesium) was carried out in the laboratory of LLC DNKOM in Moscow. Blood sampling from the cubital vein was carried out according to the standard method in the morning on an empty stomach after 10–12 hours of fasting.Results and discussion. Concentration of total calcium in the serum was (M ± SD) 2.28 ± 0.11 mmol/l, total magnesium – 0.78 ± 0.07 mmol/l, magnesium/calcium ratio – 0.34 ± 0.03. Mean concentrations of calcium and magnesium were significantly lower in women in the II and III trimesters compared with the I trimester (p < 0.001). A decrease in magnesium concentration below the optimal for pregnant women of 0.8 mmol / l was observed in 37.5% of women in the first trimester, in 77.3% and 84.1% in the II and III trimesters, respectively. Serum magnesium concentration less than 0.7 mmol / l, reflecting a profound magnesium deficiency, was detected in the first trimester in 3.6% of women, in the second trimester – in 11.3% of women, in the third trimester – in 15.9% of pregnancies. Hypocalcemia (total calcium concentration less than 2.15 mmol/l) was recorded in 0.9%, 11.3% and 22.3% of pregnant women in the I, II and III trimesters. When calculating the magnesium/calcium ratio, subclinical magnesium deficiency was detected in 96.7% of pregnant women throughout pregnancy.Conclusion. The data obtained indicate the need for pregravid examination and early correction of metabolic disorders

The paper presents the results of the study of corrosion performance of HApcontaining coating obtained on the Mg-0.8Ca bioresorbable magnesium alloy using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). Electrochemical measurements were carried out in minimal essential medium (MEM) using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and monitoring of open circuit potential (OCP) techniques. It was established that the PEO treatment of Mg-0.8Ca leads to a significant increase in corrosion resistance of the material. Formation of heterooxide layer on magnesium alloy contributes to a decrease in corrosion current density (IC) more than three times. The impedance modulus measured at low frequency (|Z|f=0.1 Hz) for a coated material increased by two times compared to an uncoated one.

We considered coatings obtained on a magnesium based substrate with a different content of a bioactive component, nanosized hydroxyapatite (HAp). The properties of coatings formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) in electrolytes containing calcium compounds were compared. Coatings obtained in the electrolyte with HAp demonstrated higher strength characteristics compared to coatings obtained in the glycerophosphate electrolyte. It can be explained by the hardness of the components included in the coating (Mg2SiO4) as well as by the presence of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Oxidation of composite samples in an electrolyte with HAp leads to a decrease in the corrosion current density by 2 orders of magnitude compared to this parameter for uncoated samples.

This article presents current data about the perinatal effects of prolonged stress on pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The peculiarities of the postcovid syndrome in general and in the female population in particular are determined. Peculiarities of pregnancy and perinatal consequences after coronavirus infection, as well as manifestations of postcovid syndrome in this group of women are considered. There is an increase in the frequency of anxiety and depressive disorders in pregnant women and women in labor during the pandemic and their impact on the fetal brain and its subsequent mental state. The specific effects of long-term stress have been identified: it has become known that pregnant women during the pandemic are exposed to prolonged stress, which affects the course of gestation. Among the most common conditions under the stressors impact (illness of the woman or her close environment, loss of relatives and acquaintances, existence in limited physical and communication space, deterioration of financial condition, etc.) should be noted the increasing risk of abortion up to 17–28%; exacerbation during pregnancy of chronic somatic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, neurological and mental illness, etc.); increase in body mass index on the eve of pregnancy and pathological weight gain; strengthening of nutritional deficiencies (folate, iron, magnesium, vitamin D, iodine, etc.). The timely detection and possible ways to correct these conditions are considered, given the transition to remote methods of monitoring pregnant women in quarantine. Organizational , treatment and prevention measures with inclusion of micronized progesterone, magnesium citrate, folate (metafolin) and vitamin D, as well as methods of psychoprophylaxis and psychotherapy are also proposed. Magnesium is of particular importance in pregnant women, it has neuroprotective and metabolic properties, in particular when used as a citrate in soluble form. The main directions of rehabilitation measures for pregnant women and women in labor after COVID-19 have been formulated.

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell is a species cultivated in industrial forest plantations. Three circle plots (r = 12.6 m) were made for the plant ages of 1, 3, 5 and 13 years. The census was applied for an inventory of tree diameters and 24 representative trees were harvested for analysis of tree component nutrient concentrations. The purpose of this study was to determine the nutrient concentration Mg components of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell trees aged 1, 3, 5 and 13 years. Nutrient analysis of Mg used Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results of the analysis show that The highest average concentration of Mg in Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell tree components aged 1 year was found in the leaf component (0.90 mg/g), the lowest was in the wood branches + twigs (0.13 mg/g); at aged 3 years, the highest concentration was in the leaf component (1.10 mg/g), while the lowest was in stem wood (0.17 mg/g). At age of 5 years, the highest concentration of Mg was in branch bark + twigs (4.48 mg/g), while lowest was in stem wood (0.43 mg/g). At age of 13 years, the highest concentration of Magnesium was in the leaf component (1.07 mg/g), while the lowest magnesium concentration was in the woody branch + twig component (0.17 mg/g). The difference in nutrient concentration was influenced by the difference in age of stands and soil type.

Magnesium is a very important macronutrient in the human body. Its main storage is bones. The correct concentration of this macronutrient within the normal range is necessary for the proper functioning of the body. Deficiency of this element negatively affects the entire body. One of the symptoms of magnesium deficiency is depression and other psychiatric disorders. The factors explaining the mechanism of magnesium's antidepressant effect are not fully understood, however, a relationship between magnesium deficiency and the pathogenesis of depression has been demonstrated. Supplementation with preparations of this element improves the condition in ill people with depression. [3][6]

Magnesium is a macronutrient that is very important for the proper functioning of the human body. Deficiency of this element is crucial in the development of many disorders in the proper functioning of many organ systems. The optimal level of magnesium has a significant influence on the functioning of the cardiovascular system, among others. Although the factors showing the mechanism of lowering blood pressure by magnesium ions are not fully understood, the influence of the correct concentration of magnesium in the human body on cardiovascular protection is beyond doubt. Magnesium supplementation produces positive effects in the functioning of blood vessels and in maintaining blood pressure within the normal range. In our article, we focused on the role of magnesium in maintaining normal blood pressure at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels, as well as on the impact of magnesium supplementation on reducing blood pressure.

Magnez jest jednym z ważnych pierwiastków w ludzkim ciele. Odgrywa niezwykle ważną rolę w ponad 300 reakcjach enzymatycznych. Magnez jest jednym z siedmiu makroelementów. Makroelementy to pierwiastki, które stanowią nie mniej niż 0,01% suchej masy każdego organizmu. Z definicji ich dzienne zapotrzebowanie przekracza 100 miligramów. Według Harvard TH Chan, szkoły zdrowia łonowego, zalecana ilość spożycia magnezu to 400-420 mg dziennie dla mężczyzn i 310-320 mg dla kobiet. Co ciekawe, trudno jest przedawkować magnez, ponieważ nadmiar magnezu jest wydalany z moczem. Jednak wysokie dawki magnezu mogą powodować biegunkę lub nudności.Biegunkowe działanie soli magnezu wynika z działania osmotycznego niewchłoniętych soli w jelicie i okrężnicy oraz stymulacji motoryki żołądka.

Here we summarize uptodate data on the influence of the most significant micro, macroelements, and vitamins, such as magnesium, vitamin D, iron, and folic acid, on the course of pregnancy and childbirth in obese women. The paper considers both domestic and foreign recommendations for correcting nutritional deficiencies to prevent the development of complications from the pregravid stage to the end of lactation. Nowadays, the deficiency of micro-, macroelements and vitamins is an extremely urgent problem, especially in a group of special risk, i.e. overweight and obese women, whose number is steadily growing simultaneously with an increase of the number of pregnant women of 35+ years of age. It is important to consider a woman's body mass index to prescribe the minimum effective dose of the necessary drugs. Timely preventive personalized correction of the micronutrient state can reduce the risks of such major obstetric syndromes as preeclampsia, premature birth, fetal growth retardation, miscarriage, and placental dysfunction.

In an experiment on 39 white Wistar rats of autobred breeding, the authors modeled toxic nephropathy and assessed the possibility of correcting damage using magnesium-containing preparations - 5% Bischofite solution and «Donat Mg». The work was carried out in accordance with the regulatory documents of the European Union and Ukraine. The results of the studies showed that in addition to damage to the structure of the kidneys: wrinkling of capillary glomeruli, expansion of the Bowman space, destruction of part of the convoluted tubules; there is a violation of metabolic processes in the form of: an increase in the total blood protein, a redistribution of the proportion of different proteins in its composition, a decrease and imbalance of ATPases; increase in fasting amount of glucose; activation of lipid peroxidation and inactivation of AOD (catalase); decrease in magnesium levels in the blood. The use of magnesium-containing preparations by animals - a 5% solution of bischofite or «Donat Mg» had a unidirectional positive effect on the condition of the experimental animals. The structure of the kidneys improved, because. there were fewer wrinkled glomeruli, there were no lymphocytes between the capillaries, visually less damaged tubules were recorded; the interstitial layers did not differ from the norm; in terms of metabolism, there was a closeness of the total protein and the nomenclature of its components to the control, less changes in the activity of ATPases; LPO/AOZ systems; changes in fasting glucose, similarity of Mg+2 content to control data. The authors believe that the intake of exogenous Mg+2 has a positive effect on the state of redox processes in the cells of the body, which helps to maintain the body's resistance at a higher level and prevents severe kidney damage.

In the practice of neurologists and therapists, patients with complaints of headache, increased fatigue, and irritability are common. The most frequent causes of headaches in ambulatory patients are primary headaches (migraine and tension headaches). Lack of sleep, stress, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and abuse of analgesic drugs are the most common factors that contribute to the frequency of headaches. Magnesium deficiency is another factor, the role of which has been discussed in the frequency of primary headaches, in the development of neurotic disorders and depression. Clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency itself usually include such nonspecific symptoms as fatigue, anxiety, irritability, numbness in the extremities, leg cramps, sleep disorders, etc.Magnesium deficiency is widespread among the population of developed countries, especially among women of reproductive age, often occurs during pregnancy, while taking oral contraceptives. Magnesium is involved in the regulation of the nervous system, neuromuscular transmission, cardiac activity, regulation of vascular tone, blood clotting and bone tissue metabolism. Magnesium deficiency is associated with diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, migraine, osteoporosis, depression, neurotic disorders (panic disorder, generalized anxiety, various phobias), and fibromyalgia syndrome. Stress can lead to a decrease in magnesium levels in the body, and magnesium deficiency, in turn, reduces tolerance to stressful situations. Timely diagnosis and adequate treatment of magnesium deficiency and associated conditions represent important clinical challenges.The clinical case of a patient with neurotic disorder, headache and magnesium deficiency is presented, and the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary approach including an educational talk, adequate therapy for headache management, magnesium drug therapy and psychological methods is demonstrated. The role of magnesium deficiency in the development of various neurologic diseases is reviewed. The most effective magnesium compounds for therapy are discussed. Principles of diagnosis and treatment of patients with magnesium deficiency are presented.

Introduction.Stress and stress-induced disorders are not uncommon in pediatric practice. The range of causal stressors (information environment, gadgets, pandemic, armed conflicts, etc.) has expanded significantly these days. The article depicts the main clinical manifestations of stress reactions, pathogenetic mechanisms of their development, provides rational approaches to the therapy of elimination of stress manifestations and consequences in children and adolescents from a pediatric perspective.Objective:To study the influence of stress on the psychoemotional sphere and cognitive functions in children aged 7 to 9 years from the armed conflict zone in the Donbass.Materials and methods. 234 children of primary school age were included in the study, of whom 123 children had lived at the armed conflict zone in Donbass for a year. The psychoemotional state and cognitive functions status were determined by children’s tests using a scoring method to assess test results.Results and discussion.The tests with a scoring method to assess test results showed that 100% of children from the armed conflict zone had a chronic stress, 63% had a moderate to severe stress, a high frequency of various types of phobias, as well as impaired concentration and memory.Therapeutic approaches to the management of stress reactions directly depend on the cause and clinical manifestations of such reactions. The therapy strategy includes among other things general strengthening actions, psychotherapy, symptomatic and pathogenetic methods of treatment. In addition, both acute and chronic stress leads to intracellular magnesium deficiency and increased urinary magnesium wasting, as a large amount of catecholamines is released under stress conditions, which contributes to shifting magnesium out of cells. The magnesium deficiency results in increased permeability of cell membranes for calcium ions, which creates conditions for electrical instability and excessive excitability of cells, most significantly of neurons. This is reflected in the fact that the process of excitation prevails over inhibitory reactions, and stress reactions develop as the clinical manifestations. It has been established that an adequate balance of magnesium increases the adaptive capabilities in people. Its neurotropic effects made it possible to consider magnesium as an effective pathogenetic agent that can increase stress resistance, stress management, and activate the body’s adaptive reserves.Conclusion. The causal stressors are manifold, the paediatrician has to deal with stress reactions in children much more often than doctors of other specialties. Magnesium supplements currently form the basis of treatment and rehabilitation actions in children with stress.

Per request of MD, Dr Sci Med, Professor, Academician of RAS Nikolay N. Volodin, President of Russian association of specialists in perinatal medicine (RASPM) one of leading specialists in obstetrics, gynecology and perinatal medicine in the world prof. Gian Carlo Di Renzo have prepared the Expert Report on the Elina Sushkevich case. Taken into account the importance of this case for healthcare professionals, we publish the full text in the original and translated into Russian.

Aim: to assess an effect of medicinal magnesium-containing composition on gelatinase B expression intensity and morphological parameters of chronic experimental endometrial inflammation.Materials and Methods. There were conducted experiments with 60 sexually mature female Wistar rats to determine an effect of medicinal magnesium-containing composition (contains magnesium chloride – a natural polymineral Bischofite) on gelatinase B activity in endometrial tissues (counting number of gelatinase-B-positive cells and intensity of gelatinase B expression), morphological parameters of cell infiltration, as well as amount of magnesium in red blood cell mass collected from the inferior vena cava and subclavian vein. All such parameters were assessed in experimental animals from 4 groups: group 1 – animals in baseline state, group 2 – control, group 3 – experimental chronic endometritis (CE), group 4 – experimental CE after treatment with medicinal magnesium-containing composition. Results. It was found that use of medicinal magnesium-containing composition increased amount of erythrocyte magnesium up to the baseline level and increased both number and expression intensity of stromal gelatinase B-positive cells. In addition, magnesium level in erythrocyte mass from the inferior vena cava was increased and accompanied with restored eosinophil-plasmacyte as well as significantly elevated macrophage-lymphocyte infiltration in endometrial tissues compared to CE animals lacking therapy. Conclusion. The results of this study allow us to conclude about importance of gelatinase B in pathogenesis of experimental chronic endometrial inflammation as well as an opportunity of regulating gelatinase B activity by applying medicinal magnesium containing drug in pathogenetic therapy of experimental CE.

The objective of the study is investigation of the impact of magnesium on psycho-emotional stress and functional activity of the cardiovascular system in foreign male students of African origin. A total of 33 male first course students were involved in the study. The examinees were supplemented with 150 mg/day of magnesium. Evaluation of serum and urinary Mg levels was performed using inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry, whereas functional activity of the cardiovascular system and psycho-emotional stress were assessed using Angioscan-01 diagnostic complex both before and after a course of magnesium supplementation. It has been demonstrated that magnesium supplementation resulted in a significant 3% increase in serum Mg levels as compared to baseline. The observed increase in circulating magnesium levels was associated with a significant 26% decrease in stress index, whereas arterial stiffness index significantly reduced by 3%. A significant increase in absolute systole duration and time from the start of the pulse wave to a maximum of the early systolic wave was also observed. The results of the study demonstrate a significant decrease in stress index and arterial stiffness in response to magnesium intake, being in agreement with the existing data on protective effects of magnesium. Therefore, monitoring of magnesium supply and its improvement may be considered as a valuable tool supporting somatic and psychic health of students thus improving their academic performance.

Background and objectives: Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder and the leading cause of death and disability in the world. Magnesium is the most common intracellular cation involved in insulin mediated glucose uptake. This study was conducted in type 2 diabetic patients to assess fasting blood glucose (FBS), HbA1c and serum magnesium levels and compare it with normal controls. Materials and Methods: This was a case control study which included 50 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 50 healthy controls. Serum magnesium was estimated by calmagite endpoint method. HbA1c was estimated by immunoturbidimetry method. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS. Results and discussion: Decrease in mean level of serum magnesium were observed among diabetic patients. A negative correlation was observed between serum magnesium and HbA1c. A linear regression analysis showed an inverse relationship between serum magnesium and glycemic control among patients with diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: We concluded that type 2 diabetic patients who are at risk of developing microvascular complications with poor glycemic control must be regularly monitored for serum magnesium levels.

According to a number of studies, patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have an increased risk of adverse course and death from COVID-19. The deficiency in the daily consumption of micronutrients, especially potassium and magnesium, is considered to be a non-infectious "epidemic" of the 21st century. The paper presents the results of studies indicating an increased risk of developing CVD (arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, arrhythmias) and mortality from them in the presence of a deficiency in the consumption of potassium and magnesium, as well as their reduced content in the body. It provides an overview of published data on the importance of maintaining normal levels of potassium and magnesium in the body to reduce CVD risk and mortality.

This article provides data on the role of magnesium in ensuring the vital activity of the human body, its role in reproduction and the development of obstetric complications. The methods of diagnostics and medications for the correction of magnesium deficiency are considered. Purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of complex water-soluble agent containing magnesium citrate and vitamin B6 in the complications prevention of pregnancy induced in cycles of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Materials and methods. 215 women with pregnancy induced in ART cycles were randomized into two groups: the main group received a prophylactic complex water-soluble drug Metida containing magnesium citrate 1970 mg (elemental magnesium 300 mg) and vitamin B6 30 mg from 1 to 36 weeks of pregnancy, 1 time per day. The comparison group (105 women) did not receive magnesium. The control group consisted of 53 relatively healthy women with pregnancy after natural conception. Serum and erythrocyte magnesium levels were studied at 6–8, 18–20 and 30–32 weeks of gestation. Clinical course of pregnancy and childbirth were evaluated. Magnesium deficiency should be determined by the content of magnesium in erythrocytes, as its level in serum is still normal, i.e. within the reference interval. Results. Metida in women with induced pregnancy in ART cycles compared to the group in which magnesium drugs were not prescribed reduced the number of preterm birth in 2.62 times, placental dysfunction in 2.24 times, gestational diabetes mellitus in 2.62 times, premature birth in 2.28 times and increased the number of timely births in 1.12 times. Conclusion. Use of the magnesium-containing drug Metida from the earliest stages of pregnancy has optimized the course and outcome of pregnancy and reduced the number of miscarriage and complications, as well as increased the number of timely births. Safety and bioavailability of magnesium are important properties of Metida. This drug has maximum compliance – high efficiency and digestibility.

The relevance the research is caused by the need to ensure uniform heating of the acid solution at the injection rates created by the units onto the thermoacid samples. A solution to this problem will improve the efficiency of acid and thermal acid treatments of highly drained wells with low reservoir pressure. The main aim of the research is to develop and propose a method of acid and thermoacid impulse, a methodology for its application and to create structures for underground and surface equipment of wells for implementation of the developed method. Objects. The volume of the solution poured into the tubing during thermo-acid treatment by the pulsing method depends on their length and inner diameter. Usually it is taken equal to 1,2–2 m3. If the filter or some its part turned out to be blocked with a sand plug in the well, scheduled for thermal acid treatment by the pulsing method, then they were preliminarily cleaned with a thief without opening the sump. A special perforated tip and a special filling head are used as well. Methods. Thermal acid (as well as acidic) treatment of a well by the pulsing method is carried out without the use of a pump unit, which can significantly reduce costs. Accelerating the movement of the acid solution, heating the entire volume to the desired temperature and creating pressure (due to the weight of the solution column) contribute to an increase in the depth of penetration and the effectiveness of the action of the acid on the formation. Results. The most suitable acid solution for thermoacid impulse is 15 % HCl, inhibited by unicol. Good results were obtained by introduction of the acid impulse method, which involves the use of a special tip, in which the nozzle channel is completely closed with a magnesium rod. As a result of the reaction, the magnesium rod dissolves in the acid solution, after which the latter rushes through the vacated choke channel and the perforated pipe into the filter, creating the so-called acid pulse, i. e. increase in the injection rate is achieved under the action of hydrostatic pressure.

The aim of the work: to study the clinical potential for use of an original MS-10 magnesium-based bioabsorbable malleolar screw in osteosynthesis of the medial malleolus. Materials and methods. In the course of the study, we tested the osteosynthesis of the medial malleolus of the tibia using a bioresorbable modified MS-10 magnesium alloy implant and evaluated the clinical course of the early and late postoperative period, the response of soft tissues, the radiological dynamics of fracture consolidation, and restoration of limb function. Osteosynthesis was performed using the malleolar screw of 3.5 mm-diameter with incomplete threading made of the bioresorbable modified MS-10 magnesium alloy (TS U 24.4-14307794-270:2018). The patient follow-up time was 7 months. X-rays of the ankle joint were performed at 6 week-intervals in2 in standard views, CT was performed during the 5th week. Results. During the period from the 1st to the 8th week, the patient X-ray examinations showed slight emphysema in the surrounding soft tissues and in the cancellous bone of the distal metaepiphysis of the tibia that was not accompanied by clinical manifestations and complications. Bioresorption of the magnesium implant did not change the time of soft tissues healing and the bone callus formation in the fracture zone. At the late stages of bioresorption (after the 18th week), the signs of pronounced ossification were seen around the magnesium implant. Conclusions. Based on the experimentally obtained data, we can conclude that it is possible and advisable to use bioresorbable implants made of the original MS-10 magnesium alloy in osteosynthesis.

Scientific relevance. Fluoroquinolones are antibacterial agents associated with adverse drug reactions (ARDs), including aortic lesions; this ARD risk limits the use of fluoroquinolones. Moreover, fluoroquinolones have been reported to induce lesions in other connective tissues (cartilage, tendons), associated with magnesium deficiency.Aim. The study aimed to analyse the effects of magnesium orotate on the thoracic aorta in laboratory rabbits treated with levofloxacin.Materials and methods. The study randomised laboratory rabbits into 3 groups of 10 animals each to receive oral doses of either the carrier solution (control group), or 150 mg/kg/day levofloxacin (levofloxacin group), or 150 mg/ kg/day levofloxacin and 140 mg/kg/day magnesium orotate (levofloxacin/magnesium group). After 14 days of treatment, venous blood samples were taken to determine the serum levels of magnesium, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), as well as MMP-9 to TIMP-1 ratios. The authors conducted morphological and mechanical characterisation of thoracic aorta samples; the mechanical characterisation involved uniaxial tensile testing. Data are presented as the mean and standard deviation values.Results. The study did not detect any changes in the serum MMP-9, TIMP-1, and magnesium levels or in the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios. The authors identified foci of moderate elastic fibre fragmentation in the aortic media in 5 of 10 aortic samples from the levofloxacin group, in 1 of 10 samples from the levofloxacin/magnesium group, and in none from the control group (p=0.013). Rabbits from the levofloxacin group had significantly fewer medial elastic membranes than the others (p=0.015; vs the control group: p=0.022), and their elastic membranes were thinner by an average of 1.4 μm (16%) (p=0.010, vs the control group: p=0.022, vs the levofloxacin/ magnesium group: p=0.019). The analysis of covariance confirmed the dissimilarity of the relationships between the strength of the aortic wall and the quantity of medial elastic membranes in the three study groups.Conclusions. After 14 days of treatment, levofloxacin at a dose of 150 mg/kg/day reduced the elastin content in the tunica media as well as the thickness and strength of the membrane and promoted membrane fragmentation. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in vessel strength. The addition of magnesium orotate at a dose of 140 mg/kg/day preserved the structure of the medial elastic elements and prevented the loss of the aortic wall tensile strength. The results confirm the role of magnesium deficiency in the development of fluoroquinolone-induced aortic injury.

Introduction: Proper nutrition is an important element in pursuit of health. Appropriate selection of macro- and micro-ingredients allows to maintain the correct weight, avoid nutritional deficiencies and many health problems. Despite the fact that the topic of nutrition is primarily the concern of nutritionists, knowledge of nutrition is often helpful also for doctors.Aim is to examine the state of knowledge of medical students studying in Poland on the principles of healthy eating.Material and Methods: An anonymous online survey was conducted. The responses of 140 students of medicine from Polish medical universities were analyzed. Results: Despite the fact that 52.1% of the respondents declared that they are interested in the topic of healthy eating, only 40.3% of the respondents correctly stated that buckwheat is a good source of magnesium in the diet. 72.7% of respondents wrongly thought that olive oil is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet. 78.1% of respondents correctly stated that canned food with a high salt content is a risk factor for stomach cancer. 52.5% of respondents believe that coffee increases the excretion of magnesium in the urine. The same number of respondents correctly considered green tea to be a source of substances similar to caffeine. 59.7% of respondents correctly stated that onions, leeks and cabbage should be avoided while following the diet recommended in irritable bowel syndrome.Conclusion: Despite the expressed interest in the subject of healthy eating by the majority of the surveyed students, the results of the study suggest that the dietetary knowledge of students of the medical faculty of Polish Medical Universities is not very good. In some questions, only about half of the respondents gave correct answers.

Data on the effect of magnesium on the homeostasis of the body and on the cardiovascular system, are presented in the article. These data supplement information on studies of the role of magnesium in many body processes. The influence of lifestyle on magnesium metabolism, the pathological processes that cause its deficiency, and the clinical picture of hypomagnesemia are presented in the article. The necessary daily amount of magnesium, ways to restore the magnesium deficiency, both nutritional and with the help of magnesium-containing pharmacological preparations, their form, bioavailability and dosage regimen are discussed. Diseases that occur and/or worsen with hypomagnesemia are considered. Data on the iatrogenic effect of many drugs, including cardiological, removing magnesium from the body and ways to solve this issue, are also presented. Hypomagnesemia exacerbates the course of cardiovascular disease. Elimination of magnesium deficiency can contribute a lot to the prevention of morbidity and the optimization of treatment of patients.

The article addresses matters related to the replenishment of the magnesium deficiency in pregnant women. Two multicenter studies conducted in Russia in 2012 and 2013 showed that magnesium deficiency was diagnosed in 81% of pregnant women. The presented article states that the magnesium status study has some limitations and should be comprehensive, including the symptom assessment using MDQ questionnaires and the measurement of the level of magnesium in the blood by laboratory tests. This work assessed the effects of magnesium deficiency on pregnancy outcomes. The systematic reviews of randomized clinical studies in pregnant women without magnesium deficiency did not detect the positive effect of magnesium supplements on reduction of the incidence of complications, and, on the contrary, if the magnesium deficiency is diagnosed, the frequency of complications, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, premature birth, low birth weight has been significantly reduced. The article discusses the issues of hypomagnesemia diagnosis and rational therapy with magnesium supplements and provides the analysis of the data on bioavailability, accumulation rate, dose determination, possibilities and feasibility of administration combined with other micronutrients. If the magnesium deficiency is diagnosed, it is necessary to replenish it with a combination of organic Mg-containing agents and pyridoxine at adjusted dosages. The advantages of oral magnesium citrate compared with other salts are due to its high bioavailability, delivery of magnesium to the cells, and complete utilization in the Krebs cycle. The intake of vitamin-mineral complexes for pregnant women is not a limitation for taking additional magnesium-containing supplements in women with Mg deficiency.

Important factors that determine the physiology of pregnancy are psycho-emotional, micronutritive state of a pregnant woman and fetoplacental complex. Complicated socio-economic conditions, environmental problems, staying in conditions of persistent stress as a result of a military conflict in the east ofUkrainehave a negative impact on the health indicators of pregnant women and their children. The aim of this study was to determine the peculiarities of the psycho-emotional state and associated changes in the production of placental hormones and micronutrients in pregnant women-displaced persons for further improvement of the antenatal observation program. Materials and methods. To perform the tasks of the study, a dynamic prospective clinical and paraclinical examination of 96 pregnant women (the main group) – displaced persons and 39 pregnant women (the control group) living permanently in the territory controlled byUkraine, who were enrolled randomly in the period of gestation after 22 weeks. All pregnant women were examined (clinical-laboratory and special obstetrical examinations) according to the requirements of the quality standards as required by the Order of the Healthcare Ministry of Ukraine No 417 of 15.07.2011. The evaluation of psycho-emotional state of examined pregnant women was conducted with the help of screening by performing clinical interviews together with routine questioning. The questionnaires containing the questions of Spielberger’s tests in the modification of Khanin were developed in advance. The concentration of calcium, magnesium in blood serum was determined by colorimetric method, placental (estradiol, progesterone, placental lactogen) hormones were determined by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. Results. It was found an increase in the concentration of estradiol and a decrease in progesterone and placental lactogen, shift in estrogen-progesterone equilibrium towards a relative hyperestrogenia; micronutritive imbalance with a significant shift in calcium-magnesium equilibrium towards calcium along with significant changes in the concentration of serum magnesium as well as anxiodepressive states with high levels of state and trait anxiety which were 3.9 and 2.2 times, respectively, higher than average statistical indices in the control group. Conclusions. The hormonal and metabolic disorders revealed in pregnant internally displaced persons are biochemical markers of placental dysfunction indicating the feasibility of comprehensive pre-conception training with a psychologist involvement and preventive measures inclusion as a long-term progesterone and magnesium support during pregnancy in the programs of such women antenatal monitoring.

Objective: to establish reference serum magnesium intervals in healthy individuals, residing in Astrakhan.Materials and methods: the investigated group was formed from 120 men and 120 women healthy residents of Astrakhan aged from 21 to 50 years (average age 37,6 ± 0,9). Th e study of calcium was carried out on an automatic biochemical analyzer “Cobas 311 c” (Roche Diagnostic, Germany) by photometric method.Results: the reference intervals for the magnesium in healthy men and women aged from 21 to 50 years, residing in Astrakhan is 0,72 – 0,99 mmol/L.Conclusion: the reference range of total magnesium, established by us, can be used in laboratories of Astrakhan, as it was developed taking into account domestic and foreign recommendations for selection donors for research and ensuring the quality of laboratory research at all stages.

This paper presents information on the development and certification of reference materials (CRM) for the composition of aqueous aluminium, indium, magnesium, nickel, and titanium solutions.CRMs are represented by aqueous solutions containing aluminium, indium, magnesium, nickel, and titanium ions. CRMs have been packed into 5, 10 and 25 cm3 glass ampoules, as well as into 50 and 250 cm3 polypropylene vessels. The certified values of metal mass concentrations were established according to the preparation method.The certified value of the mass concentration of metal ions in the CRMs under study is found to vary within the range of 0.95–1.06 g/dm3. Both the relative expanded uncertainty (under k= 2) of the certified mass concentration and the relative standard uncertainty due to instability do not exceed the values of 0.8 % and 0.069 %, respectively. The developed CRMs are shown to have the shelf life of 3 years provided that standard storage conditions are ensured. The developed CRMs are included into the RF State Register of Certified Reference Materials under the following numbers: CRM 11122–2018, CRM 11123–2018, CRM 11124–2018, CRM 11125–2018, and CRM 11126–2018. The CRMs produced by the All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements (VNIIOFI) are characterized by the values of expanded uncertainty comparable to those of world leaders in the production of similar materials.

AbstractThe article indicates that the hyper-excitability of neurons is associated with ionic imbalance of cell membranes, in which a number of trace elements are involved. The energy component of these processes is associated with the presence of magnesium (Mg) as a universal supplier of the latter. Mg supports the functioning of NMDA receptors, which does not allow the excitotoxic effects of glutamate, which triggers the mechanisms of Ca entry into the neuron and its death, to manifest itself. Mg stimulates the main excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine, regulates the release of serotonin, glycine, dopamine, thereby normalizing the extrapyramidal system, the spinal stem structures, and the final executive motor apparatus. Participates in the energy support of adaptation processes, the activation of central regulatory mechanisms, control the excess of catecholamines and corticosteroids, other hormones and mediators involved in stress reactions.

Background. It is known that electrolyte exchange parameters are subject to the regulatory effects of a wide range of nerve, hormonal and humoral factors. The dispersion of electrolyte levels in plasma, erythrocytes and diurnal urine, first, is different, and second, variable. Therefore, there are a number of quantitative and even qualitatively different variants of the exchange of electrolytes. It is logical to assume that such diversity is conditioned by the state of the regulatory systems and/or the balance between the entering and excretion of electrolytes. We have set a goal in experiments in rats and clinical physiological observations to identify a number of variants of the state of exchange of electrolytes and their neuro-endocrine, humoral and immune support. In this article we summarize the first stage of the path to the goal. Materials and methods. Experiment was performed on 58 healthy female Wistar rats 220-300 g. Among them 10 animals remained intact, using tap water from drinking ad libitum. The rats of others groups for 6 days administered through the tube various fluids at a dose of 1,5 mL/100 g. The day after the completion of the drinking course in all rats the plasma and urine levels of the electrolytes were determined. Results. The method of cluster analysis identifies four variants of the state of electrolyte exchange. Characteristic features of the members of the major (51,7%) cluster are a moderate decrease in excretion with daily urine of sodium and chloride as well as calcium and potassium plasma levels in combination with a moderate increase in magnesium excretion. In the members of the second largest cluster (22,4%), a similar decrease in the plasma level of potassium and calcium is combined with a slight decrease in the content of potassium in erythrocytes and a decrease in its excretion with the urine. Electrolyte exchange of the third largest cluster (19,0%) is characterized by a moderate increase in the excretion of sodium and chloride and a slight increase in the excretion of potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphate, as well as the content of potassium in erythrocytes. Finally, the minor cluster (6,9%) differs from others by drastically increasing sodium excretion, a significant increase in the excretion of chloride, calcium and phosphate, as well as the sodium content of erythrocytes in combination with a decrease in calcium (moderate), phosphate and chlorine (slight) plasma levels. Conclusion. Four quantitatively and qualitatively different variants of the exchange of electrolytes are revealed, which is caused, apparently, by different state of neuro-endocrine regulation.

The article is devoted to the influence of magnesium on the homeostasis of the body and, in particular, on the cardiovascular system. It describes the importance of the presence and effects of magnesium on various key processes and functions occurring in the body. The reasons for the lack of magnesium and ways to replenish it both in the natural way (eating, certain foods) and magnesium preparations are considered. The article provides examples of large randomized studies that prove the importance of the influence of normal magnesium levels on human health in general and on the state of the cardiovascular system. These studies show how magnesium deficiency increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and how it can be reduced. It is also shown which trace elements and vitamins are closely related to magnesium metabolism, and how they (in particular, potassium and vitamin B6) improve and facilitate the normalization of magnesium levels. It is noted how comorbidity decreases with the normalization of magnesium level – the higher the magnesium level in the blood plasma (closer to the upper limit and more), the less comorbidity and longer life expectancy. Magnesium is an absolutely essential ion and a good medicine. Magnesium deficiency and hypomagnesemia are quite common, difficult to diagnose (due to underestimation and rare level control) and accompany many diseases of the cardiovascular system and beyond. The widespread use of organic magnesium salts would improve the situation as a whole, due to their universal multiple effect on many processes in the body. This is an integral part of therapeutic and preventive measures in patients with already existing diseases and in people who do not have diseases, but who are at risk due to existing hypomagnesemia.

The research analyses the controversies surrounding the technique for the formation of a CaO-Al2O3 binary system and the nature of melting of compounds in it, i.e. whether the 12:7 compound is technically possible and whether the 1:1 and 1:2 compounds are congruently or incongruently melting compounds. It also discusses whether in the CaO-MgO-Al2O3 ternary system the following compounds can be formed: a 3:1:1 compound alone or, in addition to it, two more compounds of 1:2:8 and 2:2:14. A 3D model of the T-x-y diagram was created for the most common version, with six binary and three ternary compounds. Its high-temperature portion (above 1300°C) consisted of 234 surfaces and 85 phase regions. Ternary compounds were formed as a result of three peritectic reactions. Besides them, six quasi-peritectic and three eutectic invariant reactions occurred in the system with the participation of the melt. The principle of construction for a threedimensional model involved a gradual transition from a phase reaction scheme (which is transformed into a scheme of uni- and invariant states) presented in a tabulated and then in a graphical form (a template of ruled surfaces and isothermal planes corresponding to invariant reactions) to a T-x-y diagram prototype (graphic images of all liquidus, solidus, and solvus surfaces). The design was concluded with the transformation of the prototype into a 3D model of the real system after the input of the base points coordinates (concentrations and temperatures) and the adjustment of curvatures of lines and surfaces. The finished model provides a wide range of possibilities for the visualisation of the phase diagram, including the construction of any arbitrarily assigned isothermal sections and isopleths. The 3D model was designed with the help of the author’s software PD Designer (Phase Diagram Designer). To assess the quality of the 3D model, two versions of an isothermal section at 1840 °C were compared: model section and a fragment of an experimental section near Al2O3.

Herein we present the results of studying the effects of different isotopes of magnesium, magnetic 25Mg and nonmagnetic 24Mg, upon the post-radiation recovery of yeast cells, S. cerevisiae, irradiated by short-wave UV light (240 - 260 nm) or ionizing radiation (300 Gy). The recovery process of the cells enriched with the magnetic 25Mg proceeds two times faster than the post-radiation recovery of the cells, enriched with the nonmagnetic 24Mg. After gamma-irradiation, the fraction of the irreversible damages in the cells enriched with 25Mg was 50 - 60 % less than in the cells enriched with 24Mg. Thus, the magnetic isotope effect has been detected, i.e. – the acceleration of post-radiation recovery of the cells by the magnetic isotope’s nuclear spin of magnesium (nuclear spin catalysis). Obtained results demonsrate the fundamental possibility of creating new radioprotectors and radiomitigators based on stable magnetic isotopes.

Pediatricians face a problem of functional constipation in children and adolescents in one-third of cases of observation. Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are based on disregulatory processes of the cortical-vegetative-endocrine complex. Magnesium deficiency is one of the factors influencing the formation of functional constipation in children, and an important link in the pathogenesis of the disease. Correction of magnesium level by means of magnesium-containing mineral water is one of the safe, effective and complex factors influencing a number of pathogenetic mechanisms of formation of functional constipation in children and teenagers.

The use of magnesium preparations in medicine has a long history. According to some sources, first attempts by humans to consume magnesium- and calcium-rich minerals orally, presumably for medicinal purposes, could have occurred even in prehistoric times. First attempts to use natural magnesium-calcium alkaline materials to increase the bioavailability of the alkaloids of some psychoactive plants, such as betel, tobacco, and coca, also date back to prehistoric times.Later, several ancient authors, in particular, Hippocrates II, Claudius Galen and Soran of Ephesus, have described the profound laxative effect of sea salt and of crushed dolomite, as well as a positive effect on the psyche of drinking mineral waters from sources that were found by modern scientists to be rich in magnesium, lithium and bromine. The laxative effect of mineral waters from some sources rich in magnesium, or of salts that were extracted from such sources was known in the Middle Ages. Later, Paracelsus discovered that these salts could be useful not only as a laxative, but also as a sedative.In 1707, Massimiliano Valentini first obtained magnesium oxide, which immediately found its use in medicine, as an antacid, as a mild laxative and skin powder. In 1926, Jacques Leroy was the first to prove the vital importance of magnesium for the physiology of animals.In this article, we thoroughly review the history of the medicinal use of magnesium preparations and the history of studies of biological role of magnesium, from antiquity to modern times.