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The purpose of the research is to study the epizootiology and pathomorphology of setariosis in cattle on farms in the Altai Territory.Materials and methods. To make a diagnosis, blood samples were examined for the presence of microsetaria in calves of the current year of birth.Results and discussion. Microsetariae were found in cattle in all zones of the Altai Territory based on the results of a study of blood samples. Infection fluctuated between 23.3–31.9% depending on the zone and, on average, amounted to 27.6%. The intensity of infection also ranged from 7.4±0.7 to 9.3±0.8 sp. The highest infection was observed in animals aged 4–7 years (33.3%) with infection intensity of 11.3±1.0 sp./animal. Cattle are infected with Setaria sp. in all seasons with changes in different months. The maximum infection rate was observed in June – up to 40.0%. Single specimens of Setaria sp. larvae in the blood of calves up to one year old were found in December, i.e., 7 months after the start of the grazing period and mosquito activity. Pathomorphological examination revealed that in most cases, dying Setaria sp. in abdominal cavity are attached to the capsules of the liver, spleen and mesentery. To prevent microfilariaemia in cattle and the spread of Setaria sp. infection, we recommend using macrocyclic drugs.

Records of 25 mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in the northeastern Palaearctic are reviewed and mapped. In our study, the northeastern Palaearctic includes Magadan Region, Chukotka Autonomous Region, northeastern Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Nizhnekolymskiy, Srednekolymskiy, and Verkhnekolymskiy districts), northern Kamchatka Region (Penzhinskiy and Olyutorskiy districts) of Russia. The collection records (coordinates and localities) are provided for each of 25 mosquito species: Aedes cinereus Meigen, 1818, A. rossicus Dolbeskin, Gorickaja et Mitrofanova, 1930, A. cataphylla Dyar, 1916, A. communis (De Geer, 1776), A. diantaeus Howard, Dyar et Knab, 1913, A. dorsalis (Meigen, 1830), A. euedes Howard, Dyar et Knab, 1913, A. excrucians (Walker, 1856), A. fitchii (Felt et Young, 1904), A. flavescens (Müller, 1764), A. hexodontus Dyar, 1916, A. impiger (Walker, 1848), A. implicatus Vockeroth, 1954, A. intrudens Dyar, 1919, A. leucomelas (Meigen, 1804), A. mercurator Dyar, 1920, A. nigripes (Zetterstedt, 1838), A. pionips Dyar, 1919, A. pullatus (Coquillett, 1904), A. punctor (Kirby, 1837), A. rempeli Vockeroth, 1954, A. riparius Dyar et Knab, 1907, A. vexans (Meigen, 1830), Culiseta alaskaensis (Ludlow, 1906), and C. bergrothi (Edwards, 1921). Our study is based on the collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (562 specimens) and the available published data. Using the collection data, the range boundaries for Aedes communis, A. impiger, A. nigripes, A. pionips, A. pullatus, A. punctor, and Culiseta alaskaensis are specified, as well the distribution of Aedes punctor on Wrangel Island is indicated. Data on the regional fauna of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Chukotka Autonomous Region and Kamchatka are supplemented. For Aedes impiger and A. pionips, coordinates and localities in Nizhnekolymskiy District of Yakutia are given for the first time; for A. communis, A. excrucians, A. pullatus and A. punctor, coordinates and localities in Penzhinskiy and Olyutorskiy districts of Kamchatka Region and in Iultinskiy District of Chukotka Autonomous Region are given for the first time.

The purpose of the research is to develop a method for protecting herd horses from dangerous blood-sucking dipterans that ensures organic meat production without pesticides.Materials and methods. Dangerous dipterans were collected and counted using an entomological net. The Diptera species identification was determined using the morphological keys. A new technology for protecting herd horses from harmful insects without pesticides used was implemented at Horobut LLC in the Megino-Kangalassky District, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in 2021–2023. Pursuant to the Assignment and Regulations, a patent search was performed in the Russian scientific and technical literature on the subject “Develop methods for creating technologies to control and prevent animal diseases that ensure organic food production from conventional agricultural sectors in the Far North”.Results and discussion. The number of mosquitoes and horseflies that attack herd horses in Central Yakutia was established. In the morning and evening peaks, the number of mosquitoes for a 5-minute count was 397–456 mosquitoes belonging to 15 species of three genera: Aedes (Ochlerotatus), Culiseta and Anopheles. During a 15-minute count, the bait horse was attacked by 83 to 107 specimens of horseflies of 21 species and one subspecies of two genera, Hybomitra and Chrysops. For the first time in Central Yakutia, a method of protecting herd horses from attacks by blood-sucking insects was used with positive results without spraying animals with insecticides.

The purpose of the research is to study the species composition and ecology of mosquitoes in Yakutia.Materials and methods. The research was performed for herd horses and cattle on pastures in Central, Western and Southern Yakutia in 2005–2021. Faunistic collections were made and the number of blood-sucking mosquito imago was recorded for animals using an entomological net with removable bags, while the average abundance rate of mosquitoes was calculated per 10 net movements in a figure-eight pattern around from 10 repetitions when studying the seasonal abundance dynamics and from 5 repetitions when studying the circadian activity rhythm.Results and discussion. In Yakutia, 15 species of blood-sucking mosquitoes of the family Culicidae were found that belong to three genera: Anopheles, Culiseta, and Aedes. Biotopes occupied by mosquito larvae of the genus Aedes include 74–126 specimens/m2. The first mosquitoes were recorded near an animal bait in the first decade of May. The mass mosquito flight period was observed from the third decade of June to the middle of the second decade of July. The total mosquitofl ight period for the season was 121–124 days. The flight of blood-sucking mosquitoes on the forest pasture continues around the clock, from the third decade of June to the middle of the second decade of July.

The aim of the study was to determine the degree of contamination of three kinds of female mosquitoes (Culex, Aedes, Anopheles) in some areas of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod regions at different times of the warm season of the year (from May to September). Examined adult female mosquitoes collected in the Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod region in the summer of 2010 as potential vectors of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens. The presence of Dirofilaria spp. was detected by polymerase chain reaction using species-specific primers for D. immitis and D. repens. The index of Minimum Field Infection Rates (MFIR) was calculated.It was founded that the MFIR ranged from 7 prob/1554 total mosquitoes (4,5) to 30 samples (19,3) of PCRpositive mosquitoes for D. immitis and D. repens, respectively. Dual infection with a D. Immitis, and D. repens was detected by PCR in 4 samples (2.6). The proximity of the area to Moscow increased the probability of detection of D. repens and in remote areas, on the contrary, was dominated by D. immitis. The highest rates of total infected mosquitoes were observed in early June and late August.Concluded that the period of the most massive female mosquitoes infected from sick carnivores is at the beginning of August, the greatest risk of infection for healthy people and animals is in the late August — early September.

The purpose of the research is to study of larval biotopes of the family Culicidae Meigen, 1818 on the territory of the Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve.Materials and methods. Mosquito larvae collected on the Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve in 2016–2020. A total of 7772 mosquito larvae were collected in the course of 1467 counts. Mosquito larvae were collected in four types of natural reservoirs: permanent open (I); permanent shaded (II); temporary open (III) and temporary shaded (IV). The larvae were collected by dip net. The specimens were identifed using standard keys; in certain cases, the taxonomic collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg) was used.Results and discussion.We found larvae of 22 mosquito species on the Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve. The genus Aedes Meigen, 1818 is the most abundant – 16 species (72,7%). The genus Anopheles Meigen, 1818 is represented by 2 species (9,2%), the genus Culiseta Felt, 1904 – 3 species (13,6%) and the genus Culex Linnaeus, 1758 – 1 species (4,5%). The largest number of species (18) is recorded in permanent and temporary open-type reservoirs, 17 – in temporary shaded reservoirs and the smallest number – 6 in permanent shaded reservoirs. Three species, Aedes vexans (Meigen, 1830), Ae. cantans (Meigen, 1818), and Ae. sticticus (Meigen, 1838) were found at all types of water bodies. The main larval breeding habitats are reservoirs of temporary origin with varying degrees of shading (88,0%). There are the highest abundance and mean average density of larvae. Thus, in temporary open water bodies, the abundance is 52,4% (with an average density of 197,0±45,7 sp./m2), and in temporary shaded water bodies, the abundance is 35,5% (with an average density of 287,2±162,1 sp./m2). For permanent reservoirs with varying degrees of shading, a low abundance and an average density of larvae are noted. Thus, in permanent open water bodies, the abundance is 9,6% (with an average density of 27,0±7,7 sp./m2), and in permanent shaded water bodies, the abundance is 2,5% (with an average density of 19,4±6,0 sp./m2). In permanent open water bodies, the greatest species diversity is noted, which is confrmed by the values of the indices (Нʹ = 3,06; D Mg = 2,57 and DSm = 0,16).

The purpose of the research is study of some issues of fauna, spread and ecology of nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria in biogeocenoses of Uzbekistan.Materials and methods. Nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria (D. immitis and D. repens) were collected from domestic and wild carnivorous mammals within Uzbekistan. The studies were carried out during 2015–2021. 559 individuals of carnivorous mammals were studied by the method of complete helminthological dissection. The found parasites were collected and fixed according to generally accepted methods. The helminths and ectoparasites were identified and their morphology was studied by temporary and permanent specimens using modern microscopes. The parasite species was identified in accordance with the keys and descriptions given in the papers by domestic and foreign researchers. To identify intermediate hosts of Dirofilaria (D. immitis), mosquitoes (Culicidae) were caught and examined on and around dogs. A total of 4064 specimens of mosquitoes were studies in spring, summer and autumn using the generally accepted method. We determined the prevalence and intensity of helminth infection in carnivorous. To study the nucleotide sequences in Dirofilaria, we used mature nematodes D. immitis and D. repens collected from dissected animals. Live nematodes were washed in saline (0.9% NaCl) and fixed in 70% ethanol. We conducted the isolation of genomic DNA, PCR amplification, electrophoresis and sample analysis.Results and discussion. In total, two species of Dirofilaria were found in representatives of carnivores in Uzbekistan, namely, D. immitis (Leidy, 1856) and D. repens Railliet et Henry, 1911. Original data on the spread of Dirofilaria in domestic and wild carnivores, as well as some materials on D. immitis intermediate hosts recorded from mosquitoes Aedes caspius and Culex pipiens were presented. The mtDNA-COI nucleotide sequences were determined to identify species of mature nematodes D. immitis (MN 650648.1), and D. repens (MZ 081850.1) was deposited by GenBank.

Introduction. Global climate changes affect the habitats of insects, including mosquitoes, which are carriers of dangerous natural focal infections. When mosquitos develop new territories, they create a potential threat to people who find themselves in these areas. In the Krasnodar Region, a stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes was formed in the 21st century. These mosquitoes are carriers of many viral pyrrhoid-focal infections, such as Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika fever and Yellow fever. Estimations of biological, epidemiological and cultural data can help to answer the question of the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of infection.Aim. To estimate the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of viral infections carried by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes on the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory. For the review, we used scientific publications describing the occurrence of autochthonous diseases in similar climate zones inhabited by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, the biology of these mosquitoes, as well as official reports of the sanitary services of Europe and the Russian Federation. A stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes has formed on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. The local climate, including the temperature range is favourable for active reproduction of vectors and autochthonous transmission of viral infection.Conclusion. Despite the favourable conditions for the release of mosquitoes and the formation of a stable population, autochthonous transmission requires the introduction of the source of infection during the viremia period to infect the mosquito population. In recent years, isolated cases of such drifts have been reported in the Krasnodar Territory, which indicates a low probability of local cases of transmission. However, with the development of the tourism sector, the flow of tourists from endemic areas will inevitably increase. In addition, the increase in the well-being of the population, trips to these countries will become more frequent this may well increase the risk of transmission of viral infections by local mosquitoes. In any case, the weakening of epidemic control of mosquitoes and medical surveillance of imported cases of tropical fevers will have serious consequences.

The purpose of the research is comparing abundance levels of blood-sucking dipterans in the forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen Region for 8 years with different meteorological conditions.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in 2006 and 2013–2019 in vicinity of the villages of Isetskoe and Barkhatovo, Isetsky District, Tyumen Region. Tabanid flies were collected and counted using funnel-shaped traps permanently on the same pasture on a regular basis once every 5–7 days during the entire emergence period. When counting the number of mosquitoes, midges and sandflies, we used a net with removable bags. Each count included 10 sweeps with a motion of the figure eight "around itself" in 10 replications.Results and discussion. The abundance of blood-sucking dipterans is largely determined by natural and climatic conditions and a hydrological regime of rivers, and is liable to significant fluctuations. The maximum abundance of gnats was recorded in 2014, the minimum in 2006. In comparing the average number for seasons with maximum and minimum abundance, a difference of 3.7 times was found. The abundance level and ratio of individual components of the midges complex depending on the season also underwent significant changes. In collected insects, midges dominated in 2006 and 2014, and mosquitoes in 2013 and in 2015–2019. Meteorological and hydrological conditions in winter and spring had the biggest impact on the abundance level of insects of the midges complex. Fluctuations in the abundance were 9 times for mosquitoes, 20 times for tabanid flies, and 39 times for midges and sandflies depending on the season. The main limiting factors for mass development of blood-sucking Diptera in the forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen Region are hard and dry winters which cause death of some insects at the preimaginal stages in development, as well as sharp changes in air temperature in the spring-summer period and small areas of breeding places.

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The purpose of the research is to study the possibility of using the temperature DDU (dirofilaria development units) model for predicting the spread of dirofilariosis in dogs in various regions of the Republic of Armenia.Materials and methods. To obtain temperature models of dirofilariosis in various regions of Armenia, the method of mathematical modeling was applied. The method for determining the number of generations of Dirofilaria spp. infection is based on the effect of the average daily air temperature on the rate of development of Dirofilaria larvae in mosquitoes with a threshold of 14 °C. For a negative value of DDU, the value is set to zero. At temperatures above the threshold, DDU accumulate. For the development of larvae to the infective stage, an amount of 130 DDU is required. The number of possible generations of one generation of larvae L3 was calculated by dividing the annual sum of temperatures above 14 °C by 130 DDU, taking into account that 130 DDU should accumulate within a period not exceeding 30 days. The calculation uses daily data on the average daily air temperature in the period from 2017 to 2019 for Shirak, Aragatston, Armavir and Ararat regions of Armenia.Results and discussion. Temperature modeling of DDU is not of high significance, since it takes into account only the average daily air temperature and does not take into account other factors affecting the incidence rates. The largest number of generations of larvae in mosquitoes could be realized in the Armavir and Ararat regions – on average, 16 generations per year. At the same time, the infection of dogs with dirofilariae in the Armavir region was 42.8%, and in the Ararat region – 29.6%. In Aragatston region, on average, 14–15 generations are developing per year. Dirofilariosis was not detected in the studied dogs. In the Shirak region, on average, 7–8 generations are developing per year. Dirofilariae infection was detected in 3.6% of the dogs studied. Based on the temperature DDU-model of dirofilariosis (on the dates of the end of the first and last incubation of dirofilariosis larvae in mosquitoes for several years), as well as the results of phenological observations, we have developed schemes for effective prevention of dirofilariosis. In order to organize and conduct veterinary preventive measures to prevent infestation of dogs by dirofilariae, it is necessary to organize two lines of defense. The first line of defense: the use of anthelmintics from the group of macrocyclic lactones in Aragatston, Armavir and Ararat regions, which is carried out monthly, and in the Shirak region - from April to January. The second line of defense is repellant treatment of dogs in the Aragatston, Armavir and Ararat regions from March to November, and in the Shirak region from April to October. The practical application of temperature DDU-models of dirofilariosis allows specialists of veterinary and sanitary services to establish the timing of the epizootic season of dirofilariosis, as well as organize and conduct veterinary preventive and therapeutic measures among the population of dogs in endemically disadvantaged areas of the republic.

the purpose of the research is monitoring population and species composition of common blood-sucking ectoparasites of the Kaluga Region, mosquitoes and ixodid ticks, and parasitic zoonoses, in the circulation of which they are involved.Materials and methods. The records were made in all districts of the Kaluga Region and in the city of Kaluga. We studied open meadow-field and forest-shrub stations, closed meadow-field and near-water stations, and settlement stations. The species was identified using the atlases of ixodid ticks by I. M. Ganiev, A. A. Aliverdiev (1968) and V. N. Shevkoplyas (2008), and the guidance of R. M. Gornostaeva (1999). The situation with transmissible parasitic zoonoses in the Kaluga Region was assessed based on the analysis of information from open sources of the Hygienic and Epidemiological Center of the Kaluga Region and the Veterinary Committee under the Government of the Kaluga Region.Results and discussion. There are two species of ixodid ticks in the Kaluga region: Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus. The abundance index of ixodid ticks of the species I. ricinus is 16.8±1.32 individuals per 1 flag-hour in forest biotopes, and 11.6±1.12 individuals per 1 flag-hour in meadow biotopes, and the abundance index of D. reticulatus is 10,8±1.14 and 15.9±1.30 individuals per 1 flag-hour, respectively. Three mosquito species prevail, namely, Stegomya communis, S. vexans, and Culex pipiens. The maximum number was 8 thousand per 1 m3. During the study period, the causative agent of infectious tick-borne borreliosis was found on average in 10.6% of ixodid ticks collected from humans and in 13.2% of ticks collected in natural biotopes. The causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis was isolated on average in 3.1% of ixodid ticks collected from humans and 6.4% of those collected in natural biotopes. Infection rate for I. ricinus ticks infected with pathogen of infectious tick-borne borreliosis was 16.9%, and D. reticulatus 12.3%.

The purpose of study was to isolate arboviruses from mosquitoes of different species in the cell culture and to identify them by using molecular and immunochemical techniques.Materials and methods. Viruses were isolated in C6/36 cell cultures. The pathogens were identified by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for detection of antigens of dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile and Sindbis viruses as well as the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with specific primers and Sanger sequencing.Results. A total of 102 mosquitoes belonging to three genera, Culex spp, Culiseta spp., Aedes spp., were studied. Mosquitoes of each species or genus were divided into pools, each containing 4–5 mosquitoes. The study of suspensions of only 2 mosquito pools obtained from Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, starting from the 3rd passage, showed changes in the C6/36 cell monolayer. Starting from the 4th passage, an antigen of Chikungunya virus was detected using ELISA test in the suspension obtained from the Aedes albopictus pool. Dengue virus was detected in the 5th passage from the materials obtained from the Aedes aegypti pool. Thus, antigens of the Chikungunya and dengue viruses were detected only in 2 of 23 examined pools of mosquitoes of different genera. Materials of the 5th passage were analyzed by RT-PCR with specific primers for dengue and Chikungunya viruses. It was confirmed that the isolate obtained from Aedes albopictus mosquitoes contained RNA of the Chikungunya virus and corresponded to the East/Central/South African genotype, while the isolate obtained from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes contained RNA of the dengue type 2 virus.Conclusion. The obtained nucleotide sequences of the Chikungunya virus were deposited in the GenBank international database under accession numbers MN271691 and MN271692.

The purpose of the research is development of preventive measures against zooanthroponoze vector-borne diseases spread by parasitic arthropods in the Kaluga Region.Materials and methods. The subject of the research was Ixodidae, mosquitoes, and small mammals inhabiting the Kaluga Region. The census of parasitic arthropods was carried out on the territory of all districts of the Kaluga Region and the city of Kaluga. Open natural habitat and human settlements were investigated. Weather conditions from 2013 to 2018 were also taken into account. For the purposes of the study, we used standard methods for capturing and counting arthropods and mouse-like rodents. In order to obtain mathematical models of small mammal populations, a full factorial experiment was conducted using the collected statistical data. In-process testing of the drug based on s-fenvalerate and piperonyl butoxide were carried out under the conditions of the agricultural collective farm “Niva” of the Kozelsky District, the Kaluga Region, and LLC “Angus Center of Genetics” of the Babyninsky District, the Kaluga Region.Results and discussion. In the Kaluga Region, two species of ixodic ticks are found, namely, Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus, which have two activity peaks. Mosquito may have 3-4 generations in a year in the Kaluga region. The most common mosquito species in the Kaluga Region are Aedes communis, Ae. (Och.) togoi and Ae. (Och.) diantaeus, Culex pipiens Culex Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera, Culicidae) (Culex pipiens): Cx. pipiens f. pipiens L. (non-autogenic form) and Cx. p. f. molestus Fors. (autogenic form), which interbreed, and reproductively isolated in the Region. The developed mathematical models make it possible to quantify the risks of outbreaks of zooanthroponoze vector-borne diseases without the cost of field research, and allow for rational, timely and effective preventive measures. Medications based on s-fenvalerate and piperonyl butoxide and based on cyfluthrin showed high insecto-acaricidal efficacy and safety.

The purpose of the research is studying features of daily activity of different blood-sucking mosquito species from the southern taiga subareas, and aspen and birch forests of the Tyumen Region woodland and forest-steppe zone.Materials and methods. The researches were conducted in 2005–2015 in the south of the Tyumen Region in three natural environment and climatic areas (subareas), namely, the southern taiga, the aspen and birch forests, and the forest-steppe zone. The surveys were carried out in each of three subareas twice in the summertime, namely, in June and July. The census of biting mosquitoes was held using an entomological net with detachable sacs. An interval between the censuses held was 2 hours. The temperature, relative air humidity, wind velocity and precipitation were recorded simultaneously. In determining a species composition of the blood-sucking mosquito imago, special identification tables were applied; specific names were given in accordance with the current list of valid specific names.Results and discussion. Blood-sucking mosquito number in the south of the Tyumen Region is high within 24 hours. The maximum number and a peak in species diversity were observed at 11 p.m. in all-natural environment and climatic areas of the Region. In studying a 24-hour rhythm, attacks by 29 mosquito species of the Culicidae family, which belong to five genera, namely, Anopheles, Culiseta, Coquillettidia, Aedes and Culex were detected. In terms of temperature, they can roughly be divided into two groups. The first group (10 species) includes species that attack actively at 10 to 20°С, and the second group (19 species) includes species that attack actively at 10 to 30°С. High flight activity of mosquitoes can be observed at 12.6–26°С, relative air humidity of 54–99% and light intensity of 0–8600 lux. Given night temperatures are relatively high, the main factor that limits mosquito night activity is fog occurrence with air humidity up to 100%. One of the limiting factors for mosquitoes is strong wind; when wind velocity was 5 m/sec, attacks by few individual mosquitoes were only detected. The female mosquito activity is influenced by their overall number – the higher the mosquito number is, the harder they find a feeder and receive required blood meal.

Currently, continuous studies of ranges and population density of insects which transmit vector-borne diseases in Russia are unfortunately absent or such studies are carried out only in certain regions. This makes it very difficult to assess the risk of introduction and spread of such insects. The aim of this study is to summarize and analyze the current state of our knowledge of at least mosquitoes. We analyzed more than 100 scientific publications studying the fauna and composition of mosquitoes in the Tyumen, Arkhangelsk, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg, Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Perm and Krasnoyarsk regions, Republic of Bashkortostan and Komi Republic of Russia, the north of Kazakhstan. Own studies (116732 collected specimens) covered the south of Tyumen Region, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area and Kurgan Region in 2004–2018. We used Jaccard index for the analysis of the similarity of mosquito faunas from different regions. The World fauna includes 3564 species of mosquitoes, 110 from them occur on the territory of Russia. Forty three mosquito species are distributed in Tyumen Region according to published data and material of our studies; 36 species are known in the northern parts of Tyumen Region (Khanty-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets autonomous areas), three of them (Aedes punctodes (Dyar, 1922), A. nigripes (Zetterstedt, 1838), A. churchillensis Ellis et Brust, 1973) were not registered in the south of the Region yet. We registered 48 species of Culicidae occurring to the west, in Arkhangelsk, Sverdlovsk, Perm regions and Komi Republic; nine of them were not registered in Tyumen Region; ranges of two of these species (Anopheles claviger (Meigen, 1804) and A. maculipennis Meigen, 1818) don’t expand to the Asian part of Russia. In the regions to the east (Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk regions) and to the south (Republic of Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg regions and the north of Kazakhstan) of Tyumen Region, 46 (five of them are absent in Tyumen Region) and 56 (17 of them are absent in Tyumen Region) species of mosquitoes were respectively registered. In total, 62 species of Culicidae occur in 13 mentioned administrative territories of Russia and North Kazakhstan (43 species in Tumen Region). We established on the basis on the faunistic analysis, that two mosquito species, Aedes detritus (Haliday, 1833) and Culex torrentium Martini, 1925, unknown in the south of Tyumen Region, are distributed on bordered territories to the west and the east. Both species will probably be found in Tyumen Region during futher investigations. The geographic distribution of seven species is limited by the European part of Russia; they don’t occur in the Trans-Ural region and Siberia. The ranges of five species extend east of Tyumen Region. The faunal similarity of mosquitoes of the studied regions fluctuates from 40 to 93%. The mosquito fauna of Tyumen Region is closest to those in Tomsk Region (84.7%) and minimally similar to those in Arkhangelsk Region (48.8%). The analysis of literature data shows that the mosquito fauna was better studied and current monitoring is continous in Komi Republic, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Tyumen (south) regions, where the large scientific institutions dealing with entomology and parasitology are presented. Information on mosquitoes in other regions is outdated or fragmentary after our analysis of the species composition

The purpose of the research is to study methods of dirofilariosis diagnostics in comparative aspect and give analysis of therapy and prophylactics means. Materials and methods. Blood films of spontaneously infected dogs and experiment dogs and puppies were material for research. There were 5 puppies and 12 dogs of different age. After the death from dirofilariosis in experimental dogs, organs and tissues were examined, heart was opened and sexually mature dirofilarias were found. The sample for analysis was diluted with saline, the precipitate was examined under a microscope. A thick blood smear was stained using the Romanovsky-Giemsa method and was microscopically enlarged 140 times. To study blood and detect microfilaria in the blood, concentration methods were used: the Knott method using 1ml of fresh blood and 10 ml of a 2% formalin solution, the method using a 5% solution of acetic acid. Results and discussion. All studied methods are effective for detection microfilariae in the blood samples, however, the preferred method for us was the centrifugation method with distilled water, developed by V.B. and the method of thick crushed blood drop, since the detected microfilaria larvae remained viable and were used in experiments on the viability of microfilariae. Of the 45 samples examined, 10 detected microfilariae D. immitis. However, in most cases, the final diagnosis of dirofilariasis was made after the death of the host. In the zone endemic to the dirofilariasis, it is necessary to carry out continuous treatment of water reservoirs. Residential and non-residential premises treated with insecticides. Survey and de-worming of the invasive domestic dogs are carried out in the spring-summer period. Selamectin, moxidexin, ivermectin, dectomax, novomek, otodectin and others are applied. To prevent mosquitoes from contacting pets and humans long-acting repellents in the form of a spray, powder, emulsion, lotions are the most convenient to use.

The purpose of the research is to study and systematize data on the biological, fauna-ecological characteristics of mosquitoes Culex pipiens Culex Linnaeus species in the Kaluga Region.Materials and methods. To clarify the fauna and ecological characteristics of mosquitoes Culex pipiens Culex Linnaeus species in the Kaluga Region, we caught adults, larvae and pupae of mosquitoes in the basements of the city of Kaluga, on the control day of mosquitoes, in the natural land biotopes of the Kaluga region. The larvae of blood-sucking mosquitoes were observed on natural and artificial reservoirs of the city and region, in puddles, trenches. Mosquitoes were caught during an attack on a person or animal with an entomological net and placed in a specially prepared cage. Larvae and pupae were collected at breeding sites (from aquatic plants, in the water column). The study of the biotopic distribution and daily activity was carried out using the method of accounting for the number of insects attacking the human forearm for 20 minutes in the period from 20:00–24:00 h.Results and discussion. Two forms of mosquitoes Culex pipiens Culex Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera, Culicidae) are found in the Kaluga Region: Cx. pipiens f. pipiens L. (non-autogenous form) and Cx. p. f. molestus fors. (autogenous form). Form Cx. pipiens f. pipiens L. is very aggressive, lives in urban and agricultural areas. Cx p. f. molestus fors. is an urbanized form; prefers to live and develop in urban environments. A feature is also the possibility of the first laying of eggs without bloodsucking, and the larvae can develop without sunlight. In late August, female C. pipiens mosquitoes can enter diapause before spring. A temperature below 4°C and above 35°C is critical for the development of larvae. In a year, 3–4 mosquito generations develop in the Kaluga Region.

Local climate change (rise of mean temperatures and amount of precipitation, prolongation of frost-free season) triggers further distribution, and increase in numbers of animals – carriers and vectors of West Nile fever virus in the territory of the Saratov region. Based on the results of ecological-epizootiological monitoring (2006–2012) traced out have been the species composition, abundance dynamics, and character of distribution of birds habitant in aquatic and anthropogenic complexes, mosquitoes and Ixodidae ticks. Investigated are possible causes of West Nile fever nosoarea expansion, related to ecology of migrating birds wintering in Africa. Persistent circulation of the virus in intra-zonal inundated biocoenosis facilitates formation of secondary natural foci of West Nile fever and factors into epidemic complications as regards this particularly dangerous vector-borne infection. On the basis of analytical data concerning hydrographic network density, fauna structure, population numbers of birds and mosquitoes – potential carriers and vectors of WNF, epizootiological and epidemiological surveillance, designed has been expectation-driven forecasting map chart which illustrates possibility of sustainable WNF foci formation in various territories of the Saratov region.

Submitted are the materials on epizootiology of West Nile Fever in birds, taking into account their migration. Described are the characteristics of WNF in wild and synanthropic birds. Ecological relationships between birds, mosquitoes, ticks and West Nile virus are analyzed. Main autumn bird migratory directions are characterized and the data on WNF monitoring in birds in different geographical regions of Russia are presented.

Bartonella DNA was detected using nested PCR in ticks Ixodes persulcatus and Dermacentor reticulatus, in mosquitoes Aedes cantans, but not in other mosquito or gnat species. Phylogenic analysis of the PCR product nucleotide sequences proved the infec- tion of arthropod vectors and human blood with Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana or their mixed infection in Novosibirsk region.

The current state of the fauna and ecological and biological features of synanthropic insects of the bloodsucking insects' complex (fam. Tabanidae, Simuliidae, Culicidae) and gall midges - phytophagous (fam. Cecidomyiidae) of Vanadzor and its surroundings were estimated. As a result of studies have been registered 23 species of blackflies, 6 - mosquitoes, 25 - horse flies and 10 species of gall midges - phytophagous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]