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The problem of the increasing obesity among children and adolescents is urgent. One of the most interesting and promising directions in this area is to study the correlation of individual microorganisms with the presence and absence of obesity. The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between the isolation frequency of individual microorganisms and the presence of obesity in children and adolescents and to identify possible associations between different groups of microorganisms in obese patients. Material and methods . 156 male and female patients aged from 7 to 17 years were included in the study. The patients were divided into a control group (n=23) (healthy patients), a group of children with exogenous constitutional obesity without complications (n=25), a group of children who had one or more complications of obesity (n=108). For all patients body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Additional examination included a cultural study of the intestinal microbiota. Fecal samples of patients were used as the material. Preparation of the material for inoculation, inoculation and subsequent incubation of the Petri plates were carried out under anaerobic conditions. The isolated microorganisms were identified using the MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry method. Results . When analyzing the correlation between obesity and individual taxa, statistically significant differences were obtained only for Bifidobacterium spp. (p=0.045). The analysis of the correlation between obesity and the isolation of individual microorganisms has shown that Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum (p=0.012), Candida albicans (p=0.012), Streptococcus salivarius (p=0.016), Bifidobacterium breve (p=0.003), Veillonella parvula (p=0.013), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (p=0.003), Streptococcus oralis (p=0.001), Weissella confusa (p=0.036), Enterococcus mundtii (p=0.036) were isolated less often in patients with obesity than in control group. Conclusion . The results of the study has demonstrated that only one taxon, Bifidobacterium spp., had a significant correlation with the absence of obesity. At the same time, a reliable correlation with the absence of obesity was also established for individual microorganisms, including several microorganisms from Bifidobacterium spp. and Streptococcus spp., which may enable to establish certain microbiological predictors of obesity and its complications., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

The bidirectional relationship between cerebral structures and the gastrointestinal tract involving the microbiota embraces the scientific concept of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The gut microbiome plays an important role in many physiological and biochemical processes of the human body, in the immune response and maintenance of homeostasis, as well as in the regulation of circadian rhythms. There is a relationship between the higher prevalence of a number of neurological disorders, sleep disorders and changes in the intestinal microbiota, which actualizes the study of the complex mechanisms of such correlation for the development of new treatment and prevention strategies. Environmental factors associated with excessive light exposure can aggravate the gut dysbiosis of intestinal microflora, and as a result, lead to sleep disturbances. This review examines the integrative mechanisms of sleep regulation associated with the gut microbiota (the role of neurotransmitters, short-chain fatty acids, unconjugated bile acids, bacterial cell wall components, cytokines). Taking into account the influence of gut dysbiosis as a risk factor in the development of various diseases, the authors systematize key aspects and modern scientific data on the importance of microflora balance to ensure optimal interaction along the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the context of the regulatory role of the sleep-wake cycle and its disorders.

Selective and progressive death of neurons is a characteristic feature of the process of neurodegeneration and leads to corresponding neuronal dysfunctions. Neurodegenerative diseases represent a heterogeneous group of clinically distinct disorders with similar molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. They are based on the processes of abnormal aggregation of proteins, the formation of fibrillary insoluble structures and their deposition in the form of histopathological inclusions in the tissues of the nervous system. Disturbance of homeostatic functions that regulate neuronal ion and energy metabolism, biosynthesis and degradation of proteins and nucleotides, chronic hypoxia and the penetration of toxic and inflammatory substances into the brain from the bloodstream not only cause metabolic changes associated with age and disorders in the sleep-wake cycle, but also contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In animal studies, clearance pathways have been identified in which solutes and specific tracers are excreted perivascular into the meningeal lymphatics. The glymphatic pathway promotes the removal of metabolites, including Aβ amyloid and tau protein, from the parenchymal extracellular space of the brain. The glymphatic system is discussed to be more efficient during natural sleep, and fluid dynamics through this pathway exhibit daily fluctuations and are under circadian control. This review systematizes the key aspects and the data of recent research on the role of the glymphatic pathway and astroglial AQP-4 as its main determinant in maintaining homeostatic fluid circulation in the brain in normal and pathological conditions, in particular in relation to the regulatory role of the sleep-wake cycle and in development of neurodegeneration.

Selective and progressive death of neurons is a characteristic feature of the process of neurodegeneration and leads to corresponding neuronal dysfunctions. Neurodegenerative diseases represent a heterogeneous group of clinically distinct disorders with similar molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. They are based on the processes of abnormal aggregation of proteins, the formation of fibrillary insoluble structures and their deposition in the form of histopathological inclusions in the tissues of the nervous system. Disturbance of homeostatic functions that regulate neuronal ion and energy metabolism, biosynthesis and degradation of proteins and nucleotides, chronic hypoxia and the penetration of toxic and inflammatory substances into the brain from the bloodstream not only cause metabolic changes associated with age and disorders in the sleep-wake cycle, but also contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In animal studies, clearance pathways have been identified in which solutes and specific tracers are excreted perivascular into the meningeal lymphatics. The glymphatic pathway promotes the removal of metabolites, including Aβ amyloid and tau protein, from the parenchymal extracellular space of the brain. The glymphatic system is discussed to be more efficient during natural sleep, and fluid dynamics through this pathway exhibit daily fluctuations and are under circadian control. This review systematizes the key aspects and scientific data of recent studies on the role of the glymphatic pathway and astroglial AQP-4 as its main determinant in maintaining homeostatic fluid circulation in the brain in normal and pathological conditions, in particular in relation to the regulatory role of the sleep-wake cycle and in development of neurodegeneration.

Aim: To assess changes in the composition of the microflora of the upper respiratory tract and indicators of cellular immunity 1 year after the administration of 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) in adult HIV-infected patients., Materials and Methods: Were recruited 100 participants of both sexes (50% male and 50% female). All patients underwent microbiological and immunological (determination of the level of CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD19+, CD45RO+ peripheral blood lymphocytes) examinations before vaccine administration and after 12 months., Results: Immunization with PCV13 leads to a statistically significant decrease in the carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae 1 year after vaccination (p=0.012). After 1 year after the administration of PCV13, the patients showed a statistically significant increase in the total number of T-lymphocytes, T-helpers, and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in comparison with pre-vaccination levels. A statistically significant increase in the level of CD45RO+ lymphocytes was found 1 year after the administration of PCV13 (p0.0001). S. pneumoniae was found on the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall in 16% of the participants, indicating its high prevalence in HIV-infected patients. Also, representatives of enterobacteria and Candida spp. were found in smears. (22 and 15% of participants, respectively). One year after the vaccine administration, pneumococcus was isolated from 5 participants, which is statistically significantly lower than before immunization (p=0.012). After the introduction of PCV13, there is a statistically significant increase in the total number of T-lymphocytes, T-helpers and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes 1 year after immunization. However, there is no statistically significant increase in the B-lymphocyte population. In addition, PCV13 leads to the formation of immunological memory cells in HIV-infected patients., Conclusion: Thus, immunoprophylaxis with PCV13 in adult HIV-infected patients leads to a decrease in the carriage of S. pneumoniae, and also promotes the stimulation of the T-cell link of the immune system and stimulates the formation of immunological memory cells.

Objective: To assess the species diversity of microorganisms isolated from the oral mucosa in patients with removable orthopedic structures based on dental implants., Materials and Methods: The indicators of the species diversity of microorganisms isolated from the oral mucosa in patients of the main and control groups were studied., Results: For prosthetic treatment of patients from main group we used a method of manufacturing an overlapping, frame prostheses supported by teeth and dental implants. The results turned out to be reliable for opportunistic microorganisms Streptococcus anginosus and representatives of the orange periodontopathogenic complex Streptococcus constellatus., Conclusion: Microbiological assessment indicates the effectiveness of prosthetic treatment and the use of Corega tablets.

Aim: Evaluate the effect of PCV13 vaccination on the composition of the microflora of the upper respiratory tract and the immune system in HIV-infected patients., Materials and Methods: 100 patients with HIV-infection were included in the study. The patients underwent immunological examination and the collection of biomaterial from the posterior pharyngeal wall for microbiological examination. After obtaining the results of the examinations, PCV13 was intramuscularly administered. 7 days after the introduction of the vaccine, an assessment of adverse events was carried out, after 3 months, microbiological and immunological examinations were repeated., Results: Immediately after the administration of PCV13, 5% of patients felt pain during the administration. Local reactions were reported in 6 patients. One participant showed a rise in temperature to 38.3C over 2 days. Before vaccination, 16 strains of S. pneumoniae were seeded in patients. 3 months after the administration of PCV13, pneumococcus was isolated in 8 patients. 3 months after immunization, the median level of populations and subpopulations of lymphocytes became higher than the pre-vaccination., Discussion: Our results show high risk of pneumococcal infections in HIV-positive patients. A tendency towards a decrease in the level of S. pneumoniae carriage was revealed 3 months after the administration of PCV13. The high level of enterobacteria carriage in HIV-positive patients is noteworthy. There is a pronounced positive effect from the use of PCV13 in HIV-positive patients on cellular factors of the immune system., Conclusion: The use of PCV13 is a safe and effective method for the prevention of S. pneumoniae infections.

The aim of the work was to determine and compare the structure of microorganisms isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage from patients in the ICU of Clinics in 2016 and 2019. This work presents the results of a bacteriological examination of 229 samples from 139 patients for 2016 and 387 samples from 218 patients for 2019. The predominant microorganism in 2016 was Acinetobacter baumanii - 75 (26.2%). Less common were Klebsiella pneumoniae - 55 (19.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 35 (12.2%), Escherichia coli - 19 (6.6%). In 2019, the prevailing microorganism was K.pneumoniae - 158 (19.1%). As in 2016, A.baumanii - 115 (13.9%) and P. aeruginosa - 57 (6.9%) were most often found, but unlike 2016, in 2019 there was a high incidence of such pathogens as Enterococcus faecalis - 52 (6.3%), Candida albicans - 43 (5.2%), Staphylococcus aureus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - 40 (4.8%). One of the features is the presence of polymicrobial associations. In 2016, microorganisms isolated in monoculture predominated (53.4%), while in 2019 the frequency of occurrence of monocultures decreased and amounted to 24.7%. At the same time, a two-component association prevailed (31.5%). Thus, in ICU it is necessary to regularly monitor nosocomial pathogens not only to make the right decision when choosing antimicrobial therapy, but also to identify new potential nosocomial pathogens., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The article presents data on the structure of acid-resistant members of the order Actinomycetales and rare species that have been isolated and identified using various methods. The study included strains of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolated from clinical material during examination for tuberculosis in the period from 2016 to 2019. The total number of samples with signs of NTMs growth that were included in the study was 316 samples. Primary isolation on Levenshtein-Jensen, Finn II, and MGIT media and NTMs identification by DNA-hybridization. All strains that were not identified prior to the species and culture, identified as microorganisms with a high G+C content (High GC GR +) were re-identified using a MALDI-ToF Microflex LT mass spectrometer (Bruker®). By the method of DNA-hybridization, 188 strains isolated by NTM were successfully identified to form 58.5% of all selected cultures. Among the selected species, representatives of slowly growing NTMs (M. avium complex, M. gordonae, M. kansasii) predominated, which amounted to 67.0% of all NTM strains identified to the species. Among the cultures for which DNA hybridization failed to carry out acceptable identification, predominantly NTMs were found, among which M. gordonae, M. avium, M. kansasii dominated. A number of NTMs were represented by rare species: M. iranicum and M. pseudoshottsii. Among this group of microorganisms, other acid-resistant aerobic actinomycetes were isolated, including those of potential clinical significance: Gordonia spp., Tsukamurella spp., Rhodococcus spp., Nocardia spp. When identifying cultures containing high concentrations of G+C, the maximum number of microbial associations was revealed, including those consisting of two types of NTMs (M. monacense + M. flavescens, M. avium + M. kansasii), as well as associations of M. gordonae with staphylococci. The same group included rare NTM species: M. fredericbergense, M. szulgai, M. malmoense, M. bohemicum, M. septicum, as well as representatives of the genera Nocardia, Gordonia, Tsukamurella., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

More and more publications appear in the modern literature on the increase in the prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs), in particular, representatives of M. chelonae / Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSc). The paper presents data on the current classification of M. chelonae / Mycobacterium abscessus complex and its main representatives. The main data on the possible sources and ways of infection of MABSc patients in hospital are presented. The main features of cultivation on various nutrient media and their possible identification using modern methods are also indicated. The main risk factors for the development of mycobacteriosis in patients and the possible clinical picture are described. The prevalence of MABSc representatives in the structure of non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated from clinical material from 483 patients from the Samara region was assessed for examination for tuberculosis, and the prevalence from 933 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) from 55 regions of the Russian Federation from 2016 to 2019 was estimated. In total, as a result of the study, 316 NTM strains (65.4%) were isolated and identified in the first group of patients. M.abscessus was isolated and identified 10 strains and 5 strains - M.chelonae, which amounted to 3.2% and 1.6%, respectively, of all NTMs. In general, MABSc representatives were isolated in 3.1% of the examined patients. As a result of a screening study of patients with CF, 14194 microorganism strains from 933 patients were isolated and identified. Altogether M. abscessus was isolated and confirmed from 14 patients of different ages. Thus, the prevalence of MABSc among the examined patients with CF in the Russian Federation was 1.5%., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The structure of the microflora of the urogenital tract of a woman is variable and diverse, changing its qualitative and quantitative composition can affect various physiological processes in the body of a woman, including the course of pregnancy. In this study, the results of cultures of 1415 samples of urine and cervical canal discharge of pregnant women were analyzed. Species identification was carried out by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry using Microflex LT (Bruker) mass spectrometer. Gram-positive bacteria (69.5%) dominated the structure of the cervical canal microflora, among which Staphylococcus spp prevailed., Enterococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. Among gram-negative bacteria most often encountered microorganisms of the order Enterobacteriales, the predominant species among which was E. coli. Also, yeast-like fungi were isolated from the material of the cervical canal, their number was 11% of the total number of crops. Qualitative microbiological composition of urine was represented by gram-positive flora (68.7%), gram-negative flora (30.1%) and Candida fungi (1.2%). There is a significant predominance of coagulase-negative staphylococci (97.3%) over coagulase-positive (2.7%) in the structure of gram-positive microorganisms. The composition of gram-negative flora is mainly represented by bacteria of the order Enterobacteriales (71.4%). The study identified microorganisms that can cause postpartum complications and the development of inflammatory diseases of the newborn, which suggests the need for regular microbiological examination for pregnant women., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The aim of the study was to determine the comparative significance of basal metabolism indicators and inflammatory process markers for the closest prognosis of patients in ICUs with systemic inflammation syndrome caused with infectious genesis. The paper presents the results of a retrospective analysis of the plan of treatment of 198 patients with confirmed clinical and laboratory signs of bacterial infection. The number of leukocytes, platelets, the percentage of lymphocytes, the concentration of procalcitonin, creatinine, bilirubin, C-reactive protein, acid-base balance values were determined in patients. Patients were assessed on a SOFA scale. The type of biomaterial for microbiological research was determined depending on the intended source of infectious inflammation. Identification of the isolated microorganisms was carried out using the MALDI ToF mass spectrometry method, followed by determination of antibiotic resistance. Empirical antibiotic therapy was prescribed upon admission of the patient to the ICU. Patients were switched to etiotropic antibacterial therapy after 48 hours, taking into account the results of a microbiological study. Determination of basal metabolic rate was carried out using the method of indirect calorimetry (CCM Express, Medical Graphics) with the calculation of basal metabolism, respiratory coefficient, absolute and relative amount of macronutrients. The calculation of the protein was made on the basis of the nitrogen level of the daily urine urea. Logistic analysis (ROC analysis) revealed that the antibacterial therapy strategy used, age, gender of patients, tinctorial properties of microorganisms isolated from patients, do not affect the nearest prognosis of the disease. On the contrary, SOFA score, the concentration of procalcitonin in the blood, and such parameters of the metabolic status as the need for kilocalories per kilogram of actual body weight and the percentage of protein calories significantly affect the nearest prognosis of the disease. The percentage of calories derived from protein metabolism, in the main exchange has a high reliable predictive value. The results of the study confirm the importance of adequate nutritional therapy in the treatment of patients with infectious inflammatory syndrome, including the calculation and correction of protein loss and total daily calorie., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The aim of our research was to evaluate the structure and the determination of the phenotypes of antibiotic resistance of microflora isolated from patients' blood in a multidisciplinary hospital during the period from 2013 to 2017. The material was taken into BacT / ALERT bottles containing nutrient media, followed by incubation of blood. In case of a positive result, the material from the vials was dispersed into dense nutrient media. Species identification was carried out using commercial biochemical API test systems and MALDITOF mass spectrometry. The antibiotic resistance of the isolated microorganisms was evaluated by a classical disc-diffusion method. From 2013 to 2017, 3504 blood tests were performed, of which 16.8% were positive. Of the isolated strains, 69.6% were Gram-positive, 27% were Gram-negative, and 3.4% were fungi. The structure of Gram-positive bacteria included Staphylococcus spp - 71.46%, Enterococcus spp. - 21.22% and Streptococcus spp - 7.32%. Staphylococcus aureus (47,8%) prevailed among staphylococci (in 62.14% were methicillin-resistant) and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Among the genus Enterococcus spp, Enterococcus faecalis prevailed (27% resistant to macrolides, 14% to fluoroquinolones) and Enterococcus faecium (69% resistant to penicillins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides). Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and streptococci from the group of alpha-greening were isolated from streptococci. Clinically significant types of streptococci in 33.3% were resistant to macrolides and fluoroquinolones. In the structure of gram-negative bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae prevailed - 71.07% (Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli); the proportion of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGOB) was 28.93%. Most Gram-negative bacteria were producers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (BLBRs). In NFGOB structure allocated Acinetobacter baumanii - 56,5% (81% polyresistant), Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 30,4% (50% - Carbapenemase Producing Organisms), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - 10,9%. Thus, microbiological research in septic blood conditions is an integral part of the diagnostic search, selection of etiotropic therapy and monitoring of its effectiveness., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The mycobacterioses as a group of diseases conditioned by non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, acquire even greater significance for patients from various risk groups. The patients with cystic fibrosis along with patients with other genetic diseases, consist risk group of infection with non-tuberculosis mycobacteria. The diagnostic of mycobacterioses in patients with cystic fibrosis has a number of peculiarities both at the stage of processing clinical material and the stage of identification of separated microorganisms. The review presents modern data about possibilities of laboratory diagnostic of with regard to characteristics of epidemiology, risk factors, contamination screening, material decontamination, methods of cultivation and identification of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria in patients with cystic fibrosis. The data is presented concerning increasing of morbidity of mycobacterioses up to 6-13% among patients with cystic fibrosis in developed countries. The low level of prevalence of mycobacterioses among patients with cystic fibrosis in the Russian Federation is demonstrated. The risk factors of development of mycobacterioses from point of view of contamination with various microorganisms, particularly with fungi of species Aspergillus are described. The technique of two-stage decontamination of phlegm and possible limitations of its cultivation in automated systems and possibilities of using 1% solution of chlorhexidine and sodium dodecyl sulfate for decontamination are described. Besides standard techniques, a technique of separation of mycobacteria is presented based on inoculation of material on medium for selective separation of Burkholderia cepacia complex. The possibilities of identification of mycobacteria using MALDIToF mass-spectrometry. The review was based on sources from such international and national data bases as Scopus, Web of Science, RINC., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nitrofuranes applied for the treatment of chronic tonsillitis. A total of 92 subjects divided into three cohorts were involved in this study. Cohort 1 included 43 patients presenting with decompensated chronic tonsillitis and having pathogens in palatine tonsil lacunae. Cohort 2 was comprised of 13 patients with compensated chronic tonsillitis having pathogenic microflora of the same localization, while Cohort 3 was composed of 36 patients resembling those of cohort 1 in terms of clinical presentation, pathogen composition, and microbial spectrum. While the patients of cohort 1 and cohort 2 were treated by rinsing their tonsil lacunae with a furasol solution as a single-drug therapeutic procedure, those comprising Cohort 3 underwent treatment with furacilinum for the same purpose. The results of the study give evidence of the important advantages of furasol therapy over other modalities for the conservative treatment of chronic tonsillitis.