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The study aims to examine the problem of implementing Badung Regency Regional Regulation Number 26 of 2013 in the use of vertical space regarding the height of multi-storey buildings and the supervision of violations of vertical space utilization in Badung Regency. This study employs an empirical legal research method, which involves observation and interviews as data collection techniques. The results indicate that there is a discrepancy between the desired and actual outcomes of the implementation of vertical space utilization related to multi-storey buildings in Badung Regency. A discrepancy was identified between the intended and actual implementation of vertical space utilization related to multi-story buildings in Badung Regency. The violation of the building height provisions, which have been set at a maximum of 15 meters, renders ineffective the provisions of Badung Regency Regional Regulation Number 26 of 2013. The absence of community participation in monitoring the use of vertical space can result in a lack of attention to violations that occur directly in the field. This has implications for the importance of integrating public participation in legislation to address issues related to vertical space utilization and maintain harmony between development and environmental conservation. The study contributes to the discourse on sustainable urban development and the integration of legal principles with cultural values, offering practical benefits for legal practice and regulatory improvement in spatial planning.

In Russia, since the early 2000s, a largescale work has been carried out to digitize all areas of state activity, which started with the adoption of the Federal Target Program «Electronic Russia» in 2002 and was in effect from 2002 to 2010. In fact, we can talk about the beginning of the process of global digitalization of every person and his life. Currently, these processes are taking place within the framework of the implementation of the National Program «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation» in the following areas: – Normative regulation of the digital environment; – Digital economy personnel; – Information infr astructure; – Information securit y; – Digital technologies; – Digital public administr ation; – Artificial intelligence; – Development of human resources in the IT industry; – Providing Internet access through the development of sat ellite communications. Of particular scientific interest are the issues of artificial intelligence technologies application, as the most, in our opinion, perspective and promising direction that can fundamentally change (improve) the quality of people’s lives. However, the introduction of any new technologies carries certain risks of negative consequences, and, accordingly, there are issues of liability for harm caused by the use of these technologies. Purpose: to analyze the issues of civil liability for harm caused by the use of artificial intelligence. Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; specific scientific methods: legal-dogmatic and interpretation of legal norms. Results: the study identifies problematic aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in terms of legal regulation of harm caused when using this technology. The author presents a number of proposals for discussion by the scientific community, the implementation of which will minimize the risks of harm when using artificial intelligence or reduce the consequences of such harm.

The aim of the work is to study the legislative support for the development of creative industries in the Russian Arctic using the example of the Murmansk Oblast. The following tasks have been solved: the legislative framework of the federal level, providing the development of creative industries in Russia as a whole, has been studied; the regional legislative framework has been studied on the example of the Murmansk Oblast; the measures of support for the development of Arctic creative industries at different levels of government have been analyzed. It was revealed that until 2021 the creative sector of the economy was reflected in legal acts of all levels through the concepts of “small and medium-sized businesses”, “self-employed citizens” and “individual entrepreneurs”. The concept of “creative industries” received legislative recognition with the adoption at the federal level of the “Concept for the development of creative industries and mechanisms for the implementation of their state support in large and major urban agglomerations until 2030” in 2021. The Concept and the Action Plan for its implementation, adopted in 2030, laid the regulatory and legal basis for the development of this sector of the economy, but the legislative framework for the development of creative industries in the Russian Federation has not yet been fully formed. The study showed that in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation the situation with regulatory support for the development of creative industries is similar. Using the example of the Murmansk Oblast, it was revealed that the regional legislative framework for this promising area is currently in the nascent stage, and the first normative-legal acts directly related to the development of the Arctic creative industries began to appear only in 2023. It was concluded that it is necessary to develop a concept for the development of Arctic creative industries in the Russian Arctic in order to ensure uniform approaches, consistency of actions and coordination of measures for the development of this sector of the economy in the Russian Arctic. The need to use the term “creative industries” in various legal acts in order to avoid discrepancies and to ensure the uniformity of legal support for this sector of the economy is substantiated.

This article focuses on the evolution of the concept of vagrancy in Russia during the period between the second half of the 17th to the first half of the 19th centuries. A set of legislative acts defining vagrants as a separate social group are analyzed. The stages and causes that underlie the transformation of the concept of vagrancy in the state discourse of the Russian Empire are singled out, systematized, and described. A qualitative shift in the Russian state’s perception and understanding of vagrancy as a multifaceted phenomenon is revealed. Based on the results obtained, it is shown that the evolution of vagrancy unfolded in three stages. In the first stage (from the second half of the 17th to the first quarter of the 18th centuries), this concept had no legal status. In the second stage (from the second quarter to the end of the 18th century), vagrancy was gradually introduced into the official legal space of Russia. The third stage (the first half of the 19th century) was marked by the criminalization of this concept in Russian criminal legislation. The key indicators of this process were the introduction of the passport system, the discussions circulating in the Russian public around the status of fugitive people, the recognition of people «who do not remember their kinship» as a social group, and the efforts to curb poverty. The conclusions drawn contribute immensely to the development of historiographic research, as the concept of vagrancy and its formation have escaped the attention of most scholars and remain insufficiently explored.

The article analyzes the problems and trends of modern law, the emergence of which is due to the widespread use of new digital technologies. The article shows the factors causing the creation of high-tech law, capable of influencing the speed of consideration of cases in courts and the effectiveness of norms of procedural executive law. The emerging terminological problems are noted, in particular, it is concluded that the current legislation of the Russian Federation does not provide legal definitions of the concepts of «high technology», «digital environment», «digital law», «information technology». This leads to incorrect doctrinal interpretation and difficulties in applying the rules of law. The thesis is revealed that digital innovations can be widely introduced into the practice of lawmaking and law enforcement on the basis of the Federal Law «On experimental legal regimes in the field of digital innovations in the Russian Federation». It is noted that in the Russian Federation there is no effective mechanism for stimulating innovation processes, which should affect not only producers of innovative technologies, but also their consumers. The article analyzes the legislation on innovation and concludes that there is an imbalance between digital rights in the virtual absence of norms on the digital responsibilities of citizens and organizations. Based on the study of legislative and law enforcement experience of a number of countries in Europe and the USA, the author concludes that the branch of executive (judicial) law and especially evidence law has become the most receptive to new digital technologies, which can serve as a guideline for other areas of legal regulation. It is also concluded that the effectiveness of innovations in the digital environment in general and in law in particular is hampered by the unwillingness of participants in public relations to competently implement new digital technologies into everyday practices of the legal process. The theoretical conclusions of the present study are obtained through the application of the methods of ascent from the abstract to the concrete, deduction, analysis and transformation of concepts. In the legal aspect, the results related to the interpretation of the current legislation are due to the application of the method of comparative law and method of interpretation of legal norms.

The issues of rational subsurface use, technological and economic reasons for non-fulfillment of project documentation decisions and their consequences at hydrocarbon deposits are considered. The change in oil recovery coefficients in the country over a seven-year period by reserve categories is given. Proposals are made to reduce the risks from inefficient development of subsurface resources in modern conditions.

The paper deals with diverse theoretical understanding of ensuring the criminological security of minors on the international level, and analyzes the regulation of the protection of children's rights. The paper focuses on formulating the conceptual framework of international legal protection of minors. It is proposed to introduce the author's concept of international legal protection of minors. The international legal protection of minors should be understood as a system of normative acts that entrench the rights and freedoms of children, the obligations of the states to exercise these rights and freedoms; as well as international mechanisms for monitoring the fulfillment by the states of their international obligations and protection of the violated rights of each particular minor. The study explores the history of the international legal protection of the rights of minors. It is noted that the international community has adopted a number of normative acts to ensure children’s rights, to prevent juvenile delinquency, the treatment of juvenile offenders, exercising justice. In particular, when it comes to juvenile offenders, the norms of international law are actually the policy of treating such children. At the same time, the key idea of all international legal acts in combating juvenile delinquency is recognizing the priority of preventive measures over punitive ones. Attention is drawn to the fact that due to globalization, no country will be able to fight crime effectively on its own, coordinated efforts of the entire international community are needed. At the same time, the useful law enforcement practices of foreign countries with regard to child protection should be of no less interest. It seems that the Russian Federation should attempt to decrease the level of punishment and incarceration.

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SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE. There is a need to move towards an appropriate system of quality assurance in pharmacy compounding. At the same time, the development of a Russian regulatory system for pharmacy compounding requires a broad understanding of international experience.AIM. This study aimed at analysing the basic principles of pharmacy compounding regulation in the Federal Republic of Germany in order to identify best practices and determine ways to improve the legal and regulatory framework for compounding pharmacies in the Russian Federation.DISCUSSION. According to German law, pharmacies may dispense compounded medicinal products on an oral request from a patient. The German regulatory framework provides a mechanism delineating medicinal products compounded by pharmacies and those manufactured by pharmaceutical companies. The geographical and quantitative restrictions combined with the neutral pricing policy for pharmacies facilitate the establishment of a highly effective pharmaceutical supply system. In practice, this system helps set uniform prices for medicinal products throughout Germany while preventing pharmacy chains from monopolising the pharmaceutical market. These regulations can be considered regulatory mechanisms operating at the regional (land) level. Moreover, it is of key importance that German legislation divides compounded medicinal products into stock and extemporaneous preparations.CONCLUSIONS. German pharmaceutical practice features a number of innovations that can be borrowed for Russian pharmaceutical practice. Russian pharmaceutical legislation may benefit from adopting the concept of a “request from an individual” for dispensing compounded medicinal products that do not contain prescription-only active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In order to improve the efficiency of the use of pharmaceutical-quality raw materials, including APIs, it is necessary to identify cases in which regular pharmacies can receive or purchase compounded medicinal products from compounding pharmacies and cases in which compounding pharmacies can purchase APIs from other compounding pharmacies. The authors recommend considering the possibility of defining the role, functions, and powers of self-regulating professional pharmacy organisations at various levels of governance in this social sphere of activity. Furthermore, the authors recommend creating a Russian mechanism to mitigate the risks of stock shortages and/or limited supply of medicinal products that would be similar to the German “standard authorisation” system and would encompass compounding pharmacies and pharmaceutical companies.

Since the first stages of society’s development, such phenomena as “culture” and “value” have been of particular importance, since value development necessarily leads to a change in culture, and a renewed culture forms new values in society. And currently, these phenomena are of research interest for many theoretical and applied developments of philosophers, cultural scientists, sociologists. At the end of the 20th century, the rapid development of digital technologies and their introduction into the daily lives of millions of people brought about global changes in culture and values. At a certain period of time, after the collapse of the USSR in the 1990s and early 2000s, Russia was guided by Western values, but since the late 2000s the situation has changed, legislative acts regulating cultural policy in the Russian Federation, including in the field of spiritual and moral values, have been adopted. Purpose. The article attempts to analyze the transformation of values in Russian society, summarize the state experience in regulating the sphere of culture and identify additional possible measures to preserve cultural and moral identity. Methods. The cultural philosophical approach has made it possible to trace the transformation of values in society in recent years. General logical research methods were used in the work. The legislative acts of the Russian Federation regulating the policy in the field of culture are considered. Results. Consideration of the philosophical and cultural approaches of various researchers to the renewal of culture and the transformation of values made it possible to clarify these processes and their interrelationship. Through the analysis of legislative acts and the results of opinion polls, the measures taken by the state to transform culture are evaluated. As a result of the consideration of the relationship between culture and values and the study of legislative acts, it has been revealed that in recent years the authorities have realized the need at the state level to review cultural policy and position the revival of national traditions and foundations. But the measures taken are still insufficient. Practical implications. The results of the research can be applied in any cultural, philosophical, social, humanitarian research, in the framework of educational and cognitive transformations, analysis of cross-cultural interactions.

Objective: South Africa is a country with great potential for intensive development due to the active growth and adoption of digital technologies. The rapidly emerging digital landscape is transforming the legal framework, which in turn influences the digital environment. This transformative relationship determined the focus of the research, which is to identify the legal system adaptability under dynamic changes, as well as the legal landscape evolution under digitalization and technological progress.Methods: the study of the changing legal landscape required an interdisciplinary approach that combines legal analysis with ideas from sociology, economics, etc. In doing so, the formal-legal method was used to examine the key legal instruments shaping South Africa's digital environment and providing the opportunities and challenges of the interaction between digital technologies and South African law.Results: the paper provides insights into how the South African legal system is addressing digital challenges; assesses the integration of digital innovations into the legal system; highlights the transformative impact of digital technologies on traditional legal processes, including collecting evidence, dispute resolution and access to justice. Finally, it evaluates the role of digital technologies in making legal processes more efficient.Scientific novelty: the study contributes to the ongoing debate on the complex relationship between digital technologies and South African law. It shows how South African law is coping with digital complexities and substantiates new insights into the transformation of the traditional legal paradigm as a result of digitalization, as well as its implications for legal proceedings and access to justice. By delving into the adaptations, challenges and innovations arising at the intersection of law, technologies and digitalization, insights are gained into how South African law navigates the dynamic digital landscape.Practical significance: adapting the legal landscape to digitalization and technological advances is critical to ensure rapid technological progress. It also requires collaboration between government agencies, civil society, experts in law and technology. The study provides valuable recommendations and suggestions for policymakers, legal practitioners and stakeholders shaping South Africa's legal ecosystem. The author addresses the challenges of ensuring personal data privacy, enhancing electronic interactions, and countering cybercrime. The importance of introducing technological achievements while maintaining robust legal safeguards is emphasized.

Objective: today, a significant part of professional tasks are performed in the digital environment, on digital platforms, in virtual and other meetings. This necessitates a critical reflection of traditional views on the problem of accessible environment and digital accessibility, taking into account the basic universal needs of persons with disabilities.Methods: a gap between the traditional legal perspective on special working conditions for persons with disabilities and the urgent need of a digital workplace (digital environment) clearly shows lacunas in the understanding of accessibility, which are identified and explored with formal-legal and doctrinal methods. The multifaceted aspects of digital inclusion are revealed based on an informative approach to legislation. It leads, among other things, to searching for recommendations which would fill this gap and contribute to the creation of a more inclusive and responsible legal, social and technological environment.Results: the research has led to a conclusion that the existing legal, social and technological paradigms need to be re-evaluated. This reevaluation should aim to develop a more inclusive and benevolent concept of accessible environment that takes into account the diversity of human experience and needs, and a wide range of behavioral and cognitive characteristics. Creating special conditions in the workplace for those with overt and covert health problems should become an integral part of the employer's focus, along with improving management efficiency.Scientific novelty: covert (hidden) health problems have traditionally been understudied, although they include a range of mental and physical impairments, which, like explicit health problems, vary in their origin, intensity, and permanent or episodic character. This study fills a gap in the issues of disability and its legal protection, taking into account the trend of digital inclusion, the dynamic labor activity of today, and the wide range of human abilities and needs.Practical significance: the aspects of hidden or latent disability considered in the study provide a different perspective at employment, focusing on the workplace conditions that could be created. Employers may be unaware of the need to create special working conditions for those with hidden health problems. This results in negative effects on unemployment, increased sick leave, limited opportunities in the workplace, and more. Employees are often reluctant to disclose their non-obvious health problems to employers; hence, employers should facilitate disclosure of such information by creating relevant conditions. Such an approach will contribute to the legal protection of this category of employees and to further development of the existing legislative regulation, since the latter does not fully comply with today's needs and changed reality.

The article considers the main patterns of burial according to the Orthodox rite in the North of Russia. It was revealed that the implementation of funeral rites was under the steady influence of church legislation as well as a number of legal acts regulating the activities of the police and the health system. The local natural and climatic conditions, which for a long time prevented the transportation of the bodies of the deceased to cemeteries at parish churches, were a significant factor. Local traditions and well-established norms of behaviour, which often contradict legal rules and the church burial rite, had a certain impact on the burial order.

Objective: to conceptualize, from the viewpoint of personal data protection legislation, the development of natural language processing technology, identifying possible legal barriers to such development and directions for further research of the issue.Methods: the research is based on general scientific methods of cognition, along with which formal-legal and comparative-legal methods were applied, as well as the method of theoretical modeling.Results: it was found that the observance of personal data regime natural language processing in the development of natural language processing technology leads technology, to a conflict between private-legal and public-legal interests, which, personal data in turn, creates obstacles for further development of this technology. The shortcomings of the existing legal order are shown, namely, the insufficient correspondence to the technical features of technology development. This may lead to the risks of excessive regulation, or, on the contrary, to the risks of neglecting critical areas that require protection. Problems in qualifying the data involved in the technology development are outlined. An attempt is made to define the limits of ensuring the lawfulness of personal data processing within the natural language processing technology. The material, temporal and territorial effect of the legal regulation in this field is identified as the limits of ensuring the legality. The author touches upon the possibility of using personal data as a consideration, which is important for the development of natural language processing technology and for the improvement of the information and communication technology industry.Scientific novelty: the paper supplements the scientific discussion on the legal regulation of personal data processing by artificial intelligence systems with an analysis of natural language processing technology. The latter is insufficiently studied, making it relevant to research information law, namely, the legal relations arising around artificial intelligence systems, and to assess the impact of a personal data regime on the development of natural language processing technology.Practical relevance: the applied aspects of the problems researched and the results obtained can be used to improve the legal regulation of public relations in the field of creation and development of artificial intelligence, as well as to identify and assess the legal risks arising in the personal data processing by developers of digital products based on natural language processing technology.

Objective: based on the analysis of financial and legal policy of certain jurisdictions, to determine the initial prospects of financial and legal development of social relations in metaverse using digital currencies.Methods: the research is based on the system of cognitive tools: first of all, formal-legal, comparative-legal, statistical methods, and the method of legal forecasting, which help to interpret the legal norms and financiallegal policy of various jurisdictions, assess the degree of current development of legislation on regulation of technologies in virtual worlds, and formulate ideas about the financial-legal regulation of public relations using digital currencies in the metaverse.Results: the study reveals that modern legislation on metaverses is at the initial stage of its formation, as in developed jurisdictions metaverse is still considered only as a future technology. The author shows the degree of popularity of the metaverse first prototypes and the growing attention of some states to the metaverse in order to develop their socioeconomic potential and consolidate international leadership in digital development. The paper points out the shortcomings of the metaverse definitions developed in doctrine and practice, and long proposes the author’s definition. It is argued that in order to fully integrate metaverse technology into a certain country, whose policy is focused on achieving (maintaining) a high rating in terms of the economy digital transformation, it is necessary to determine the currency that will be legitimately used in the metaverse in future. A conclusion is made that it is necessary to plan financial and legal policy in this area, which will largely depend on the legal regime of cryptocurrency in a particular country. It is argued that further development of the metaverse concept in Russia will depend on the results of testing the digital ruble.Scientific novelty: the paper is one of the first devoted to the convergence of metaverse and financial law, which proposes a concept for establishing full-fledged legality of digital currency in the metaverse depending on the attitude of a particular country to decentralized finance. Along with popular definitions formulated in doctrine and practice, the author presents their own interpretation of the metaverse, indicating its essential features.Practical significance: the conclusions and proposals obtained can be used to improve the mechanisms of financial and legal regulation of social relations under the emerging metaverse concept. The presented ideas are important for further research of various financial and legal aspects of metaverses’ development and functioning.

The article analyzes the state policy of regulating labor migration during the second half of the 18th to the first half of the 19th centuries. Changes in the settlement and development strategy of the Volga-Caspian fishing region are demonstrated through examples of population groups such as noble landowners, peasants, merchant-fishermen, and industrial workers. The achievements and shortcomings of state-regulated labor migration during the examined period are identified. The article also assesses the normative framework that governed the processes of labor migration in the region, outlines the historical stages of settlement and development in the area, and documents the outcomes and consequences of this process for the future socio-economic development of the Volga-Caspian fishing region. Labor migration is viewed as a tool for the settlement and development of the peripheral territories of the Russian state. Furthermore, various forms of migration were employed by the government during the study period, including noble, monastic, peasant, Cossack, and voluntary migrations. Based on an examination of the collected material, the authors conclude that migration types successfully implemented in other (agricultural) regions of the country, such as noble, peasant, and monastic migrations, were not as productive in the context of the Volga-Caspian fishing region, where the primary economic activity revolved around fishing. The most effective workers for the fishing industry were supplied by the so-called “voluntary migration.” Given that the subject of the study is the state policy of regulating labor migration, the primary sources encompass legislative and normative documents from the second half of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th centuries, as well as materials from central and regional administrative structures preserved in the archives of the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region. A portion of these materials is being introduced into academic discourse for the first time.

According to a significant part of experts in the legal protection of natural resources, the lack of adequate legal regulation of relations on the management and use of geoparks remains a pressing problem of modern Russian legislation. The lack of a unified legal mechanism for the implementation of economic activities, use and protection of complex geological heritage sites not only creates legal uncertainty (which is largely a practical problem), but also has a negative impact on the evolution of natural resource legislation. Purpose: to analyze modern scientific research and conceptual provisions on the concept, features, characteristics of geological objects, to formulate scientifically based conclusions and proposals for the legal regulation of relations on the management and use of geoparks. Methods: empirical, theoretical, specific scientific methods. Results: the study makes it possible to formulate proposals for the development of a normative legal act regulating relations in the field of legal protection, management and use of g eoparks.

The article is devoted to the analysis of laws about German colonies near St. Petersburg, published in the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. The documents from 1763 to 1803 are studied. The relevance of the work is determined by the state of historiography on Russian Germans in the Northwest. A review and analysis of the texts of laws are carried out, historical information contained in the texts is analyzed, missing documents that were used in practice are identified. The names of officials mentioned in the laws are revealed. It is stated that the corpus of laws for research is divided into acts related to all foreign colonists in Russia and acts regulating the life of St. Petersburg colonies. It is noted that laws related to suburban colonies are divided into two groups: documents of “northern” colonies founded in the 18th century and “coastal” colonies that emerged in the first decade of the 19th century. Laws about “northern” colonies are considered, which relate to the admission and placement of colonists, their internal structure, economic development, size of land grants, state debt, and its repayment. It is established that from the end of the 18th century, the topic of colonists leaving for the city and forming a layer of craftsmen and merchants from among them arises. German colonies; St. Petersburg colonists; legislation; Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire; St. Petersburg; Tsarskoe Selo; Oranienbaum; patrimonial and state lands.

The article is devoted to the issue of personal data protection under martial law in Ukraine. A detailed study of this issue has been carried out, aspects of the regulatory environment and levels of personal data protection in such difficult conditions have been considered. In the context of martial law, the violation of the personal data confidentiality may pose serious threats. It has been highlighted that the disclosure of such data can lead to a risk to the personal safety of people, including those involved in the conflict. This can become the basis for blackmail and manipulation, which negatively affects the situation of individuals and the overall situation. The recommendations aimed at preventing such threats and improving the level of personal data protection during martial law have been provided. Particular attention has been paid to the need to develop and implement specialised legal acts that would regulate the protection of personal data in such emergency situations. The possibilities of using modern technologies, in particular data encryption and multi-level authentication, to enhance the security and confidentiality of personal data have also been considered. Implementation of effective personal data protection measures during martial law is an important task to ensure the security and privacy of people. Compliance with regulatory requirements, development of data protection technologies and raising awareness of this issue among the population can help reduce risks and maintain the confidentiality of personal data even in the context of a military conflict. The conclusions presented in this article can be a valuable source of information for legislators and information security professionals dealing with personal data protection under martial law. The results of the study may contribute to the development and implementation of effective data protection strategies aimed at ensuring the security and privacy of participants to the conflict and citizens in general. Significant aspects of the problem of personal data protection under martial law have been considered and recommendations for improving the situation in this area have been provided.

The article reveals the main results of the analysis of “Science education for responsible citizenship” report as a set of basic European recommendations that can be used to modernize and reform the education system in Ukraine at the formal level. The authors presented a number of main positions of “Science education for responsible citizenship” and analyzed the existing legal system that regulates activities in the education and science system of Ukraine, with the aim of identifying the basis for the implementation of European recommendations.

Objective: to acquire new knowledge about the liability for violating the rules of managing technical means of counteracting the threats to information security; to elaborate theoretical recommendations and proposals for improving legislation and law enforcement.Methods: the methodological basis of the research is a set of scientific cognition methods, including abstract-logic, dogmatic, comparison, etc.Results: based on studying documents and publications, the following conclusions were made: 1) the measures taken at the national level for regulating the relations associated with introduction of technical means of counteracting the threats generally comply with the provisions of the Doctrine on information security of the Russian Federation; 2) one of the main directions of development of the foreign legislation on telecommunications is building a system of public-private interaction, in which communication operators would perceive the information security problem not as their internal task but as an element of the overall security of the state. In this regard, one may clearly trace the statement of the need to efficiently control the activities of communication operators, first of all, in the sphere of the newly introduced standards providing cyber resilience; 3) regulation of relations in the sphere of managing the technical means of counteracting threats in Russia is characterized by their multiplicity, multi-leveledness, hence, rather predictable complexity; 4) the model of communication operators’ liability for violations in the field of exploitation of technical means of counteracting threats, implemented in Article 274.2 Of the Russian Criminal Code, is not optimal. Rather disputable is the approach to describing the administratively prejudicial elements of crime. Despite the significance of the relations, the possibility of a criminal-legal reaction to a particular incident appears not in connection with the occurrence of certain publicly dangerous consequences and not even with the traditional recurrence, but only with the third documented violation. We consider more preferable the model of criminalization of violating the management of technical means of counteracting threats depending on infliction of substantial harm to the rights and legal interests of citizens or organizations, or the legally protected interests of the society or the state.Scientific novelty: the novelty of the research is mainly due to the actual underdevelopment of the issues related to the legal definition and implementation of criminal liability for violating the rules of centralized management of technical means of counteracting the threats to sustainability, security and integrity of functioning of the telecommunication network Internet and the general purpose communication network in the territory of the Russian Federation.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the research can be used for improving the mechanism of criminal-legal protection of information security, further development of the Russian doctrine of criminal law on liability for crimes in the sphere of computer information.

Objective: to elaborate scientifically substantiated proposals for improving the system of mandatory requirements in the sphere of business and other economic activity under formation of digital economy, taking into account the foreign experience of eliminating barriers for business and the available practice of legislation optimization in this sphere.Methods: the research methodological basis consists of traditional general and specific methods of scientific cognition: dialectical, formal-logical, historical-comparative, systematic, terminological, general logic methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction, deduction, etc.), as well as special methods: historical-legal, formal-legal, and method of comparative jurisprudence.Results: the author investigated and systematized theoretical approaches and experience of improving the system of mandatory requirements in foreign countries and the Russian Federation; the possibilities of introducing the most successful innovative legal instruments and practices to improve the regulation of economic relations were considered. The role of a retrospective assessment of the regulatory impact of existing regulatory legal acts containing mandatory requirements in addressing issues of reducing burdensome rules and ensuring legal stability in the context of digital transformation of the economy was determined. The international experience of implementing the regulatory guillotine mechanism was considered; its essence, purpose, tasks, basic principles, and algorithm of operation were revealed. The issues of establishing and evaluating the application of the requirements for business contained in regulatory legal acts were analyzed.Scientific novelty: the author’s comprehensive analysis of existing scientific developments on improving the system of mandatory requirements for business; systematization of scientific and theoretical approaches to the selection of innovative legal instruments to eliminate excessive legal regulation of economic relations; generalization of successful foreign practices in the implementation of “regulatory guillotine” measures.Practical significance: recommendations were developed for effective reduction of burdensome requirements that negatively affect the development of business in the context of digital transformation of the economy. Conditions were determined for the implementation of a full-fledged regulatory impact assessment procedure and the successful implementation of regulatory reforms. The results of the study can be used in standard-setting activities and in the educational process when elaborating educational programs in Economics and Law.

Objective: to research the trends of development of the “smart cities” concept and their legal regulation.Methods: general scientific (induction, deduction) and special (systemicstructural, comparative-legal analysis) methods were used. Also, review analysis was applied to analyze the status quo of “smart cities”. Innovative research approaches are still rare in considering the “smart cities” concept, as well as the prospects referring to targeted knowledge management and cooperation between the respective stakeholders. As for the special research methods for studying digital relations, we used content analysis (the method of creating reproducible and substantiated conclusions from texts (or other meaningful materials) in the context of their use). As the results of previous research and concepts referring to “smart cities” are available, we also used deductive content analysis.Results: a characteristic is given to public relations formed within the process of development of “smart cities” concept. The key legal acts, principles of formation and functioning of “smart cities” are identified, taking into account the Russian and foreign experience. In this connection, the examples of successful practices are given, of the activities of both Russian and foreign municipal entities, taking into account the competitions held and rankings determined by the central structures. The popular directions are summarized, which are broadly introduced at the local level, and the probable problems are identified in the sphere of implementation of this project in our state.Scientific novelty: the article carries out an analysis of the current legal regulation and the results of introducing the “smart cities” concept. The promising technologies and methods are identified, which are necessary to achieve the tasks of the concept implementation. The elements are specified, which ensure sustainability of “smart cities” complying with the future demands. An author’s position is expressed regarding a close interrelation of this phenomenon with the institute of local self-government in the context of possible development of the latter into the process of making managerial decisions involving artificial intelligence. This concerns, first of all, using the potential of the Internet of Things. In practice, a lot of problems occur, associated with the implementation of normatively stipulated provisions, which implies the need to perform further research in the sphere under study.Practical significance: is due to the insufficient development of data about the features and prospects of introducing the idea of “smart cities”. The provisions of the research performed will allow effectively improving the mechanisms of legal regulation and broad implementation of the concept under study.

Objective: to research the existing problems and promising directions of the legal regulation of digital financial assets as a relatively new tool of the modern digital economy.Methods: the methodological basis of the work is the set of scientific cognition methods such as theoretical analysis, research, comparison, synthesis, and summarization of scientific literature.Results: the work analyzes the existing approaches to legal regulation of digital financial assets in the Russian Federation and some foreign countries, reveals the existing gaps in the Russian legislation in the field of circulation of digital financial assets, gives estimation to the prospects of development of the legal regulation of these tools and forms proposals for its improving. Also, during the research, the approaches to legal regulation of digital currencies and digital financial assets, adopted in certain foreign countries, were analyzed, the trends were considered, and the positive and negative aspects of using cryptographic algorithms for the goals in economic and juridical spheres of the global economy were reflected.Scientific novelty: within the work, the topical issues of legislative regulation of such a relatively new notion as digital financial assets are considered. The positions of Russian and foreign jurist are considered concerning the existing problems and risks associated with “tokenization” and “blockachainization” of private law. Besides, the author comes to a conclusion about the existence of significant gaps in the current approach to legal regulation of digital financial assets, indicates them and proposes certain mechanisms to solve these problems.Practical significance: is due to the imperfect current legislation in the sphere of relations occurring when using the technologies based of distributed ledger, including digital financial assets. Research of these problems allows evaluating the risks, considering the existing ways of overcoming and solving the emerging disputable questions. Also, the conclusions obtained can be used to improve the Russian legislation, as well as in the academic literature devoted to the topical issues of developing the digital legislation.

Objective: to assess the Russian legislation for its compliance with the international-legal approaches to shaping symmetrical regulation of crypto-assets and possibility to complement it with new internationallegal categories reflecting the in-depth changes in the global economy and structure of international finance, determined by the broad introduction of new financial technologies based on distributed ledger technologies.Methods: the methodological basis of the research is a set of general scientific methods of scientific cognition, among which of utmost importance are special-legal (formal-legal and comparative-legal) methods, complemented with risk-oriented approach, legal modeling and juridical forecasting. Applied integrally, they allowed comprehending the architecture, “letter and “spirit” of the modern international financial law and national legislation in their conceptual-terminological correlation and to forecast further development and adjustment of the legal regulation of crypto-assets turnover.Results: it was found that there appears a stable trend in the crypto-assets turnover regulation, according to which “soft” law dominates among the law sources (this is especially notable in the sphere of international financial law compared, for example, with conventions or international treaties); at the same time, there is a strengthening trend of “fragmentation” of international law with regard to crypto-assets turnover; the authors mark inconsistency of the conceptual framework contained in international acts and in the Russian legislation, as well as the gaps in the regime of crypto-assets turnover at the level of national law; the trends and forecasts are presented referring to the development of international-legal regulation of the sphere of crypto-assets.Scientific novelty: consists, first of all, in a complex comparison, based on, among other aspects, the fundamentally new concepts of regulation of such progressive international-legal categories as cryptoasset, virtual asset, cryptocurrency, stablecoin, etc., some of them rarely used in the Russian legal discourse and actually never applied in legislation.Practical significance: the scientifically grounded proposals are formulated, aimed at improving the conceptual-terminological framework of the Russian legislation in the sphere of crypto-assets turnover, implementation of which will allow constructing a common legal space with the technologically most advanced states, will help to improve investment climate and financial attraction of the state; will improve the national-legal regime of crypto-assets turnover from the viewpoint of not only actual market demands, but also state security interests and improving competitiveness of the Russian legislation.

The development of information technology has contributed to the rapid process of informatization of all spheres of modern society, including library and information activities – the methods of collecting information, its visual display and providing access to it have changed; the processes of acquisition, processing of documents, preservation of collections have been transformed. The forms of information and library services have become different. The process of informatization has brought the activity of the world’s libraries to a higher level, opened up qualitatively new possibilities of performing technological operations, working via mobile devices, providing access to full-text resources in a remote mode, etc. Naturally, all these changes have also affected libraries in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Since the end of the 1990s, there began the active process of introducing information and communication technologies and automation of libraries in the republic. The work to improve the activities of the library and information institutions of the republic is still going on. The article aims to evaluate the state and degree of development of the informatization process in the leading libraries of Uzbekistan. The results of the reforms on the introduction of information technology in the libraries of the Republic of Uzbekistan are given. An important task is to analyze the main trends and the state of the informatization process in the library-information institutions of the republic and to identify the problems in this area of library activity.

Objective: In recent years, the need for regulation of robots and Artificial Intelligence has become apparent in Europe. European Union needs a standardized regulation that will ensure a high level of security in robotics systems to prevent potential breaches. Therefore a new regulation should make clear that it is the responsibility of producers to identify the blind spots in these systems, exposing their flaws, or, when a vulnerability is discovered in a later stage, to update the system even if that model is not on the market anymore. This article aims at suggesting some possible revisions of the existing legal provisions in the EU.Methods: The author employed the Kestemont legal methodology, analyzing legal text, comparing them, and connecting them with technical elements regarding smart robots, resulting in the highlighting of the critical provisions to be updated.Results: This article suggests some revisions to the existing regulatory proposals: according to the author, although the AI Act and the Cyberresilience Act represent a first step towards this direction, their general principles are not sufficiently detailed to guide programmers on how to implement them in practice, and policymakers should carefully assess in what cases lifelong learning models should be allowed to the market. The author suggests that the current proposal regarding mandatory updates should be expanded, as five years are a short time frame that would not cover the risks associated with long-lasting products, such as vehicles.Scientific novelty: The author has examined the existing regulatory framework regarding AI systems and devices with digital elements, highlighted the risks of the current legal framework, and suggested possible amendments to the existing regulatory proposals.Practical significance: The article can be employed to update the existing proposals for the AI Act and the Cyber-resilience Act.

Objective: to study the theoretical and legal bases of crowdfunding and to elaborate scientifically grounded proposals for improving the Republic of Belarus legislation in this sphere.Methods: the methodological basis of the research is a system of principles, methods and techniques of studying the general regularities of emergence, formation and development of social-legal phenomena. In the research, general and specific methods of scientific cognition were used: analysis, synthesis, comparative-legal, logical, systemic, formal-legal, dialectic and other methods.Results: the history of emergence and formation of crowdfunding was analyzed. The social-economic and technical-technological factors were revealed, which facilitate the popularization of crowdfunding among the Internet users. The origins of the “crowdfunding” notion were discussed, as well as its filling with a definite meaning. The types of crowdfunding were listed, depending on the goal of investment on the part of investors. The main subject composition of legal relations in crowdfunding was established, which consists of the following persons: funding seeker; funder; operator of online-funding service. The overall algorithm of legal relations between the main subjects of crowdfunding was described. The positive and negative aspects of crowdfunding were characterized. An overall analysis of foreign legislation in the crowdfunding legal regulation was performed. Based on the analysis, the general trends of legislation development were presented. The program and normative legal acts on developing crowdfunding in the Republic of Belarus were reviewed. The probable contract models of the parties’ legal relations registering were named. The technical and legal requirements to the functional of an online-funding service were determined. The minimal necessary set of measures was proposed, which may prevent risks and threats associated with procurement and extension of funds through onlinefunding services. Based on the operator functions, specific requirements to the rules of online-funding service were determined.Scientific novelty: the author comprehensively studied the notion, legal nature and features of legal regulation of crowdfunding. The factors were revealed, which influence the formation of the legal norms regulating the procurement and extension of funds through online-funding services. The author elaborated proposals for improving the Republic of Belarus legislation in the sphere of social relations under study.Practical significance: the research results are significant for developing the studies in the sphere of civil, economic, and informational law. The obtained results may be used in teaching a course in civil, economic, and informational law, as well as be applied by law subjects when elaborating and introducing the respective drafts of laws and be an object of further scientific research on the issue.

Introduction. On the example of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra the article considers the regional features of ethno-cultural policy. Some legislative features of the protection and preservation of the identity of representatives of indigenous minorities are distinguished. Ethnic identity and self-identification of representatives of the titular ethnic groups are updated. The purpose of the study is to reveal the role of ethno-cultural practices in reference to ethnic identity of the Khanty, Mansi, and Nenets. Materials and Methods. The theoretical basis is the research in the relevant field, in particular, the works of national authors on ethno-cultural identity. Official materials such as laws and documents of the regional Duma and Charters of public organizations are used. Results and Discussion. It was found that in the ethno-cultural space of the Ob-Ugric and Samoyed peoples, the key elements are legislative mechanisms aimed at maintaining and preserving ethno-cultural traditions, the activities of public organizations of the Ob-Ugric and Samoyed peoples in each district. Attention is paid to the issues of the viability of native languages in modern conditions, the revival of traditions based on ritual holidays and traditional arts. Conclusion. It is concluded that the legislative mechanisms in relation to the indigenous peoples are built on the principle of national and regional approaches. In the present conditions, the interest of the indigenous peoples of Yugra to the ethno-cultural heritage is increasing. There is a revival of traditions, festivals, customs, and popularization of native languages.

Elections are the most important socio-legal institution whose value lies in the observance of a number of democratic principles, and given that their organization and conduct are governed by several branches of law (constitutional, administrative, criminal, labor and even international), it is only natural that the issue on holding elections is of fundamental importance for legal science. Practice shows that the high level of complexity in the organization of elections can cause various errors, primarily on the part of the organizers; consequently, it leads to violation of voting rights and deprives persons with a certain professional competence, as well as meeting the requirements for candidates to exercise their rights as effectively as possible. In this case, the procedure for appealing against decisions taken by election commissions is of fundamental importance. The judicial authorities are, of course, the principal means of such appealing and, in the event of electoral errors, they must make the necessary adjustments to ensure that electoral rights are effectively protected. Purpose: to carry out a comparative legal study of the procedure for appealing against decisions and actions of electoral bodies in two countries of the Middle East – the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Syrian Arab Republic. Methods: comparative and deductive, as well as the method of analyzing legal documents governing the procedure for appealing against elections. Results: the study reveals a discrepancy between the norms establishing the rights of an electoral participant not only as a voter but also as a candidate. It may be noted that the procedure for appealing against decisions differs according to the mechanism chosen by the legislator and the degree of development of democratic principles in the country.

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At the end of the 18th – in the beginning of the 19th century in Crimea there took place significant changes in the ethnic and confessional spheres. The eviction of Christians, the mass emigration of the Crimean Tatars led to a reduction in the population. The Russian authorities have begun to implement measures to settle Novorossia in general and Crimea in particular with colonists from internal provinces and migrants from abroad. One of the main issues in the study of the past of the Jewish communities of Crimea is the problem of transforming the identity of the old-time population. The domestic policy of the Russian government in the “national regions” at the end of the 18th – in the first half of the 19th century greatly complicated interethnic and interfaith relations both between Jewish rabbis and representatives of the “titular” nation of the empire, and between the Karaite and rabbinic communities of Crimea. The Karaites had to prove their difference from the Rabbinical Jews in order to achieve civil and economic preferences. The assistance of the government in many matters allowed the Karaites to strengthen their economic and legal position. The paper analyzes the legislative acts and resolutions adopted by the Russian government in relation to Jewish rabbis and Karaites. In the legal field of the Russian Empire, the Karaites received a new legal status according to which they were granted various rights and freedoms. On the other hand, the tax burden and social oppression against the Jewish population increased.

Introduction. The article provides data on the territory of Kalmyk Steppe and its uluses in relation to the uyezd system of Astrakhan Governorate, outlines features of the former’s administrative structure in relation to the territorial component of public management, and examines historiography of the research issue. Materials. The paper investigates statistical digests, geographical reference books on the territorial composition of Astrakhan Governorate, including Kalmyk Steppe, its area, and ulus structure. Special attention is paid to certain legislative provisions of the Russian Empire concerning the governance of Astra­khan Kalmyks and the ulus administrative system. The work also introduces scholars’ opinions on the status of Kalmyk Steppe as part of Astrakhan Governorate, evolution of administrative governance in the 19th to early 20th centuries. Results. The question of how Kalmyk Steppe used to be classified in statistical and reference publications of the Russian Empire requires further investigation. In some cases, Kalmyk Steppe is designated as part of Astrakhan Governorate to be accompanied by a note that it is incorporated into uyezds of the province, and an indication of its total area. In other cases, there is no mention of the territory at all. This may have resulted from the administrative reforms in Kalmyk Steppe and, in general, changed approaches to Astrakhan Kalmyk people’s governance during the identified period. Nikolay Palmov’s viewpoint that the early 19th-century decrees had allotted the lands to the Kalmyk people to be fully owned by and thus constitute legitimate property of the latter is worth noticing in terms of scholarly research. The official position reflected in government documents and expressed in writings of Russian officials of the examined period states that the lands had been allotted for use and distributed by each ulus individually, i.e. never formed a single whole. So, even if one takes into account that the Kalmyks were governed by a special administrative department which was under the jurisdiction of the country’s ministerial system, there is practically no mention of the uyezd level in administrative/territorial structure of the Governorate, nor there are any essential prescriptions regarding correlation between the latter and the ulus system. This also remains understudied in Russian historiography.

The article analyzes the current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the development, adoption and execution of legislative and other regulatory legal acts in the field of national security. Scientific expertise is considered as the main tool in assessing the quality and effectiveness of the rule-making process, while the author emphasizes that the types of scientific expertise carried out in the Republic of Kazakhstan (legal, economic, anti-corruption, environmental) are able to ensure compliance with national security requirements only partially. The most promising way to ensure the safety of the law-making process in the article is to conduct a scientific examination for compliance with national interests as an independent type of examination. Developing positions on the introduction of an independent type of scientific expertise for compliance with national interests, it should be noted that it should not be limited only to the stage of preparation of the draft law. Scientific expertise on the observance of national interests should be applied to the existing regulatory legal acts, which, together with the Institute of Legal Monitoring, will be aimed at ensuring the quality and effectiveness of legal regulation of public relations in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Within the framework of the scientific project No. AR14872048: Development of measures to ensurethe national security of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the legislative sphere.

It is noted that the theory of legal relations appears in the form of a wide and diverse array of knowledge and ideas, of course, it can be accepted as the main source that feeds the very process of further development and improvement of their essence, definition and composition. It is emphasized that two categories of social relations were distinguished in the general theory of law and branch sciences: “organized” and “organizational” social relations. The first always arise to achieve certain goals, the second to normalize the processes “being organized”. Procedural legal relations take the place of the initial, determining element in the composition of procedural proceedings. In turn, procedural proceedings are defined as the main element of the legal process, which is a systemic formation, a complex of interrelated and mutually conditioned procedural actions. Procedural legal relations, which justify the dynamics of material legal relations, in turn, are derived from the latter, have a subordinate, official character in relation to them, perform the role of a kind of procedural “superstructure” over the material-legal “base”. The peculiarities of the subjects of procedural legal relations can be seen in the following. First of all, procedural legal relations are characterized by the diversity and multiplicity of the composition of subjects, which are divided into, on the one hand, a group directly interested in the results of the legal process, that is, those whose interests are protected, the realization of subjective rights or powers, the fulfillment of legal obligations the whole arsenal of procedural methods, means and techniques helps to avoid or endure legal responsibility, and on the other hand, a group of leading subjects who perform their functions in “other people’s” interests, for the purposes of the case under consideration. Procedural powers in their “pure” form cannot be classified as either procedural rights or procedural duties. According to its purpose, it is, in a certain sense, a product of the synthesis of rights and obligations. First of all, this is a component of the competence of the relevant state body or official. Possessing procedural powers, they are not only procedurally authorized, but also obliged to perform actions provided for by the procedural law. The legally binding nature of powers is expressed in certain limits of their rights in relation to other persons and bodies and at the same time entrusting them with the obligation to use the rights granted to them to achieve their goals. It is necessary to take into account the combination of procedural rights and obligations within the limits of procedural powers, their various compositions in specific legal relations, taking into account the dynamism and multi-subjectivity of the latter.

The article is aimed at studying the relationship between delegated and framework regulation based on the analysis of legal doctrine and legislation. The analysis of modern legislation indicates the modernization of the traditional foundations of legal regulation that previously existed in the state. The dynamics of social relations encourages the legislator to search for new ways of effective legal regulation. Such forms of regulation that are designed for repeated use are becoming relevant. It is determined that the main form of interaction between framework and delegated regulation is the framework legislation. The features of each type of legal regulation designate the content of its forms (sources); within the framework of delegated regulation, framework legislation acts as its element, ensuring the transfer of legislative powers. The features of “framework legislation” and its place in the system of sources of delegated regulation are in the focus.

Objective: the rapid expansion of the use of telemedicine in clinical practice and the increasing use of Artificial Intelligence has raised many privacy issues and concerns among legal scholars. Due to the sensitive nature of the data involved particular attention should be paid to the legal aspects of those systems. This article aimed to explore the legal implication of the use of Artificial Intelligence in the field of telemedicine, especially when continuous learning and automated decision-making systems are involved; in fact, providing personalized medicine through continuous learning systems may represent an additional risk. Particular attention is paid to vulnerable groups, such as children, the elderly, and severely ill patients, due to both the digital divide and the difficulty of expressing free consent.Methods: comparative and formal legal methods allowed to analyze current regulation of the Artificial Intelligence and set up its correlations with the regulation on telemedicine, GDPR and others.Results: legal implications of the use of Artificial Intelligence in telemedicine, especially when continuous learning and automated decision-making systems are involved were explored; author concluded that providing personalized medicine through continuous learning systems may represent an additional risk and offered the ways to minimize it. Author also focused on the issues of informed consent of vulnerable groups (children, elderly, severely ill patients).Scientific novelty: existing risks and issues that are arising from the use of Artificial Intelligence in telemedicine with particular attention to continuous learning systems are explored.Practical significance: results achieved in this paper can be used for lawmaking process in the sphere of use of Artificial Intelligence in telemedicine and as base for future research in this area as well as contribute to limited literature on the topic.

The article analyzes the legal regulation of the economy at the structural level. Economists usually ignore the impact of law on macroeconomic processes. The main attention is paid to the study of the legal regulation of economic relations at the level of macroeconomics, as well as its primary links enterprises, organizations, etc. In particular, the legal regulation of several sublevels of the economy is singled out and considered: reproductive, sectoral (intersectoral), regional (interregional). It is concluded that the system of economic management is constantly undergoing changes under the influence of various factors of an objective and subjective nature, an important place among which is occupied by legal means and methods. The ideas put forward by R. Coase need to be reconsidered, considering new economic realities. Recommendations are made aimed at strengthening the role of the contract in economic management, improving legislation, and eliminating excessive administration of the activities of economic entities.

The article is devoted to the study of the pandemic as a legal prerequisite for the introduction of special legal regimes. Approaches to the definition of the term “pandemic” that occur in various fields are analyzed. It is noted that the pandemic is closely related to the epidemic in the scientific literature. That is, today there is a statement that the spread of an epidemic to several countries or continents is called a pandemic. It is claimed that the understanding of the essence of the pandemic as a phenomenon from the field of medicine and social relations shows that the pandemic causes not only medical and other social consequences, but also legal ones. It is noted that the concept of legal regime plays a significant role in the system of legal regulation of social relations. The legal nature of legal regimes is determined, and their classification is carried out. The following main features of legal regimes are highlighted: they are established and provided by the state; determine the rules of behavior in specific social relations; they represent the procedure of legal regulation established by the state; they create certain approaches to ensure a favorable or unfavorable degree of subjective interests. The regulatory principles of establishing a special legal regime are analyzed. It is concluded that the term “pandemic” is mainly used in the medical field, however, the factors that cause a pandemic are not only important within the limits of medicine or sanitation, but also entail acute social consequences, taking into account the legal. It is noted that the pandemic is a prerequisite for the introduction of a state of emergency. In order to eliminate the pandemic, the following measures should be realized: implementation of quarantine measures; population evacuation; application of a special order regarding the distribution of food and basic necessities; mobilization; change of work schedules of enterprises, institutions and organizations.

The article examines the attitude to the phenomenon of corruption by the state and its perception by the Russian nobility of the second half of the 18th - first quarter of the 19th centuries. Based on the phenomenological analysis of the corruption concept in legislative acts and regulatory documents, as well as sources of personal origin, the article reveals the contradictory attitude of the nobility to corruption, which has become widespread in the environment of the officials. It is emphasized that a certain ambivalence in its perception stemmed from the unclear definition of corruption in official documents as well as contradictory attitude of the state to offenses on the part of officials. As a result, the discrepancy between the criminal act and the measure of punishment often blurred the boundaries of what was permissible in the noble environment. In addition, the duality of the corruption perception in its deep basis was the collision result of the traditional tribal consciousness remnants with modernization processes, leading to the affirmation of the Enlightenment ideas and values, primarily the honor and dignity of the individual, in the noble community. The growing pragmatism of Russian society, which increasingly conflicted with the principle of honest service to the state, also played a role.

The article presents an overview of the main changes in the legal regulation of public relations in the field of real estate management and housing and communal complex, state registration of real estate, state cadastral valuation, regulation of land relations, construction and urban planning from January 1, 2023 to March 31, 2023. Changes include: the entry into force of amendments to the Law on State Registration of Real Estate; the introduction of regulations on the state cadastral assessment of buildings, premises, structures, construction in progress, parking spaces in 2023; the introduction of regulations aimed at extending the features of regulation of land relations; the introduction of methods for determining the estimated cost of construction using federal unit rates and their individual components; establishment of the procedure for the formation and maintenance of the information resource of the federal targeted investment program; determination of the procedure for the implementation of fe­deral state control (supervision) in the field of safe use and maintenance of hazardous technical devices of buildings and structures; exclusion from the list of acts that are not covered by the mechanism of the “regulatory guillotine” of a number of regulatory legal acts; determination of the procedure for conducting electronic auctions for sale of a land plot in state or municipal ownership; introduction of the Methodology for determining the amount of payment for the creation of an artificial land plot; change in the conditions for providing personal data of real estate owners to third parties; regulation of certain issues in the field of urban development; change in the procedure for organizing and conducting non-governmental expertise of project documentation and engineering survey results; introduction of Rules for connecting (technological connection) of capital construction facilities to telecommunication networks; changing the Rules for establishing and determining the standards for the consumption of utilities and the standards for the consumption of communal resources consumed during the use and maintenance of common property in an apartment building; clarifying certain provisions concerning the overhaul of common property in an apartment building; innovations in the calculation of tariffs in the field of water supply and sanitation; the introduction of a new federal assessment standard “Assessment of intellectual property and intangible assets (FAS XI)”.

In 1966, Dietrich Geyer published an article on the subject of state-society relations in eighteenth-century Russia, which appeared again in 1975 in an updated form. Geyer placed Catherine II's reform policy in a European context and asked about the policy of absolute monarchies towards corporative structures and the conditions for the development of civil societies. In the Russian case, Catherine II created "societies" in the form of noble and urban corporations in order to expand provincial administration. According to Geyer's thesis, both the statist origins of these corporate estates and the connection between noble societies and provincial administration hindered the emergence of a dualism between state and society in Russian history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The article analyzes examples of procedures related to the implementation of anti-corruption standards, taking into account the specifi cs of offi cial relations, their administrative and intra-organizational nature. Theoretical analysis. The author reveals the problems of implementing anti-corruption standards. It is noted that in most cases the offi cial legislation provides that the conclusions drawn from the results of all inspections are not binding. The fi nal decision in relation to civil servants is made by the employer’s representative; the decision with regard to persons holding public positions is taken by the President of the Russian Federation; at the regional level, the heads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercise control over compliance with anti-corruption standards. Empirical analysis. Currently, there is no specialized state anti-corruption body in the Russian Federation, but the need to create one is provided for by the UN Convention against Corruption. Results. The article concludes that the procedures for implementing anti-corruption standards in relation to persons holding public positions in the Russian Federation, as well as in relation to state and municipal employees, are essentially “internal” in nature. The constitutional and legal status of persons holding public offi ce requires monitoring their compliance with anti-corruption standards with the participation of various branches of government. To this end, a specialized anti-corruption body should be formed at the federal level in the Russian Federation, which may become an Interdepartmental Commission on Anti-Corruption.

Introduction. Public-private partnership (PPP) in world practice has established itself as an eff ective tool for interaction between business and government in the implementation of socially signifi cant projects. The state got the opportunity to attract a private investor to solve strategic problems of social development. Information technology (IT) is no exception. In the context of globalization and digitalization of the economy, development of information technology sphere is becoming highly relevant, since it determines the level of information security and development of the country as a whole. Theoretical analysis. The main research method was the analysis of the basic laws governing public-private partnerships in the IT sphere both in Russia and abroad, which made it possible to identify the diff erences in the PPP legislation of diff erent countries. Empirical analysis. The analysis of the legislation of diff erent countries in the fi eld of public-private partners in relation to the IT industry enabled the authors to divide countries into four groups, depending on the characteristics and level of its development. The fi rst group of countries is characterized by the absence of a law on PPP at the state level, application of international legal norms and availability of methodological recommendations in the fi eld of PPP. In the second group, countries have a fundamental law on PPP without specifying the spheres of its application, or a list of spheres has been formed and it includes the IT industry. In the third group, there is a general law on PPP with a list of specifi c areas that does not include the sphere of information technology. The fourth group of countries has no legislation on PPP. Results. The authors identifi ed the problems of legislation in the fi eld of public-private partnership in relation to IT projects. In particular, it was determined that Russian laws in the fi eld of PPP have relatively more specifi city in relation to IT projects than foreign ones. However, this is far from always being good and creates artifi cial restrictions for the development of this mechanism for attracting a private partner to fi nance IT projects that are signifi cant for society. The highlighted shortcomings of the Russian legislation will help to improve effi ciency and controllability of PPP projects in the IT sphere, when eliminated.

The Siberia and the Far East accretion and their further incorporation into the Empire were accompanied by the need for the administration and management of the accreted territories. Professional, socially stable managers of various levels, prepared for long-term service in the sparsely populated, economically backward suburbs of the country were required by the authorities. The purpose of this article is to summarize and analyze the legal framework regulating the civil service in Siberia and to identify its features and implementation. The archived materials of the Russian state historical archive and state archives of the Irkutsk region, as well as the legislation of the Russian Empire made the basis for the study. The analysis of historical sources has made it possible to identify several legal and regulatory acts that enshrine the special advantages of civil service in Siberia. The authors noted the financial rewards, reduced terms of service, and accelerated promotion to have been the particular benefits. Representatives of the city estate were admitted to public service in Siberia, which was contrary to the imperial rules. The authors conclude that despite the special benefits establishment and financial awards for the service in Siberia the staffing problem remained unsolved. The legislation was more concerned with the national and the ruling elite interests than with the welfare of officials. Clerical and lower official ranks could not take advantage of the material advantages of the Siberian service. In general, the government’s policy towards Siberian bureaucracy was based on a desire to attract and retain people in the civil service through various types of privileges and benefits, which did not prove effective in practice.

The foreign experience of venture investment in the context of the possibilities of its use in Russia is considered in the article. Separate interpretations of venture capital are shown; the role of venture capital funds in investment is indicated. The major stages of the global venture capital investment market development are briefly analysed. The major stages of the global venture capital investment market development are briefly analysed. Two organisational models of making risky investments used in world practice are allocated: limited partnership and evergreen funds. An assessment of the current state of the venture capital industry in the Russian Federation is given, key problems are identified. A number of measures to improve the state mechanism for supporting the venture capital market is proposed. Special attention is paid to legal regulation measures.

Due to the nonrecognition of the origin of the business law in the commercial law, or, the law merchant, grown out of the customs and usages of merchants that existed before the emergence of law itself, and which, even in the process of formalizing the law into the legislation, characteristic for the continental law, in respect of commercial activities that introduced its public regulation, has reserved its self-regulatory and dispositive nature, the Russian legal discourse is quite different to what is generally represented as the Western legal discourse. Although Russian business law has been developed under the influence of Western law, the idea of the legislatively established legal surveillance of business activities, where written law is regarded as a progressive means of regulation, plays still an important role, and the breach of the law requirements is a sine qua non condition for civil liability (for damages) in Russia.

Issues of bringing a person to administrative responsibility have always been relevant. Along with a large number of amendments to the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, many problematic issues remain. There are some comments on the legal and organization regulation of the procedure for establishing the identity of the offender, proving his or her guilt, recording and providing evidence, administrative detention, and more. Insufficient attention of the legislator to bringing individuals to administrative responsibility leads to an increase in the number of these offenses, which, in turn, become the basis for further criminal offenses and instilling in the mind of the offender a sense of impunity. All these aspects lead to the deterioration of the protection of human rights and freedoms, the fight against crime and the maintenance of public safety and order. The purpose of this study is to substantiate theoretically the essence of administrative responsibility, analysis of legal and organization regulation of the offender, prove his or her guilt, record and provide evidence and administrative detention, as well as develop proposals to improve their effectiveness. Scientific novelty is to identify promising areas for improving the procedure for bringing a person to administrative responsibility on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of national legislation, departmental orders of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and research in various fields on these topics. Both general scientific and special methods of cognition were used in the research. All this together provides a systematic approach and a comprehensive study of the issue of bringing a person to administrative responsibility. General methods of scientific knowledge, such as comparison, analysis, observation and deduction, were used in the study of certain aspects of administrative offenses. .They have become a tool for determining specific material for research. It is emphasized that effective counteraction and prevention of various types of administrative offenses is an important direction of legal policy of any modern state. It is determined that the state guarantees the inviolability of human and civil rights and freedoms. To ensure this, the competent authorities, in particular the National Police, are responsible for maintaining law and order and protecting rights, freedoms and legitimate interests. It is argued that the National Police occupies a central place in the system of bodies that counteract and prevent administrative offenses. It is emphasized that certain changes require regulatory consolidation of the proceedings, which is carried out by the police, in particular on the procedure for establishing the identity of the offender, proving his or her guilt, recording and providing evidence and administrative detention.

he relevance of the topic under study is due to the fact that compatriots abroad and the related problems of migration and immigration are distinguished by the transition from a socio-economic, cultural phenomenon to a political one. In this regard, it is expected that geopolitical changes will lead to new waves of migration and the need for legal regulation of issues related to state support for compatriots abroad. This issue is undoubtedly relevant for Kazakhstan as well. Thus, the policy of state support for Kazakhs abroad has recently been significantly updated in connection with the narrowing of the scope of the Kazakh language and the threat of gradual loss and assimilation of the original national identity of Kazakhs in their countries of residence. The main purpose of the research is to study problematic issues of legal regulation of state support for compatriots abroad, as well as preparation of relevant proposals based on the study of international experience, since at present in Kazakhstan support of foreign compatriots is not regulated from a legal point of view, which does not correspond to international practice. The scientific and practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the issues of state support for compatriots abroad, primarily the Kazakh diaspora, are considered, that is, on the one hand, the current state of state policy and national legislation, on the other, modern international experience. The article, to a greater extent, focuses on the legal regulation of this issue. In addition, the study of issues of support for compatriots abroad is closely related to such components as the diaspora, the migration process, and in this regard, they were also considered. The methodological basis of the research is: general scientific methods (logical, structural and systems analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction, induction and deduction, modeling), as well as special methods and techniques for studying phenomena and processes (concrete historical, dialectical, formal-logical, structural-functional, method of comparative jurisprudence). As a result of the study, taking into account the world experience, for the first time in Kazakhstan the necessity of adopting a special law regulating the issues of state support of compatriots abroad was substantiated.

The present article is a corpus-driven investigation into deontic modality in the Lithuanian translations of EU legislation. It builds on the data of the EUR-Lex2/2016 parallel corpus. The article discusses the pivotal points of deontic modality and its realisation in English and Lithuanian. It then presents the corpus data and the most frequent lexical bundles through which deontic modality is expressed in the English subcorpus. The discussion section analyses how deontic lexical bundles in the source text were translated into Lithuanian.