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The development of generative models of artificial intelligence (AI) poses new challenges for legal science and practice. This requires understanding of the legal nature of prompts (queries to AI) and development of appropriate legal regulation. The article aims to determine the legal significance of prompts and outlines the prospects for their research in the context of the interaction between law and AI. The study is based on the analysis of contemporary scientific literature devoted to the problems of legal regulation of AI, as well as investigation of the first cases of the use of generative AI models in legal practice and education. Methods of legal qualification, comparative legal analysis, and legal modeling are applied. Prompts are qualified as legal actions (legal facts in the strict sense), which opens the path to addressing the applicability of copyright criteria to them. The potential and risks of using prompts in legal practice and education are identified, and the need for standardizing prompts and developing specialized methods for teaching lawyers to interact with AI is substantiated. Prompts, as a tool for human-AI interaction, represent a fundamentally important subject of legal research, upon which the prospects for AI application in law largely rely. The article concludes that interdisciplinary and international studies are necessary to unite the efforts of legal professionals, AI specialists, and the generative models themselves in developing optimal legal solutions.

The article is devoted to identifying the key European integration directions of reforming modern national legal education. The issue of improving the quality of legal education has remained relevant for more than a decade for all countries regardless of the level of economic and social development. In a narrow sense, the relevant issues are closely related to the integration of legal education, and in a broader sense – to globalisation, because, on the one hand, legal education must comply with international standards and best educational practices, and on the other hand, the global problem of nostrification needs to be addressed. A wide range of both domestic and foreign scientific research is devoted to the reform of legal education, but there is a pattern of gradual reduction of such developments and redistribution of attention of the scientific community to certain ‘moments’ of legal didactics and parameters of legal education. The article is original and combines the analysis of scientific results of national and foreign scholars with the formulation of new or improved proposals for European integration reform of national legal education. The main areas of research by national scholars on the integration of legal education and the main shortcomings in the training of national lawyers are identified. Particular attention is paid to the identification of “gaps” in the study of possible vectors of further European integration evolution of Ukrainian legal education. The author considers such key areas of European integration of legal education as improving the quality of education, combining the implementation of international norms and standards with the development and implementation of innovations, international cooperation, development of practical skills and knowledge (at least basic) of legal norms of other countries. The study proposes a number of key areas of reform activity in relation to the European integration of national legal education, in particular in the context of practice-oriented training, reduction of the content of educational programmes in combination with their integration into the European legal area and improvement of the education quality, improvement of analytical and logical skills of lawyers, and also the impact on the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

At present, the connection between national legal theory and practice is severed, the legal science is dominated by neglect of its theoretical part, which affects the system of legal education. Modernity requires a relevant legal theory that would function for and in the name of practice. The doctrine of pragmatism can serve as a successful philosophical basis for this. Purpose: to analyze the experience of the past and the possibilities of its application in modern realities in terms of the search of theory for practice. Methods: analysis, synthesis, description, comparison, interpretation. Re-sults: the research allows to conclude that legal theory based on the philosophy of pragmatism can more effectively fulfil its purpose and will be able to draw attention to the speculative beginnings of political and legal existence and its ultimate founda-tions in the moments of crisis.

Objective: to develop proposals for the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) in legal education. Methods: dialectical methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, systematization, comparison, classification, forecasting), statistical, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods. Used in combination, these methods allow comprehensive analysis of the relationship between AI and legal education. Results: the article reveals the main directions to improve legal education in the conditions of AI development: integration of information and communication technologies and training of specialists able to work effectively at the intersection of law and technology. The advantages and disadvantages of using AI in legal education are identified. Ethical aspects of AI application are outlined, as well as the need to manage the development of technologies based on the principles of fairness, transparency and consideration of human interests. The author states the importance of developing not only specialized knowledge, but also universal competencies that will help students to adapt successfully to the dynamically changing conditions of professional activity. Scientific novelty: a comprehensive analysis of the interaction between legal education and AI was carried out, including the identification of specific opportunities for the AI application in legal education, as well as related risks and problems. The author proposes a systematic approach to improving legal education in the context of AI development, focusing on theneed to revise educational programs in legal areas in terms of integrating information and communication technologies; developing universal competencies in students to adapt to a dynamically changing professional environment; introducing mandatory advanced training for judges, legal practitioners to develop skills for using AI systems. Practical significance: the study results can be used to optimize and adapt the educational programs of law schools to the digital era requirements and to develop effective approaches to the AI application in legal practice and education, taking into account ethical aspects and potential risks.

Background. The work examines the phenomenon of intelligence from the point of view of its functioning within the framework of university legal education and in conditions of imbalance of social structures, as well as the formation and functioning of modern risks. Materials and methods. The leading hypothesis of the work is that intelligence as a syncretic subjective-personal quality allows one to transmit the values of the legal profession in the educational process of educational organizations of higher education, which allows one to carry out legal activities in practice in a high-quality and morally oriented manner. The study is based on a risk-oriented approach, systemic, axiological and functional analyses. Discussions. Information, digital and global network processes occurring in modern society objectify unprecedented challenges and threats to humanity, lead to the erosion of traditional values, their replacement by utilitarian interests and the multiculturalization of public consciousness. Legal education as a phenomenon, process and result is designed to provide the public, private and public sectors with specialists in the field of law who are the pillar of law and order, create a comfortable and equal operating environment, talentedly implement law-making functions and protect the rights and legitimate interests of citizens. Digitalization and informatization, as well as trends in imposing the needs and interests of the global «consumer society», have not bypassed the legal profession, which also affects the content of legal education. Results. In such conditions, intelligence as an active phenomenon acts as an intellectual-emotional and value-semantic quality that can unite the educational process, consolidate disparate social subjects, support the transmission of good social aspirations, and also orient legal education towards creative, humanistic, intellectual and active ones. and social-constructive functions. The formation and development of intelligence within the framework of legal education allows us to form a domestic legal tradition and resist global ideological and legal expansion on the part of globalists and supporters of the «consumer society». The intelligentsia, as a purely domestic cultural phenomenon, acts as a social group and authority that is capable and ready to take responsibility for the value-semantic development of society and the preservation of traditional Russian values.

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Background. Modern Russian legal education is at a turning point. In this regard, the choice of further ways of its development is of great importance, which determines the relevance of the research topic. The purpose of the study is, based on our own experience and many years of work in law schools, to show the current state of higher legal education in Russia, to reveal its contradictions and to suggest ways to overcome them. Materials and methods. Regulatory documents regulating the field of your education in general and the field of legal education in particular were used. The practice of organizing legal education in the Russian Federation is analyzed. The following research methods were used: historical and legal, logical, analysis and synthesis, empirical methods of description. Results. The article presents the concept of reforming higher legal education and ways to overcome its problems and shortcomings. Conclusions. It has been established that the Bologna process, as far as legal education is concerned, was a complete failure. Russia has moved away from classical legal education, which has turned from elite to mass. With the reduction in the number of law schools and faculties, the problems of legal education have not been solved. They continue to remain in the content of the educational process, and in the status of the teacher, and in educational standards, and in the competency-based approach, and in paid education, and in distance learning. As a result, the current state of legal education cannot fully satisfy the needs of employers. It is on the verge of reform. And whatever path is chosen in its development will be the future legal support for the socio-economic and political development of Russia.

Purpose. To substantiate the effectiveness of the use of virtual reality technologies in the system of legal education for pedagogical prevention and prevention of destructive psychosomatic deformations of students’ legal consciousness. Methodology. In the present study, a set of complementary methodological strategies was used, which made it possible to carry out an interdisciplinary synthesis of the problems of psychosomatic deformation of the legal consciousness of the individual. The method of theoretical analysis and generalization of the results of previous research in the fields of law, psychology and information technology was the basis for the conceptualization of the phenomenon under consideration. The application of a systematic approach provided a comprehensive consideration of the problem, taking into account the mutual influence of psychological, legal and technological determinants of the deformation of legal consciousness. The modeling method made it possible to develop a theoretical model of using virtual reality to prevent distortions of the structure of the legal consciousness of the individual. The section «Materials and methods» analyzes the concept of somatic rights as a theoretical and methodological basis for the study of the problem of psychosomatic deformation of legal consciousness. The views of various scientists on the nature and classification of somatic rights are considered, an interdisciplinary approach is applied that integrates the methodology of jurisprudence, psychology and information technology. Results. The section «Results» demonstrates the dangers of psychosomatic deformation of legal consciousness for personal and social development, justifies the need to develop new strategies for pedagogical prevention using the capabilities of virtual reality. Specific recommendations are formulated to minimize the risks of destructive transformation of legal consciousness through metaverse technologies. The article analyzes the causes and specifics of the manifestation of psychosomatic deformations of legal consciousness based on the theory of somatic rights. The essence of virtual reality technologies is revealed in relation to the tasks of optimizing the legal socialization of the individual. Methodological recommendations are formulated on the use of virtual reality tools to prevent destructive transformations of an individual’s legal consciousness. Practical implications. The Discussion section analyzes the prospects of using metaverses to model legal situations, form a humanistically oriented type of legal awareness, implement the principle of somatic rights in a virtual environment, and substantiates the potential of VR technologies to optimize the processes of legal socialization of the individual. The integrated use of virtual reality technologies in the legal education system will allow for effective pedagogical prevention and correction of psychosomatically caused deformations in the legal consciousness of students. In conclusion, the main conclusions regarding the possibilities of using metaverses for the prevention and correction of psychosomatically conditioned deformations of the structure of the legal consciousness of the individual are summarized. Promising directions for further research in this area are determined.

This study outlines results of the study on regional judiciary conducted in the Novosibirsk Oblast and summarizes analysis on its socio-demographic and professional composition and sources of formation. The study is interdisciplinary in nature; sociological (questionnaires and in-depth interviews) and legal research methods (historical and legal, formal legal, comparative legal) have been applied, 192 judges of courts of general jurisdiction of the Novosibirsk Oblast have been interviewed during the research. The analysis of the outcome of the study shows that a modern regional judge is a young woman who received a full-time legal education at a classical university and has a predominant professional experience in court. The study acknowledges further rejuvenation and feminization of the regional judiciary, due to specifics of personnel policy. The dominant source of replenishment of the regional corps of judges is the court apparatus; this method is most significant for the formation of justices of the peace (JPs) and judges of district courts. The main reasons for the predominance of representatives from the court apparatus in the judiciary corps are the scope of work and requirements for the professional qualities of a judge, among which adaptability to high workloads, significant amount of paperwork, control over procedural deadlines, and effective compliance with the key indicators of the judge’s work form the core. We believe that the trend to form the judiciary mainly through internal sources may negatively affect the authority and status of the judicial profession.

Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with topical issues of the state and formation of legal consciousness of the Russian student youth. The problems of research and formation of the legal consciousness of students is one of the acute and key problems of modern Russian society. The study of legal consciousness, its genesis and development, dramatic transformations is one of the most relevant areas in the modern Russian sociology of law. The task is to study the peculiarities of legal socialization of various socio-demographic groups in Russian society. The most important social group is the youth, since the success of the approval of the updated legal system of Russian society, the formation of a truly legal state in the conditions of the formation of a new institutional system of the state depends on the legal consciousness of the youth. The consolidation of institutional transformations requires a radical transformation of the legal consciousness of all members of society, the approval of the corresponding legal consciousness of the majority of Russian citizens, new legal values, legal values and attitudes, stable orientations to compliance with the law and lawful behavior. The methodological basis of our research is the theories of Soviet and Russian jurists. To study the state of legal awareness of students, we conducted a mass sociological survey in October 2022. The object of the study is students of the city of Yekaterinburg aged from 18 to 25 years. The sample is proportional by gender and age. The article analyzes theoretical studies of the legal consciousness of Russian sociologists and philosophers, presents the results of the author's sociological study of the state and content of the legal consciousness of students based on higher educational institutions of the city of Yekaterinburg. The need to overcome legal nihilism and increase legal literacy of young people is noted. This is especially important during the transformation of Russian society, which is characterized not only by positive processes, transformations of all spheres of socio-economic and political structure, but also by the spread of such phenomena as legal cynicism, nihilism and anomie, changes in value orientations and socio-psychological attitudes of young people, including students. Conclusions are formulated and ways and opportunities of improving the legal culture of students are identified.

The relevance of the research is determined by the need to search for new scientific, theoretical, methodological, substantive and technological foundations for the training future lawyers, as the intellectual and political elite of the state, possessing a stable civic position and ready to form a civil society and protect the rights of Russian citizens. The problem of the research is to study the features of training future lawyers and to determine the scientific and theoretical platform for designing a model for the formation of civic position of future lawyers in the legal clinic of a university. The purpose of the research is scientific substantiation and design of a model for the formation of the civic position of future lawyers in the legal clinic of a university. The research methodology and methods: content analysis of scientific research; theoretical analysis of pedagogical dilemmas in the training of future lawyers; forecasts of pedagogical fronts for the development of conditions for the development of the civic position of future lawyers in the process of professional training; designing a model for the development of the civic position of future lawyers in the legal clinic of a university. The research results are: transformational processes in the world change civil society (social stratification, lack of protection of the rights of a separate part of society, etc.) and become challenges to modern education in the training of future lawyers; integration and an interdisciplinary approach in the training of future lawyers determine scientific-theoretical, methodological, substantive and technological approaches to the development of the civil position of a future lawyer; designing a model for the development of the civic position of future lawyers in the legal clinic of a university makes it possible to make forecasts for the required competencies of this category of specialists, optimize the environment of a university - a legal clinic as a place of professional self-realization and manifestation of the civic position of a future lawyer. Key findings are: global trends are challenges for modern legal education; the training of future lawyers should be coupled with the formation of a civic position, understood as a willingness to serve their Fatherland, the state and its citizens; the design of innovative models for the training of future lawyers is focused on the integration of the processes of professional formation and education of a future citizen of Russia with a stable civic position, on the anticipatory nature of the development by future lawyers in the legal clinic of university of professional and personal competencies in demand in the rule of law.

Background. Legal education of young people is an important direction in the implementation of the education policy in the country. It acts as an important tool that allows solving a wide range of strategic tasks to improve legal culture and legal awareness. In order for this tool to be effective, it is useful to have a conceptual understanding of legal educational activities, the tools and the subject composition, and the ways in which this activity is carried out. This topic was chosen by students of the Law Institute for the preparation of scientific projects. The purpose of the study is to form the concept of legal educational activities of young people in the scientific projects of students of the Law Institute of Penza State University. Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks was achieved by formal legal, comparative legal, systemic approaches to the study. Results.The authors present original scientific projects of students aimed at legal education of young people. Conclusions. The results of the study indicate the need to involve students in research work, through the development of projects. This allows you to apply your legal knowledge and skills in the implementation of legal educational activities for young people.

The number of international students is one of the indicators of the international effectiveness of universities. That is why we are working to improve the intercultural competence of teachers and staff of Kazakhstani universities who work (or will work) with foreign students. The insufficient level of the teachers' ICC complicates the educational process, levels the opportunity to take advantage of the intercultural environment for learning, can lead to a deterioration of group interaction and, as a result, to a decrease in the prestige of education in the eyes of foreign students. The focus on the development of a scientific and methodological base for the expansion of the teachers' MCC, thus, confirms the compliance of our project with the growing need to train teachers of the Kazakh higher school to work with a multilingual (and multicultural) audience of foreign students. The aim of the research is to develop a conceptual, legal and methodological framework for building a sustainable model for expanding the intercultural competence (ICC) of teaching lawyers, with the aim of introducing and improving the ICC for training lawyers-teachers of Kazakhstan higher school to work with a multilingual (and multicultural) audience represented by foreign students. The results of the research will contribute to building more effective models for solving new socio-pedagogical and educational tasks that the expansion of international academic contacts brings, which in the long term will serve to strengthen the competitiveness of higher education in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article is based on the materials of a scientific project on the topic: Intercultural competence of a university teacher and its impact on improving the competitiveness of higher education in Kazakhstan.

The article considers the topical issues concerning the improvement of the quality of the legal education. Special attention is paid to the educational program, namely inclusion of thediscipline “human rights”, and to the forms of knowledge control.

Introduction. The specifi cs of modern professional legal education are inherently linked with the need to form the legal culture of a lawyer, which is an important constitutional value. The fundamental paramount role of legal education as a constitutional value is traced not only in the course of formation of sense of justice and the legal culture of future lawyers, but also indirectly, through realization of a professional component: law-making, law-enforcement, law-enforcement activity. In this regard, the formation of the professional legal culture of students in legal education is one of the most important aspects of their studies, and is a prerequisite for the eff ective implementation of national law in their subsequent professional activities. Theoretical analysis.The authors made an attempt to comprehensively study the factors that infl uence the process of forming the professional competencies of future lawyers, in particular their moral orientation, necessary to serve “law.”Empirical analysis. We analyzed the professional competencies that determine the demand for graduates of legal universities on the labor market and are regulated by the Federal Law "On education in the Russian Federation", as well as requirements for lawyers specifi ed by employers. Results. The authors conclude that a carefully organized legal education system can be eff ective only when the legal culture of a lawyer is brought up and formed while training students, with a responsible attitude to the duty to serve the law and the interests of society.

Artificial intelligence is profoundly changing human social life, and the integration between artificial intelligence and law continues to deepen. Artificial intelligence has brought new impetus for legal education from three dimensions: providing new technologies, establishing new models, and shaping new paradigms. At present, it is still at the exploratory stage on how to position the goal of cultivating versatile professionals of “artificial intelligence + law,” how to improve the competence of teachers, and how to integrate the curriculum system. As one of the important contents of the paradigm transformation of “New Liberal Arts” education, legal education must also upgrade the concept of cultivating professionals, make full use of the support of big data, artificial intelligence, and other new technologies, clarify the goal of cultivating versatile professionals who “have the ability of legal thinking can use artificial intelligence technology,” bolster the ranks of teachers who not only “understand the technology” but also can “foster a new generation of people with sound values and ethics,” and construct the interdisciplinary, integrated AILE theoretical and practical curriculum systems, for the purpose of responding to the development trend of the transformation of liberal arts education in the new era, and providing intellectual support for cultivating professionals to meet the development needs of the country in the new era.

Introduction: the article considers the concept of prevention in several aspects (social prevention, criminological prevention, situational prevention, evolutionary prevention). Aim: describe the subjects implementing the prevention of offenses and consider the issue of public participation in this process in historical and modern periods. We focus our attention on the prevention of new crimes in the institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service, emphasize its importance during the period of serving a sentence (educational techniques and methods) and after release (interaction of probation inspectorates with law enforcement agencies for the re-socialization of released convicts). We outline possible risks and difficulties of organizing crime prevention together with public organizations: determining preferences for activists; politicization of preventive work (obtaining additional electoral points); selection of activists (preventing the involvement of representatives of the criminal environment). In the context of considering ways to improve prevention, much attention is paid to the prevention of crime through technological innovations: control over people’s movement using a mobile phone; analysis of web browsing history; computer programs for crime prevention; compilation and maintenance of federal database programs; chipping, etc. The study is based on the accumulated experience of implementing preventive work, which is described in the sections “Prevention yesterday” and “Prevention today”. The article analyzes examples of crime prevention in Thailand, the U.S. etc., and reflects the results of implementation of the “Safe City” program in Moscow. The methodological basis of this study is represented by the axiological approach. Research problems were addressed with the use of general philosophical principles of dialectics and special methods of cognition: systematic, formal-legal, sociological, etc. Results: the public remains the most important element of the prevention system. It is necessary to develop and legally consolidate the relevant activities, for example, as it is done in Article 11 of the Federal Law “On the fundamentals of the system for prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency”. Legal education should be the main weapon in the hands of the subjects of prevention. Elimination of crime should become the main direction of prevention.

This article describes the methods of teaching critical thinking to law students. Problems of the lack of functional literacy and weak critical thinking, which are crucial for successful professional activity in the conditions of the fourth industrial revolution, among junior students are presented. The authors propose to apply the methods of the Liberal Arts and Sciences within the disciplines of theory of state and law, history of state and law, philosophy of law, history of political and legal doctrines, history of legal science, etc. to correct functional illiteracy and form critical thinking.

Copyright of Journal of Educational Sciences (2520-2634) is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper focuses on one of the main features of legal communication, namely informativeness. The article presents the informativeness of Polish legislative documents as an inherent but not always clearly understood socially feature of legal discourse, which has been regarded as a distinctive characteristic of normative acts. The study includes several levels of approximate semiotisation in relation to the cognitive criterion. The corpus comprises the most important Polish normative texts, namely the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Criminal Code, Civil Code, and the Code of Civil Procedure. The analysis also included rulings of Polish common courts. Pragmatic and semantic criterion has been applied as the methodological basis for the analysis. The factor related to the use of legislative metaphors in executive and judicial practice was applied as an additional criterion. The aim of the paper was to determine the form of informativeness of the Polish legal texts and its extra-textual usefulness. Two levels of informativeness of legal texts, surface level and deep level, were established in the analysis. In legal discourse, informativeness took the form of a specific phenomenon. It referred not only to surface structures, but also to the elements of the content, requiring reconstruction from their meaning.

Copyright of Law of Ukraine / Pravo Ukraini is the property of Editorial Board of Journal "Law of Ukraine" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relevance of this work is due to the modern processes of regulation of the legal services market, typical both for Russia and for sovereign States in the post-Soviet space, in order to ensure the constitutional right to qualified legal assistance. The purpose of the work is predetermined by the analysis of ideas about qualified legal assistance in a retrospective and modern sense. The research was based on normative legal acts, including monuments of law, and scientific works (academic publications, monographs) devoted to the development of legal aid. The study was carried out using a set of comparative legal methods: the diachronic method allowed us to compare the basics of legal aid that existed in different historical periods; the synchronous method made it possible to compare the legal reality of Russia with other countries. The problem-chronological method allowed to study the essential features of the evolution of ideas about legal aid that are directly dependent on the socio-cultural transformations of the political and legal system of the and interpretation of norms, implementation of which determines the modern processes of professionalization of legal aid. The study of pre-revolutionary legislation of Russia allowed us to conclude that the traditional understanding of the provision of professional legal assistance by lawyers is formed in the process of socio-cultural modernization of the legal system during the implementation of the Judicial reform of 1864. the Paradigm of legal nihilism in the first years of Soviet power resulted in lacking any qualification requirements for persons who can provide legal assistance, which predetermined the stable practice of lawyers who did not have professional education. The liberalization of legislation during the thaw period contributed to the return to traditional understanding of legal aid. The regulation of legal aid in modern States is carried out in line with the implementation of international standards in national legislation.

A number of aspects of criminalistic prevention of theft committed by employees at enterprises are considered in the article; the results of the study of individual theoretical sources and the authors' monitoring of the opinion of employers on the effectiveness of criminalistic prevention of such crimes are presented; concluded that employers should be involved in this preventive system as its active subjects; the problem of employers' lack of knowledge is indicated, which makes this process difficult or makes it impossible at all; concluded that the importance of legal education in companies as a means of forensic prevention of theft committed by employees in enterprises.

In the content of this article, we discuss the issue of trans-systemic legal education, with the purpose to identify the milestones of remodeling the socioprofessional profile of the lawyer, employed by the law institutions. Drawing on the rule of law, we point out a two-way relationship, of reciprocity between the state (with all its institutions, in which officials, specialists work) and the person, as a citizen, and a member of civil society. The analyzes emphasize the need to implement reforms not only of a political, economic, or legal nature that will address the challenges and problems faced by the state, the law, and the citizen but also to some of an educational-systemic nature. We aim to capitalize on a dimension, not at all simple, of the contemporary human being, who not only attends to – normalization* (which would mean excluding a minimum of normality; outside social norms) and the acculturation of society, but as a participant, actively involved, which promotes or deepens the process, even neglecting oneself, his or her personal security, but also surrounding ones

Introduction. The study is devoted to investigation of methods to integrate “hard” and “soft” skills of law students. This approach is necessary for teaching students to make decisions in situations of value and norm uncertainty, which require the integration of law and morality, general cultural and professional competencies. The public use of hate speech is chosen as an example of a value-ambiguous problem. This problem involves the search for a certain balance of public and private interests, the right to freedom of expression and protection against discrimination, insult, stigmatization, the right to respect for private and family life. Materials and Methods. 62 students of legal specialities and areas of training were involved in the case study. Case materials were structured according to the levels of educational goals in accordance with Bloom’s classic taxonomy. The case is devoted to the analysis of the controversial commentary of Savva Terentyev. Results. The use of the case-method for decision-making under conditions of value-normative uncertainty (using the example of counteracting hate speech) made it possible to integrate the general cultural and professional competencies of law students, to involve students, who do not usually participate in discussions, in active group work. However, there are limitations to the use of the case method for integrating “hard” and “soft” skills: preparation for the lesson is resource-intensive for both teacher and students; case materials quickly become obsolete and require constant updating and processing; the choice of material and its presentation in the classroom require a special pedagogical tact and a clear arrangement of axiological accents. Discussion and Conclusion. The results can be used to develop educational cases where general cultural and professional competencies of law students can be integrated, as well as to teach students how to make decisions in the face of value and norm uncertainty and to carry out personal and professional development.

The article characterizes the little-studied moment of the formation of the new estate after the judicial reform of 1864. After the judicial reform, there were major changes in the defense system. Attorneys at law appeared who defended people according to a special certificate issued by the court. Within them there was a layer of people involved in paper work. However, the legislator in the judicial statutes did not provide for the existence of such assistants for jurymen. However, with their appearance, there was a serious need for legal consolidation of their legal status. The basis of the article was the Case of the Department of the Ministry of Justice of the Legislative Branch “On the formation of the estate as an assistant to the attorneys at law ”. These provisions are stored in the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). This article discusses the conditions under which the formation of a new estate in the legal circles of St. Petersburg. This estate of assistants to the jury had their rights and obligations. It is shown what problems the new estate faced after the judicial reform. According to the judicial charters of 1864, a special class of assistants to the jury was not created. They contained only an indication of the possibility of such a status, namely, in article 354 of the judicial statutes it was said that jurors may be persons “engaged in judicial practice under the guidance of the jury as assistants”. A significant number of articles are devoted to the life of assistants to jury attorneys in imperial Russia, at the same time, the regional aspect of the problem is not sufficiently developed, and the study of the estate of assistants to jury attorneys is only beginning. We show that the topic deserves further scientific research, since the assistants to the jury of the half of the 19th century represented a large professional group and were included in various modernization processes, being one of the driving forces and the product of a new trial. Attempts and possibilities of researching the question of assistants to the jury were studied. The author of the article made a conclusion on some important problems that the assistants to the jury encountered, i. e. uncertain status, constant monitoring by the Council and the jury, lack of career growth and independence. The problems of the history of jurors on the territory of St. Petersburg require further study.

The interaction between the Department of Civil Procedure of Ural State Law University and foreign partner universities has been discussed. Appealing to global practices is an ancient Russian tradition, which was supported by D.I. Meyer in particular. At the international level, the activity of the department embraces the following directions: training of researchers and teaching abroad; publishing of modern scientific literature on the problems of foreign law; participation in international scientific events. Within the first direction, international training of graduate students for getting the academic degrees of Candidate of Legal Sciences in Russia and Doctor of Law in France is performed. In the second direction, the issues of comparative and foreign law are included in the texts of educational literature, key foreign publications are translated, and educational and applied materials in the framework of international research and educational programs are prepared. The third direction involves presentations made by the department staff at international scientific conferences, their participation as experts in drafting of bills abroad, lecturing on a regular basis in foreign universities.

The similarities between the views on legal education introduced by D.I. Meyer and reflected in the modern federal state educational standards – practice-oriented learning – have been considered. D.I. Meyer’s ideas have been discussed based on his work “On the Importance of Practice in the System of Modern Legal Education” (1855). The value of D.I. Meyer’s studies is that he was the first in Russia to investigate the methodology of teaching legal disciplines and to emphasize the need to combine theory and practice. It has been concluded that practice-oriented legal education at Kazan University has evolved and still dominates as the main approach to teaching legal disciplines. In addition, special attention has been paid to D.I. Meyer’s advice given to ordinary people in the presence of students, i.e., he worked at the legal clinic, which was organized by him at Kazan University during the 1840s. The continuity of D.I. Mayer’s traditions has been shown. They have shaped into the main principles of the legal clinic at Kazan Federal University, the directions of its activity and the education of students.

This report reveals the state of Kazakhstan’s jurisprudence, identifies problems, outlines develop-ment prospects, suggests recommendations. The conclusion is made that legal science should determine strategic directions for further improvement of all branches of national law, law enforcement and judicial systems, as well as legal bases for foreign policy and foreign economic activity. The report gives a general description of the Kazakhstani legal science. It is emphasized that the legal science is closely connected with the legal education. In this area, there are many problems. It was concluded that the reforms carried out in the educational system in accordance with the Bologna Convention (Bologna process) in the train-ing of scientific personnel did not bring the expected positive results. Current trends in the development of the legal science of Kazakhstan in the field of civil law, administrative law, juvenile law, environmen-tal law are outlined. The report emphasizes that the availability of scientific personnel in universities and institutes is low. The prestige of the scientists is not high. There is no interest of young people to engage in scientific research. It is necessary to stimulate the inflow of fresh personnel into science. The following suggestions on the development of the legal science of Kazakhstan were made in the report. It is proposed to expand the list of journals recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan for publication of the results of doctoral studies. It is suggested that the RINC be transferred to the “Law” section under the jurisdiction of the al-Farabi Kazakh National University. It is proposed to increase the number of PhD grants in the law sciences by 2-3 times to prepare doctoral stu-dents. It is recommended to reduce the theoretical training of doctoral students (PhD) to two semesters of the first year. It is recommended to create a Kazakhstani science-based system based on the NGTSTI with the appropriate personnel and technical support in the RINC model. It is recommended to establish medals and prizes named after prominent scientists for young lawyers.

The problem of introducing the institute of professional judicial representation in line with special qualification requirements into commercial, civil, and administrative procedures has been considered. Based on the analysis of the legislation concerned with the problem under study, the role of professional judicial representation has been discussed. In addition, the problem of quality of modern legal education has been investigated. A great emphasis has been laid on finding an optimal combination of methods of education that will suit the needs of the democratic state and create a foundation for professional legal representation. Moreover, the potential of using moot courts and business games during the educational process has been studied. It has been proved that these forms of education contribute significantly to the educational process and enhance its pace, thereby allowing students to develop analytical thinking and vital skills of legal analysis. It has been noted that this mode of education enables students to act as judge, defendant, and complainant, i.e., they learn the trial and procedure from all sides.

Copyright of Ukrainian Professional Education is the property of Poltava V.G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main function of any ideology is to legitimize the established order of things as true, universal and unshakable. The ideological form is aimed at the formation of the addressee's specific stereotypes of behavior corresponding to the trajectory of officially recognized ideas, values, axioms, principles, norms of law. Legal ideology is a conceptualized expression of normative, political and universal methods of legal understanding. As the methods of ideological influence can be identified scientific-doctrinal and official-legal nomination, legal propaganda, legal education, legal education, etc. Legal propaganda is the systematic and purposeful dissemination in society of certain legal ideas, values, norms and programs of behavior in order to control the addressee and control his thinking and behavior, has a coercive nature in order to prevent deviation from the absolute standards of behavior. Propaganda is often one of the main means of political manipulation. At present," legal propaganda" as the most radical concept has given way to softer methods of ideological influence - "legal education" and " legal upbringing". Legal literacy and legal awareness of citizens in modern Russia is an important area of public policy, the implementation of which is entrusted to the Federal and regional public authorities, local governments, professional legal communities and public associations of lawyers, in close collaboration with civil society structures in the form of social partnerships. The involvement of public organizations for legal education of the population through legal propaganda in order to implement the state policy was actively developed in the Soviet period. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon of the Soviet legal ideology in the context of legal propaganda by public organizations. The study was conducted within the framework of socio-cultural approach. That approach allowed expanding the idea of the place and role of legal propaganda in the Soviet society as a product of the state ideology focused on the identification of Soviet cultural values, its reglamentation and practical realisation.

Legal education in the contemporary world is changing. The main influences are linked to developments in transportation and communication and the enmeshing of diverse economies embraced by globalization. Law schools confront more mobile and more ambitious students who wish to experience different jurisdictional practices, to serve the increasingly global business community and to be more competitive. This research examines the modifications required in legal education as a result of globalization with specific reference to law schools in the BRICS countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China.Research on higher education, and legal education in particular, has been growing in recent years, yet there is still a gap in the study and comparison of the specifics of legal education within the BRICS countries. This research makes an attempt to analyze and contrast the current goals, objectives, structure and quality of higher legal education in Brazil, Russia, India and China. The specifics of law schools have been studied over the past twenty years in correlation with economic, cultural and education trends in BRICS and globally.Based on research literature, practitioner literature and legislative sources, this paper outlines common and special features of lawyer training in BRICS. The prime similarity of the legal education systems in BRICS are global education trends and the influence of the U.S. and UK education systems. Each BRICS country experienced an “explosion” in the popularity of legal education and, consequently, the urgent need to reform the education process in order to attain better quality and affordability. The result of these reforms, taking place in each country from 1950 to today, has become the growing differentiator of the educational institutions, turning them into “elite” and “mass” law schools.The facets of legal education in Brazil, Russia, India and China are attributed to their national policies as well as the historical development of the educational institutions and their perception of what specific lawyer skills and competencies are demanded by the legal market and national population. We conclude that the structure and quality of legal education as well as the requirements and monitoring tools vary in each country. These are dependent on several factors: the specific country’s ideology, its economic development, its proximity to an “Eastern” or “Western” model, its ability to learn from foreign education systems and its attempts at self-identification in the global educational space.

The urgency of the chosen topic is due to the insufficient development of the methodology of public administration of legal education in Ukraine, the need for its conception, the definition of the structure, the mechanism of influence on cognition and practice. In this regard, the necessity of creating the conception of legal education development as a comprehensive detailed long-term course of Ukraine aimed at achieving the main goal of law-education activity – enhancement of legal culture and legal consciousness of the population is substantiated. The article presents the meaning of the conception for the field of knowledge of public governance and administration and proposes to consider it as a normative legal document, which defines the mission and development ideas, reflects the vision of the existing state of a particular process or phenomenon. The block diagram of the development of the conception of public administration in legal education in Ukraine is proposed. The structure of the conception which confirms its scientific character is defined: substantiation of the conception of the goal and directions of the conception realization; tasks concerning realization of directions defined in the conception; identification of steps (ways, measures, methods), the responsibles and timing of implementation; expected results. The factors influencing the formation of a high level of legal culture and citizens’ legal consciousness are determined, the most actual problems that are characteristic for the modern stage of Ukrainian society development are outlined. The structure of general goals and directions concerning the development of legal education in Ukraine is presented. The functions to be performed by the public administration system in the development of legal education (forecasting, planning, organizational, coordinational, regulating, accounting, controlling, informing, explanatory, propaganda, diagnostic, compensatory) are determined. It is proved that the conception should represent a system of views on the development of legal education, the formation of a state policy on the development of legal literacy of the population, consolidation of efforts of state authorities and government, local self-government and various civil society organizations in shaping legal knowledge, raising the level of legal culture and legal awareness of citizens.

A number of aspects of criminalistic prevention of theft committed by employees at enterprises are considered in the article; the results of the study of individual theoretical sources and the authors' monitoring of the opinion of employers on the effectiveness of criminalistic prevention of such crimes are presented; concluded that employers should be involved in this preventive system as its active subjects; the problem of employers' lack of knowledge is indicated, which makes this process difficult or makes it impossible at all; concluded that the importance of legal education in companies as a means of forensic prevention of theft committed by employees in enterprises.

The author, considering experience of realization of the St. Petersburg model of civic, ethic and legal training and education of children and youth, focus attention on its civil and legal a component. Trends of civil education and legal enlightenment trained in modern conditions are revealed. Need of research of this perspective by various social institutes is proved.

In this article the author describes the main forms of organization of legal education in a modern school library. The attention is focused on increasing attention to this issue on the part of society. Describes the theoretical and conceptual construct, on the basis of which may be based legal education of students. The main forms of legal education. Trends will drive the problem.

The article is devoted to the theoretical and legal analysis of legal education and legal behavior, the formation of anticorruption culture and anti-corruption consciousness in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The most important direction in combating corruption is anti-corruption education, which, first of all, uses the means of legal education and propaganda. It should be noted that these areas in the implementation of legal education require coordinated efforts not only of state bodies and specially authorized persons and structures. An important role in legal education is played by all institutions of civil society, human rights organizations, and also by individual citizens, in some way connected with the process of legal socialization of the individual. The implementation of the legal educational is not limited to specific and practical measures that are associated only with the formation of legal knowledge. As a general direc-tion, legal education is inextricably linked with the education of ethical, religious, cultural, psychological and other traditions. In their totality, these efforts contribute to strengthening the rule of law, legal order, enhancement of legal culture. Formation of negative perception of society to corruption and anti-corrup-tion education of the population should be an integral part of moral and civic education, legal culture, awareness of their rights and obligations to society.

Исследованы особенности воспитания профессионального правосознания у курсантов вузов войск национальной гвардии Российской Федерации. Рассматриваются общие вопросы формирования правосознания как одной из форм общественного сознания и специфические особенности воспитания профессионального правосознания у курсантов вузов войск национальной гвардии Российской Федерации как у будущих офицеров, чья профессиональная деятельность тесно связана с обеспечением законности и правопорядка. Указывается, что курсанты вузов войск национальной гвардии Российской Федерации являются носителями особого профессионального правового сознания, представленного совокупностью правовых знаний, сформированных ценностных установок и обусловленного спецификой военной службы личного и профессионального опыта. Процесс воспитания профессионального правосознания у курсантов вузов войск национальной гвардии Российской Федерации как у будущих правозащитников и правоприменителей рассматривается в неразрывной связи с их правовым воспитанием и правовой культурой. Исследуются педагогические и образовательные условия для формирования высокого уровня профессионального правосознания у курсантов вузов войск национальной гвардии Российской Федерации при личностно ориентированной модели обучения и принципов компетентностного подхода в образовании.

Copyright of Philosophy of Law & General Theory of Law / Filosofia Prava i Zagal'na Teoria Prava is the property of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article is given analysis of connection of geometric laws and creation of architectural objects. Researches have shown that while discovering of geometric laws of the Universe human beings used them to project architectural constructions. Starting from the Ancient times sculptors and architects paid huge attention to such terms like symmetry, proportions, golden section to attain beauty and harmony of the created piece. The researches allow to see big role of the geometric laws and rules in architecture, their practical usage in projection and construction of the temple buildings. Even the simplest geometric figure has its own semantic form in the architecture. The more perfect ways of geometric forms creation were used, the more intricate architectural objects became. In conclusion is proved significance of geometry studies and usage of its laws while projection of architectural constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the distinguishing features of man as a biological individual who is able to comprehend meaningfully the reality surrounding him and manage his actions is consciousness. Depending on the scientific-theoretical approaches or applied needs, it is customary to apply a certain differentiation of definitions of the concept of consciousness, for example, everyday or political, individual or mass, the consciousness of school or student youth, and other. One of its varieties, perhaps the most important at the present stage of development of society and statehood, is the legal consciousness of man. The problem of the formation and functioning of the human sense of justice is one of the most popular and constantly developed in a number of scientific fields. The purpose of the work is to study the state of scientific knowledge of the legal consciousness and legal culture of student, future pharmacists in the context of legal education in the university. Materials and methods. According to a specific goal, the research was based on the analysis of international and national legislation, the database of scientific research developments of the National Library of Ukraine V.I. Vernadsky, the study of author's scientific works and professional publications on the formation of consciousness, legal consciousness and legal culture of youth, in particular, student. Methods of research - bibliographic, linguistic, comparative analysis, content-legal analysis. Results. The basic link of society is a person, as a biological individual, to which such mental entities as mind, consciousness and will are inherent. These qualities enable it to critically perceive the surrounding being, to realize and determine its place in the society, to program its perspective and direct its actions according to a specific goal. A specific form of consciousness is legal consciousness (legal awareness) - the system of reflecting the legal reality in views, theories, concepts, feelings, people's ideas about law, its place and role in ensuring the freedom of the individual and other universal values. The level of assimilation by members of society of legal values (legal norms and principles, skills of lawful behavior, respect for law, etc.), the degree of mastering them and their practical implementation is a legal culture. It is an integral part of the general culture of both the society as a whole and its member, demonstrating the level of rightness and legal activity of society. Conclusions. During the research it was proved that the formation and improvement of the legal consciousness and legal culture is required by student youth, as the main bearer of the intellectual and physical potential of the nation. The issues of formation of legal consciousness and legal culture of students acquires special significance; these categories of youth should be formed not only by professionals of high qualification, but also by highly moral, highly cultured and law-conscious citizens - the real elite of a civilized, democratic society declared by the Constitution of Ukraine.

Introduction: the current modernization of legal education in Russia puts emphasis upon the development of its practical component. Enhancement of the quality of higher legal education directly depends on the inclusion of practice-oriented components. In this respect, it is necessary to develop training of future lawyers based on legal clinics as structural units of higher educational institutions. Clinical legal education should combine the special pre-theoretical training of students as well as the practical work that has to do with rendering free legal assistance to socially vulnerable categories of citizens. Materials and Methods: comparative analysis of the experience of various Russian legal clinics made it possible to identify the similarities and differences between them, comparing different versions of clinical training, recognizing common problems and proposing an effective model of legal clinics’ activity enabling the learners to obtain professional skills and to improve the quality of legal services rendered by students. Results: the authors demonstrate and analyze different activities of Russian legal clinics, established in institutions of higher education. The process of detecting differences among structural divisions of universities providing legal training, allowed us to determine the common problems encountered by a legal clinic during day-to-day activity. The authors propose a model for legal clinics’ effective activity pertaining to the implementation of a practice-based training of students. The article reveals the learning process of developing professional skills (interviewing and advising on legal issues, drafting legal documents, case analysis, etc.) gradually. Necessary conditions for ensuring quality of legal services provided by students under the guidance of teachers are highlighted. Discussion and Conclusions: recommendations for the future development of legal clinic education in Russian universities are given. The importance of expanding legal clinic-based education, its implementation in the educational process is underscored. The significance of legal clinics for bachelor’s and master’s degree programmes is pointed.

Представлен анализ теоретико-методологических основ формирования такой компоненты профессиональной компетентности педагога, как правовая компетентность. Дана характеристика содержания правовой компетентности педагога, основанная на требованиях, предъявляемых со стороны государства и общества. Рассмотрены современные методы правового обучения и воспитания на предмет их эффективности в формировании правовой компетентности будущих педагогов. Выявлено, что правовое образование будущих педагогов должно носить систематический и последовательный характер. Предложены основные направления по совершенствованию современной правовой подготовки будущих учителей.

The author of the article notes that the legal culture determines the level of legal knowledge, legal understanding and legitimacy. The article considers the peculiarities of the formation of the legal culture of the reign of Peter the Great. Attention is paid to causality and factors affecting the quality and condition of the legal consciousness and legal culture of the period under study looked through in the historical and legal context. The researcher concluded that the reforms of Peter I significantly changed the content of the legal culture of Russian society, primarily due to the increasing role of legislation and politics.

In 2014 the First International Student Film Festival took place in Novosibirsk Law Institute (branch) of the National Research Tomsk State University. The festival organizersare going to hold it every year and offer to consider the project as an innovative teaching tool for law students, as well as an effective form of legal education and legal training for the general population - according to the fundamentals of the state policy in the sphere of legal literacy and legal awareness of citizens of the Russian Federation.The authors formulate here a proposal for the further development of legal science in the paradigm of creating multimedia diversified applicative solutions: training films, short manuals and booklets, manuals and programs outlined in an accessible, concise manner. This will make an important step towards the convergence of legal science and practice, the modernization of legal sciences, and most importantly - to improve the effectiveness of law enforcement, to an increase in legal culture and consciousness of the population.

The system of legal education has been developing to a greater extent under requirements of the market, going out of professionals’ control. In the condition of uncontrolled growth the processes ofde ter ior ation of quality, under utilization of vocational education capacity and professional development take place. The study of this problem focuses on deformation of the careers of graduates with higher legal education, who have given up their specialty, and on the potential of this type of higher education to be the basis for transforming professional careers in other fields of activity. The research is based on the data of semi-structured interviews with graduates of law schools that do not work by a chosen profession. The circumstances of the choice of legal education and reasons of giving up the chosen profession are analyzed. It is also important to consider the resources of legal education for developing of professional careers in new areas.