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The purchase of real estate by foreigners and its full ownership in the Gulf countries has become feasible only recently. The diversification of the economies of oil exporting countries is forcing them to strengthen the role of non–oil sectors, in particular the real estate sector.A sharp increase in demand for real estate occurred, including two years ago, with the arrival of wealthy Russians on the UAE market, who decided to minimize the risks to their finances by investing in real estate in the Emirates.At the same time, despite the opening windows of opportunity for foreign investors, according to some experts, the UAE market may be overheated and a bubble, characteristic of fast-growing markets, will form, the further development of which may lead to a market decline.

Mortgage lending is one of the most popular, but expensive types of lending. State participation through incentives increases the attractiveness of mortgages, but at the same time leads to sectoral, territorial, and subjective injustice. The study objectives are to determine the reasons for the differentiation of preferential mortgage conditions for different participants, to analyze the consequences of such differentiation, as well as to justify the need and develop regulatory measures in this area. The research used domestic and foreign scientists’ scientific works in the field of preferential mortgage lending, regulatory legal acts and program and strategic documents for the development of the mortgage bank lending market, as well as data generated by the authors on the basis of official statistical materials. Methods of statistical analysis, system-logical analysis, as well as general scientific methods such as induction, deduction and synthesis are used for analytical data processing. The audit of preferential mortgage lending programs revealed discriminatory factors by industry, territorial principles, as well as in relation to borrowers and lenders. Preferential programs should be targeted, conditions should be transparent, and methodological approaches should be the same for all participants involved in the implementation of programs. Differentiation of preferential mortgage lending programs should be regulated by the state, otherwise it may lead to discrimination.

In the conditions of an economic crisis, the activation of economic activity through mortgage lending becomes crucial, and the study of the development of the mortgage market in the world is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of its impact on social, economic, and financial growth. It is also essential for determining optimal management strategies for the housing sector in a specific country. The article aims to substantiate the features of the functioning of the mortgage market in the world and in Ukraine. Investigating the peculiarities of domestic and foreign mortgage markets, the authors used a statistical method to analyze the mortgage market and government mortgage credit programs in Ukraine and worldwide. Empirical evidence in the research includes data from the Ukrainian Financial Housing Company, the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, and the Diya platform, presented using a graphical method. Abstraction, analysis, and synthesis methods formed the basis for developing recommendations for improving government programs for developing the mortgage market for housing in the world and in Ukraine. The dynamics of mortgage loans issued in Ukraine for 2019–2022 indicate a decline in mortgage loan issuance due to unstable political and economic situations. It was revealed that the restoration of mortgage lending in Ukraine is facilitated by the Ukrainian government's eOselya program, which is aimed at providing citizens with affordable housing. The specifics of mortgage lending in different countries worldwide are disclosed. The overall trend of diversity in mortgage lending conditions in the European Union indicates significant differences in approaches to housing loans in different countries. However, some positive characteristics of the mortgage market development in the EU can serve as valuable experience for reforming Ukraine's national mortgage lending market. Among them are financial and investment capacities, low cost of loans, socio-legal protection, macroeconomic stability, transparency, informational clarity, and unified regulatory approaches.

During the period of monetary policy easing in Russia, mortgage refinancing became popular, which involves the issuance of a new mortgage housing loan to repay an earlier loan on more favorable terms. There is a regionally heterogeneous refinancing of mortgages at lower mortgage rates. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the impact of monetary easing on mortgage refinancing and household consumption for groups of Russian regions. Econometric methods (vector autoregression models on panel data, estimated by Bayesian methods) and multivariate clustering (hierarchical analysis, k-means method) were used in the paper. Based on the impulse response functions, it is shown that during the period of monetary policy easing, the greatest effect of lowering mortgage interest rates on refinancing is typical for groups of regions with high- and middle-income levels, a liquid housing market, and a developed mortgage market. It is proven that refinancing is involved in the transfer of the effects of monetary policy to consumer spending and consumer lending, and this transfer is heterogeneously. Refinancing in low-income regions stimulates consumption and consumer borrowing. In regions with an average and high level of per capita cash income, after refinancing, consumer spending and consumer loans are temporarily reduced. The obtained results can be explained by the different types of financial behavior of borrowers in the use of top-up mortgage refinancing, depending on the level of their cash income. Based on the results of the study, the hypothesis about the heterogeneity of the refinancing channel in the Russian regions was confirmed. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the development of a methodological approach to the study of the refinancing channel and its approbation on Russian regional data.

The article analyzes the Nobel Prize winners in economics of the 2022’s research results. The author explains the meaning of the terms which are necessary for the analysis: money multiplier, liquidity, mortgage, mortgage bonds. In addition, the psychological factor in the formation of critical situations in the banking sector is considered the way it was interpreted by the winners. The article analyzes the reasons which led to the lower position of the USSR’s and modern Russia’s money multiplier compared to the position of the multiplier of the countries with developed market economies including, first of all, the USA. The paper also discusses the role which the “real bills doctrine” played in the activity of the US Federal Reserve System and Ben Bernank personally. Ben Bernank’s cautious line of behavior during the overcoming the 2008 crisis is described. The model of liquidity dynamics which belongs to the laureates and that is vividly discussed in the scientific community is considered in detail.

The article is devoted to the development of real security for fulfillment of obligations in Ancient Greece. The article proves that the first form of real security for fulfillment of obligations was a possessory pledge. The creditor sought to obtain possession of the pledged object. This is due to underdeveloped archives in Greece (unlike in the countries of the Ancient East), the lack of land register and encumbrance registry, creditor was not sure that the debtor would not alienate pledged property by fraud. The genesis of sale on condition of release is due to emergence of signs of encumbrance of property (in Athens - horoi). A hypothec came into being later than other real security for fulfillment of obligations.

The development of various industries during crisis presupposes certain deviations from forecasts made before such situations and it should be taken into account in development strategies of industries. Identifying development trends in the investment-construction sphere during crisis can help correct strategic management of the industry, which forms an acute scientific and practical task. The goal of the research is to identify trends in development of investment and construction sphere to estimate optimum nature of its strategic management. The authors used systematization, classification and statistic analysis as methods of the research. They underline the fact that lately project bank financing has been developing vigorously, which improved safety level of holders’ investment and raised the demand on new homes market. According to the authors the Strategy of innovative development of construction industry in the Russian Federation up to 2030 makes up a fundamental document formulating the vector of its development for decades ahead. The authors came to the conclusion that today investment-construction sphere of the Russian Federation is fast developing industry and it has already restored the growth in indicators after the crisis caused by the corona virus pandemic. The outcome of the research is identified trends in the development of the investment-construction sphere in Russia during crisis and after it.

The article discusses issues related to the development trends of the Russian mortgage lending market, reveals the essence and substantiates the relevance of the introduction of virtual technologies in the process of providing mortgage loans. The main purpose of the study is to analyze current trends in the Russian mortgage lending market, identify existing problems in the process of providing mortgage loans, and develop proposals for further development and improvement of this type of lending. Particular attention during the study was paid to the peculiarities of the use of virtual technologies in the banking business. The implementation of the research goal is due to the solution of the following tasks: the current state and current trends in the Russian mortgage lending market are analyzed; shortcomings of client banking services in the organization of mortgage lending are indicated; analyzed the features of the use of virtual technologies in mortgage lending and the practice of individual Russian banks using virtual reality technologies when applying for a mortgage; the key business indicators of banks that have implemented virtual technologies are given, and the impact of the increase in the share of mortgage lending on the efficiency of their activities is analyzed. To accomplish these tasks in the course of the study, methods of scientific knowledge were used: logical, analytical, the method of comparative analysis, statistical methods of information processing. As the study showed, at present, mortgages are a key driver of growth in retail bank lending, being a reliable, high-quality and profitable asset in the loan portfolios of Russian banks, and the mortgage lending market itself is promising, dynamic, but still not sufficiently technologically advanced. The use of virtual technologies by banks will improve the quality of customer service, will contribute to the growth of mortgage lending and the further development of technological innovations in the banking sector.

According to the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, there are 287 premises per thousand inhabitants in Kazakhstan regarding the number of residential premises and the average annual population. The problem of urgent housing need in Kazakhstan is being solved by the accelerated development of housing construction and by state programs for concessional lending. Housing affordability is one of the pressing issues of the socio-economic policy of any state. One of these programs is “NurlyZher”. The main measures of state support are aimed at the construction of affordable housing for the general population. To solve housing affordability issues, the “7-20-25” program was developed in 2018, which has the most significant demand. Therefore, it is essential to understand whether the population can take out a mortgage. This study builds on research by the Center for Applied Economics Research (AERC) on housing affordability in the country. This study uses two indicators, HPI and HPA, calculated for significant cities and regions. For the calculations, the official statistics of the BNS between 2015 – 2020 were used. According to results based on the HPI indicator, residents cannot save for housing with an average salary without taking into account expenses. The HPA indicator for four mortgage programs, “7-20-25” was more accessible. However, calculations were made on average data, but in practice individually. The programs developed by the state are effective since the situation with the affordability of housing has improved over the past five years.

Housing market in Russia is one of the most important indicators of economy standing. Accelerated functioning of the majority of fields and branches of regional economy is provided by its development. Provision of affordable housing, which meets today’s requirements of comfort and safety, is a priority of social and economic policy of our country. On this basis the author analyzed key indicators characterizing the current situation on residential real estate market in the Russian Federation and federal areas. They are as follows: provision of the population with residential RE, commissioning of RE, the number of apartments of completed construction, the volume of damaged housing, average prices on market, etc. As a result of the analysis the following trends were identified: by figures of housing area per one dweller Russia is lagging behind developing and industrial countries; commissioning of residential RE has dropped and prices on 1 m2 have risen. Methodological foundation of the research was formed by economic and statistic methods, synthesis, systematic analysis and comparative analysis. For this article the author used academic literature by home and overseas authors and information of the Federal Service of State Statistics and the Bank of Russia. The findings of the article can be useful for authorities in making managerial decisions and for academic community dealing with issues of residential RE market.

Stagnation of the loan market of Ukraine actualizes issues related to the need to intensify mortgage lending. The key problems that stand in the way of actualization of mortgage lending in Ukraine are identified as follows: preservation of low level of welfare of the population; numerous and high-profile bankruptcies of participants in the primary housing market; poor quality of the previously formed loan portfolio of individuals; actual prohibition for banks to provide loans to individuals in foreign currency; formation in Ukraine of a kind of «resistance movement» against the return of mortgage loans; presence of a moratorium on the recovery of property on foreign currency loans; a complex of problems related to the legal aspects of the provision and repayment of mortgage loans; low level of institutional development of the mortgage market; presence of a number of objective difficulties and subjective factors in the implementation of the government program «Affordable Mortgage 7%». An analysis of the results of the government program «Affordable Mortgage 7%» for 2021 suggests that its key task is fulfilled only by 23%. To intensify mortgage lending in Ukraine, it is necessary: an increase in the availability of lending to individuals for the purchase of housing within the framework of the government program «Affordable Mortgage 7%»; development of additional government mortgage lending programs focused on the purchase of housing in the primary market; ensuring legislative support for judicial reform; further reduction of the share of problem loans in the loan portfolio; providing legislative support for the creation of a second level of the mortgage market, which should include the issuance and circulation of mortgage bonds, which can also be used as a tool for investing pension savings.

Introduction. Mortgage lending plays an important role both for the banking system and for the country’s economy as a whole. In addition to the main function of providing people with comfortable housing, mortgage system development stimulates various areas of the country's economy and creates conditions conducive for investment. The purpose of the paper is to single out the factors that have a negative impact on the home mortgage lending market on the basis of the case study of the Vologda Region. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of the statistical database of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, data from an integrated housing development institution DOM.RF and the territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service in the Vologda Region, as well as the Numbeo database ratings. Methods of comparison and observation, analysis and synthesis were used to study the statistics of the main indicators of the home mortgage lending market. Results. The main factors influencing the home mortgage lending market have been identified: high loan interest rates, low wages (insolvency of the client), an increase in overdue debts, high prices in the housing market, etc. The author has put forward recommendations for the development of the home mortgage lending market. Discussion and Сonclusion. The study has shown that the mortgage market in the Vologda Region has considerable growth potential and that credit institutions should work more carefully with clients, which will help to reduce overdue debts. The research materials may be useful to researchers exploring the economic issue under consideration, as well as to commercial banks, regional and local authorities that can contribute to the development of mortgage lending.

The article studies the lines in the development of banking system in regions of the North-West Federal Area. By analyzing the banking system on the regional level within the period being researched the authors identified such key trends as a decline in the number of regional banks, a growth in the total profit of the banking system in the federal area, a rise in the volume of credits granted to individuals, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, a drop in credits given to entities of small and medium entrepreneurship, a cut in interest rates of credits to legal entities and a sharp increase in overdue debt under credit on mortgage. On the basis of the analysis the key figures of the banking system on the regional level (illustrated by regions of the North-West federal area) the authors identified negative and positive trends, which allowed them to substantiate the key lines in the development of regional banking system. The principle findings of the research can be useful for management of regional banks and state authorities. Such methods as comparative analysis, longitude, synthesis, system analysis and economic-statistic methods were used in the research.

In the context of transformation of the service sector, many statements have already been made that the market of real estate services is waiting for an imminent demise and oblivion. However, the European and American market with its «saturation» of the market shows the opposite, the market of real estate services is also transformed and varies depending on the needs of customers. If initially real estate services operated on the principle of «buy-sell», now real estate agencies can help in renting an apartment, organize cleaning of real estate, provide services for maintenance of premises, etc. The market forces many service industries to change and the market poses new challenges to its participants. The article analyzes the current state of Affairs of real estate business, as well as practical examples of its development.

The short analysis of sources of the mortgage right is presented in article from origin till the XVI century.

This article discusses one of the most pressing problems arising in the Russian mortgage market, which has arisen as a result of hasty decisions on the part of borrowers, and not thought out a number of banks and credit policy of the country. Borrowers who received mortgage loans in hard currency, but receiving income in rubles, faced with the «payment shock» when the ruble income was not enough to pay the monthly payments due to a sharp increase in the cost of foreign exchange.

The article is aimed at studying the current features of development of the mortgage market in European countries in order to identify promising directions of improvement of financial and economic levers and regulatory approaches to its reform in Ukraine. The socio-economic, macroeconomic and financial indicators of the European mortgage market are analyzed, in particular the share of social rented housing in the housing stock of countries; comparisons of the share of non-refundable mortgage loans, the volumes of mortgage crediting, the capital investments of the population, the cost of mortgage crediting are carried out. Key positive features of development of the mortgage market in the EU have been allocated as benchmarks for improving the functioning of the mortgage market in Ukraine, namely, increasing financial resources for the long-term investment in house-buying; reducing the cost of loans and creating the conditions for proper forecasting of the financial future; increased social and legal protection of the population, in particular with regard to the provision of social rental housing; improving transparency and information transparency in the mortgage market and providing all participants with relevant information about investment prospects; creating unified regulatory approaches to standardization in assessing the value of collateral assets; improving the methods of regulation of financial risks in concluding mortgage contracts on the part of both creditors and borrowers.

Recently, there is an acute need for the creation or modernization of infrastructure facilities - transport, energy, utilities, social and other types of infrastructure, against the background of a lack of financial resources of budgets of all levels and under budgetary constraints. This situation as a whole leads to the search for additional sources of funding in the field of public-private partnership. In this context, the use of infrastructure mortgages is becoming increasingly important and relevant. The purpose of this work is to systematize the advantages and disadvantages of infrastructure mortgages, identify the main models for converting long-term liabilities into assets and justify the feasibility of creating a specialized project finance institution concentrating its activities on competent selection, structuring and monitoring of projects. In the study the author used general scientific and special methods: analysis and synthesis, analogies and comparisons, generalizations, graphical method. In the article the author identifies the features of the infrastructure mortgage and forms its advantages and disadvantages. The four main models for converting long-term liabilities into assets to be turned around are presented. The models of direct and indirect refinancing of mortgage loans through long-term debt obligations of the primary lender and the model of transferring the rights of claims on mortgage loans (mortgages) to the secondary market operator are schematically presented. The need for standardization of infrastructure mortgage to facilitate the refinancing of such projects, the formation of separate groups and their further securitization are proved. A set of state measures has been developed to reduce the risks and costs of infrastructure mortgage investors.

The development of the economic and legal component of the mortgage lending system in Ukraine is traced. It was determined that the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Property» was the first step towards the formation of the mortgage market in the country. The mortgage system is studied as a factor influencing the accumulation of free funds, their redistribution and risk reduction. The role of mortgage lending in solving socio-economic problems of the country is considered. The necessity of studying the experience of other countries and taking into account national peculiarities for effective development of the mortgage system in Ukraine is substantiated. It was emphasized that the level of development of the mortgage lending market shows the maturity of the financial system development and the degree of confidence of the population of the country in the financial and credit system. The subject of the study is evolution of the economic-legal component of the mortgage market in Ukraine. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the logic of the economic and legal aspect of the formation and development of the system of mortgage lending in Ukraine. To achieve the goal, the system approach was used - to integrate the methodology of scientific knowledge of the history of the development of the financial system in Ukraine as part of the world financial system, which made it possible to establish the need to take into account world experience, current problems and taking into account national specificity; logical-critical analysis - in determining the sequence and extent of the importance of separate legal acts in Ukraine. The practical significance of the results is the possibility of their use to improve the theoretical basis of the formation of the system of mortgage lending in Ukraine. Conclusions. 1) The modern market of mortgage lending is the result of a long, gradual, logical development of the financial market; 2) The level of development of the mortgage lending market indicates the maturity of the financial system and the degree of confidence of the population of the country in the financial and credit system; 3) For a long historical period, the Ukrainian lands belonged to different state formations; accordingly, the laws and the procedure for the formation of the financial system changed, which contributed to its «lagging» in development from the western countries; 4) The first step in shaping the system of mortgage lending in independent Ukraine was the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Property», because private property issues are the cornerstone of the country's mortgage system; 5) Mortgage should become an effective financial mechanism that overcomes the problem of accumulation of financial resources of our country in conditions of high inflation; will help to solve the problem of introduction of technological innovations, modernization of agriculture, industrialization of industry, solving chronic and large-scale problems of residential unfinished projects.

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The article is aimed at identifying possibilities of transformation of household savings into resource of development of region on the basis of an analysis of directions of investment of household funds and assessment of the real estate market in Ukraine. The main directions of investment of household funds are characterized as follows: investment of funds in bank deposits, purchase and sale of foreign currency, and purchase of real estate. The volumes of investment of household funds in financial instruments and real estate are analyzed in the regional cut of Ukraine. The reasons of low investment activity of households are disclosed. It is identified that only investments in real estate, particularly in the primary market, can simultaneously influence the development of region and bring profit to households. Expediency of development and legalization of the market of rent of real estate for investors and bodies of local self-government is substantiated. Regional programs to promote and support the development of rental market through the provision of targeted credits are proposed to be implemented at the local level. Emphasis is made on the need to differentiate renters for taxation purposes depending on the number of property items in their property.

Nowadays, it is impossible to take out a mortgage without Private Mortgage Insurance. However, it is not obligatory for the borrower to insure against all the risks suggested by the bank. According to the existing Russian legislation when you get a mortgage, you are required to insure the mortgage property only against its destruction. Nevertheless, most of the mortgage banks require life, casualty and title insurance as a compulsory insurance that borrowers must purchase. Certain banks offer their borrowers either to pay life and casualty insurance or to pay increased mortgage interest rates. Sometimes the banks even put forward supplementary terms and conditions. As a result, mortgage loan expenditures may significantly exceed the premium rates. Therefore, most of the borrowers prefer to make the mortgage insurance contract and apply to the insurance companies.

The article is aimed at studying the basic aspects of establishment and development of the land market. A mechanism for securing against the leasehold estate and a model of an agricultural land market have been proposed. It has been specified that the most important component on formation of land market in our State is to work to change public opinion, people attitudes regarding the private ownership of land and deals with it. The proposed mechanism for securing against the leasehold estate has not only economic, but also social significance, which, above all, is that securing against the leasehold estate does not change the owner of the land, and, consequently, does not threaten villagers with dispossession of land. With introduction of the presented model of an agricultural land market it can be argued that such a market is an open, complex system based on the interaction between its actors over the use, disposal and market turnover of agricultural lands.

Fragmentation methods of accounting of contractual obligations secured by mortgage, discussion questions evaluating the object of mortgage at the stage of conclusion of loan agreements (credit) and the probability of default and foreclosure with the mortgagor necessitated a comprehensive research and development of methodical maintenance of accounting mortgage transactions in subjects of its implementation (the mortgagor and mortgagee), including the improvement of the order of accounting reflection operations with a mortgage of property rights, hypothec, «solid mortgage», mortgage securities, the mortgage of goods in circulation or processing. The article also provides the procedure of evaluating the object of mortgage at default of the mortgagor conditions of the contract taking into account its depreciation (physical and moral deterioration) during the loan repayment period; the author specifies the procedure for recording of transactions related to the sale of such objects as the basis for providing contractual management process obligations of the debtor with relevant information.

The article determines that the system of internal audit provides management personnel with reliable information for effective management of borrowed funds on the security (in a mortgagor) and financial activities of a mortgagee. The article deals with the organizational aspects of internal audit mortgage transactions (the loans payable to the mortgagor, the accounts receivable of the mortgagee, the subjects of mortgage). The study develops the organizational approach to the sequence of internal audit mortgage transactions in subjects of its implementation; the audit involves the selection of the following stages: before and at the moment of the mortgage contract making, in the performance of its conditions and after the completion of the contract. It is recommended to carry out the inventory of mortgage subjects (by its types) in the internal audit for the current control of the state, the number of mortgage subjects, their compliance to the mortgage agreements, identification of drawbacks and subsequent correction of accounting data.

The article considers the availabilityof mortgage loans to the population,estimated nominal and real value of the mortgage. Describes the current patternand proposes a way to improve it.

The subject of research is the theoretical and practical problems of pawnshop regulation activities as an instrument to have influence on economic development of a country. The purpose of research is to study the historical aspects of the origin and development of pawnshops as non-bank credit institutions. Methods of research. In the process of analysis the economic essence of pawnshop activities was used: dialectical, system and structural methods. The historical and logical approaches were used to determine the stages of formation and development of pawnshop activities. The results of work. The article dedicates the pawnshop activities, which are quite a new kind of credit institutions in Ukraine. The historical aspects of the origin, formation and development of pawnshop institutions in Ukraine and World are considered in the article. The propounded approaches for the classification of the stages of pawnshop formation and development were allowed to define the features of the financial regulation services, which are provided by pawnshops. Conclusions. Pawnshops are one of the most conservative and stable financial institutions for persons, and are oriented to give small and short-term loans and perform the function of social and economic stabilizers in the conditions of any economic changes.

This article analyzes the experience in the development and implementation of anti-crisis plan for mortgage borrowers in 2009–2011. The plan is considered anticrisis measures, developed with the direct participation ARHML authors. The Plan includes both measures of a preventive character, aimed at informing potential distressed mortgage borrowers of the state program to support borrowers and activities to respond rapidly in the event of a sharp increase in the number of unemployed people in a particular region.

This article explores the possible risks of taxation introduction of real estate owned by the people, for the system of bank mortgage lending in Ukraine. The current state of the mortgage market in Ukraine is reviewed. The influence of the Institute property taxation in general increase of the fiscal burden on citizens is investigated. A possible state in the contingents of households in terms of pay, including in the investment sphere is reviewed. Approaches of model property taxation, which is owned by citizens, are suggested. Proposed not to tax property (household) used by a person as a primary residence. This approach is seen as prevention for loss of real estate that is used as the basis of residence by citizens, in case of loss of solvency over objective, independent reasons, and as a tool to ensure the proper fulfillment of obligations by mortgage according to real contracts.

The Charter of Poltava Land Bank has been analyzed in the article in the terms of characteristics of its organizational legal activity at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Some economic results of this bank have also been elucidated against the background of other land banks which functioned at the appointed time in Poltava Region.

The article discusses ways to ensure the implementation of financial policies of the state through the mortgage market: capital accumulation, expansion of house construction, providing social development. It is analyzed main advantages and disadvantages of foreign models of the mortgage market and the role of the state in them.

With the continuous increase in the cost of real estate caused by its shortage, of great importance become solution schemes aimed to provide housing for the broad strata of population. Basing on the analyzed foreign and domestic experience in providing real estate for the citizens, two main ways to acquire it were identified. For the assessment of the preference of each of these methods for the citizens, calculations showing the profitability of the accumulation of funds were performed. Basing on thethesis above, a model with statefunding was proposed, allowing thefuture owner to live in an apartment from the date of the contract with the state finance and investment corporation and to reduce the overpayment for the acquired real estate compared to a mortgage, almost at 100% of the purchase price. The paper concludes that to address housing problems, the management of public authorities need to use different models and mechanisms to ensure quality of living conditions for the maximum number of citizens.

The article deals with economical-juridical issues of determination of the ground area hypothecation value as the particular case of hypothec. The peculiarities of crediting in this case are analyzed, the methods of hypothecation value calculation are given.

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This article analyzes the mortgage contract, which has recently been of increasing interest, both in theory and in practice. The author focuses on the essential terms of the mortgage contract, without which it cannot be concluded. The author examines a large number of court decisions and makes a conclusion regarding how these terms should be formulated to conform to the requirements of the law.