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The assessment of the most informative methods of diagnostics of mechanisms with electric drive has been given; their realization in a measuring complex on the basis of the virtual device has been considered. The comparative analysis of vibration methods for the analysis of current spectra and the thermal method of nondestructive testing has been carried out. It has been stated that methods of vibration diagnostics are more sensitive to defects in the mechanical part of the electric drive (determination of defects in bearing assemblies, misalignment of shafts, imbalance of rotating parts). Analysis of the current spectrum at the early stage has shown the defects of rotor windings, static and dynamic rotor eccentricity. The temperature of the bearing assemblies and the stator (the thermal control method) indicates the defects in lubrication and cooling systems. The set of methods of nondestructive control allows increase the completeness and reliability of diagnosis of the mechanism with electric drive. The optimal solution to realize into one measuring instrument all methods of diagnostics is to use the technology of virtual instruments. The list of components for the measuring part of the complex and the functional scheme of the program for processing the results have been given. Spectra of vibration of defective mechanisms have been obtained with the help of the measuring complex based on the virtual instrument. Some recommendations have been given on the introduction of the virtual appliance in the State register of measuring instruments.

The current research studies the problems connected with interrelation between religiosity and intergroup hostility (or prejudice). We hypothesized and verified the connection between identification with religious group and ethno-national attitudes. Diagnostic methods measuring in-group religious identification, ethno-national attitudes, subjective categories of social consolidation and agreement with patriotic ideologems (by C.W. Leach, E. R. Agadullina, A.V. Lovakov, L. M. Drobizheva, O.E. Khukhlaev, N.V. Tkachenko, I.M. Kuznetsov, V.D. Shapiro) were used on the sample of 1032 participants (ages from 17 to 22 years), belonging to one of three religions: Buddhism (Kalmyks), Islam (Chechens) or Orthodoxy (Russians). The regression analysis provided statistically significant connections (p

The article is devoted to the transformation of the energy strategy of Russia in the conditions of the current economic crisis. The special attention is paid to current trends in the sphere of international relations having a decisive influence on the formation of Russia’s energy strategy. The authors point to the crisis of the modern world, the deepening of interstate contradictions, the expansion of confrontation, the revision of the uniform principles of trade, established by the World Trade Organization, the changes in the global financial system. The authors investigate the possibility of political arrangements between the leading suppliers of oil on the destabilization of the oil market in order to achieve geopolitical goals. In the article special attention is also paid to the issue of political motivation of anti-Russian sanctions directed at impeding Russia’s development and its Fuel & Energy Complex, in particular. Today, against the background of the current political situation, the energy strategy of Russia is exposed to adjustment. The country has the important task of ensuring technological independence of the energy sector on the basis of import substitution of the equipment, diversification of the directions of export of energy resources, preservation of leading positions in the world market of peaceful nuclear energy, etc. The authors conclude that the energy strategy of Russia is important part of foreign policy strategy of the country, and it is focused on practical cooperation with all countries and is aimed at protecting interests of the state.

This publication is a review of Herfried Münkler’s book “Empire: The logic of domination over the world - from Ancient Rome to the United States”, published in translation from German language in 2015. The reviewer describes the specifics of publication, focusing on the fact that the author analyzes in the framework of the political science discourse pressing issues regarding the development of empires as the powers affecting the militarystrategic, economic and social aspects. On the pages of his book, Münkler carefully analyzes discussions about the fate and quality of empire in the United States. H. Münkler raises questions about “boundaries of an Empire”, including those important subjects that are of great interest to political scientists who study the dynamics of relations between states and other actors in contemporary world politics. The reviewer notes that the author in the book overcomes taboo on imperial discourse in relation to modern democracies, which was initially due to the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the Warsaw Pact, as well as the concepts of liberal democracy triumph.

The article considers relevant to the differentiated and science-based expert qualifications psychological aspects of simulation delusional disorder. The results obtained in the pilot study aimed techniques persons in the simulated forensic psychiatric mental illness allowed on the basis of statistical, including cluster, identify specific analysis of this contingent combination of cognitive-style characteristics with features of mental activity and creativity. It was found that certain constellation of cognitive controllers features the process of consolidation, the level and quality of fancy products with an appropriate motivational installation is predispozitciej formation and presentation of delusional constructions. The authors highlighted as key: tolerance unrealistic experience, medium-high level of creativity, polenezavisimsot which, when paired with various aspects of intellectual activity contribute to the creation of certain kvazibredovyh concepts.

Aim: To assess the possibility of interpreting machine learning models to predict the early results of laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) in kidney tumors with consideration of surgical learning curve., Materials and Methods: The results of 320 consecutive laparoscopic NSS in patients with localized kidney tumors, performed by 4 surgeons, were analyzed. The construction of a machine learning model taking into account surgical learning curve was carried out based on the extreme gradient boosting (eXtreme Gradient Boosting). To identify significant factors and interpret the prognostic ability of the model, the SHapley Additive exPlanations method was used with a calculation of the Shapley value. Three groups of factors were chosen as an array of input data. The first group included demographic and clinical characteristics of patients, such as age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index, body mass index, preoperative glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In the second group, there were morphometric indicators of the kidney tumor, including RENAL. Nephrometry Score, PADUA (Preoperative Aspects and Dimensions Used for an Anatomical), C-index (Centrality index score), absolute tumor volume, localization of the tumor in relation to the kidney surface. In addition, factors associated with surgical learning curve, such as case number and perioperative results last 10 procedures, were analyzed. The target variables were duration of the procedure, warm ischemia time, and postoperative GFR after 24 hours., Results: The SHAP method allows a visual interpretation of a machine learning algorithm based on the extreme gradient boosting for individual prediction of early perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic NSS in patients with renal tumors. For the calculated new features "complexity", "slope angle" and others using the SHAP method, the high significance in building predictive models for target variables was confirmed, and an interpretation of the influence of specific features on the target variable in the constructed machine learning models was also given., Conclusion: The SHAP method showed good practical results that coincide with the observations of specialists. The use of such solutions will allow in the future to introduce machine learning models to form clinical decision support systems.

Aim: To evaluate the possibilities of textural analysis of 3D models in differentiating the degree of nuclear dysplasia of the clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)., Materials and Methods: The specimens after surgical treatment of 190 patients with ccRCC were analyzed. In all cases, nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) was performed through laparoscopic access. The clinical characteristics were evaluated, including age, gender, tumor localization (side, surface and segments), absolute tumor volume, Charlson comorbidity index, body mass index, nephrometry scores (RENAL, PADOVA, C-index). Patients were divided into 2 groups. In group 1, there were 119 patients with the ccRCC of Grade 1 or 2, while group 2 consisted of 71 patients with ccRCC of Grade 3 and 4. All patients underwent 3D virtual planning of procedure using the 3D modeling program "Amira". At the first stage, two experienced radiologists performed manual segmentation of 3D models of kidney parenchyma tumors. At the second stage, the tumor shape was analyzed with a mathematical calculation of three indicators and more than 300 textural features of statistics of types 1-2 were extracted. Further, an intellectual analysis was carried out. For the evaluation of tumor grade according to Furman system, the classification problem was solved using the machine learning algorithm Stochastic Gradient Descent and cross-validation k=5., Results: The accuracy of classification for the two groups of Grade 1 or 2 and Grade 3 or 4 on the F1 metric was 72.2. To build the model, the following parameters were selected: the absolute tumor volume, the Charlson comorbidity index, "Energy", the first quartile and the second decile of the pixel intensity distribution., Conclusion: The texture analysis of 3D models for the prediction of Fuhrman grade in ccRCC demonstrated satisfactory quality for two groups of Grade 1 or 2 and Grade 3 or 4 nuclear dysplasia.

The purpose of the study is to study the prevalence and frequency of sudden death (SD) from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the structure of non-violent death, taking into account the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. We analyzed the frequency of this indicator, compared it with the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, and determined the overall dynamics. We conducted a non-parametric analysis of the initial data, carried out clustering and visualization based on the following parameters of the initial sample: «CVD mortality in the structure of non-violent death», «morbidity» and «per capita income level». Correlation dependences of the level of mortality from CVD according to the form 42 on the indicated indicators of the socio-economic condition of the subject were determined. Identified subjects of the Russian Federation with an increase in mortality from CVD; established the dependence of the level of VS on CVD and a number of medical and economic indicators.

The main methods of intellectual analysis (IA) used in modern medicine are described in the review. The main areas for IA application in the healthcare are diagnostics, treatment, prognosis of the course and efficiency of treatment in various diseases. The IA is based on mathematical methods and algorithms. The basic concepts of IA along with examples of its use in urological practice are presented in the review.

Aim: to analyze the learning curve of surgeons while performing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in patients with localized renal parenchymal lesions by calculating the MIC (negative surgical margin, ischemia, and complications) index depending on tumor complexity according to the R.E.N.A.L. and PADUA nephrometric scores., Materials and Methods: the retrospective study included the results of laparoscopic partial nephrectomies in 320 patients with localized renal parenchymal lesions. The procedures were carried out by four surgeons from the Institute of Urology and Human Reproductive Health of FGAOU VO I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia (EC-1; ESH-4; EB-7; ME-13) from January 2014 to June 2019. At baseline, all operators had experience of performing at least 30 laparoscopic interventions. In addition to the standard preoperative examination, a 3D virtual planning was carried out using the Amira 3D modeling program. In all cases, the nephrometric assessment of complexity was performed according to the R.E.N.A.L. and PADUA scores. The learning curve was assessed based on the results of operations based on the MIC index. All surgical interventions were divided into eras. In the era, 40 consecutive procedures for each operator were evaluated. Acquired skills were assessed over two eras., Results: The average age of patients, of which 191 (59.7%) were men, was 54.4+/-11.37 years. The average body mass index was 28.55+/-3.85 kg/m2, the absolute volume of kidney lesions was 26.72+/-43.72 cm3, the average Charlson comorbidity index was 1.46+/-1.29, the average R.E.N.A.L. and PADUA scores were 6.38+/-1.75 and 7.92+/-1.51, respectively, the average duration of procedure was 150.36+/-50.18 min, the average blood loss was 227.94+/-280.22 ml, the average time thermal ischemia was 13.28+/-7.82 min. Postoperative complications were seen in 36 (11.2%) cases, of which grade III and more according to Clavien-Dindo developed in 8 patients (2.5%). A positive surgical margin was found in 4 (1.2%) patients. The overall MIC index was achieved in 243 (75.9%) cases; in era 1 it was seen in 71.9% cases in comparison with 80% in era 2. With the 1st degree of complexity (152 (47.5%) patients), MIC was achieved in 80.9% of cases, compared to 76.6% and 56.8% in patients with 2nd degree of complexity (n=124, 38.8%) and 3rd degree of complexity (n=44, 13.8%), respectively. Rate of MIC achievement in eras 1 and 2 for different surgeons were as following: 65% and 72.5%, 75 and 80%, 87.5 and 85% and 60 and 82.5%, for operator 1, 4, 7 and 13, respectively. Age, tumor complexity, R.E.N.A.L. score and PADUA score were the most significant parameters for determining MIC, identified on the basis of the criterion of equality of group means of discrete analysis., Conclusion: In all surgeons, the MIC index increased with the accumulation of experience in performing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, but was lower with an increased degree of complexity of procedures. The minimum number of laparoscopic partial nephrectomies required to achieve an MIC more or equal 70% should be at least 40.

Aim: The identification of clinical-psychopathological and pathopsychological components involved in the formation of syndromes of delusional and overvalued constructions., Material and Methods: Authors examined 93 subjects using experimental psychological techniques for detection of cognitive styles., Results and Conclusion: A specific combination of phenomenological disorders and cognitive style characteristics in different types of delusional (sensual, imaginative and interpretive) and delusion-like (overvalued) states has been singled out. It has been shown that a specific combination of different cognitive-motivational controllers of intellectual process underlies the mechanisms of these disorders. It is a basis for the formation of specific structures of pathological personal meanings with the dominance of imaginative or ideational patterns or deformations of the semantic significance of the stimuli.

The authors proposed the new methods of forming of microsurgical biliary-enteric anastomoses with sphincteric and antireflux properties. Development and anatomico-experimental substantiation of the new methods were performed on 68 experimental animals (dogs) and 20 organocomplexes of human cadavers. An experimental approbation of microsurgical biliary-enteric anastomoses showed the possibility, safety and high function of anastomoses. Microsurgical technique and developed methods of biliary-enteric anastomoses were applied on 65 patients with good results.

Aim: To study and compare the results of reconstructive and restoretive operations for strictures and bile duct injuries in patients operated by traditional methods and with the use of microsurgical techniques., Materials and Methods: analysis of 181 and reconstructive restore operations reconstruction works produced on the occasion of strictures (111) and intraoperational damage (16) of the bile ducts, strictures choledocho-duodenal anastomosis and choledochocele (20), congenital cysts of the bile ducts (10), chronic indurative pancreatitis (15), the Fatherof papilla stenosis (5), syndrome Mirizzi 4 types (4). In the formation biliodigestive anastomoses traditional technique applied in 116 patients, microsurgical by 65., Results: a comparative evaluation of results of surgical treatment of patients operated on traditional way and with the use of microsurgery technique showed a reduction in the number of postoperative complications in patients undergoing microsurgical operations, such as the insolvency of the seams biliodigestive anastomosis, hepatic failure, acute cholangitis, stricture of the biliodigestive anastomosis., Conclusion: to improve the results of reconstructive operations on the extrahepatic bile ducts contributes microsurgical techniks, which provides minimal trauma to the tissues, histologically accurate adaptation of homogeneous layers sew bodies, contributes healing of biliodigestive anastomosis primary tension. In the absence of conditions for the imposition of microsurgical bilitigating anastomosis without frame drainage should prima adopt changeable transhepatic drainage as in reconstructive and restorative operations.

Despite low invasiveness, lacrimal passages, intubation in children requires general anaesthesia to prevent traumatic and neurological complications. General anaesthesia with sevoflurane is optimal for technical simplicity, safety and controllability. Methods of face mask inhalation anesthesia with halothan and sevoflurane were compared in 996 patients. The authors have developed their own standart of performing the face mask inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane in children during lacrimal passages intubation. This allowed to minimize the number of intra- and postoperative complications in children, to reduce period of postanesthetic observation, to advance the peroral compensation of fluid deficit.

Methodology of estimating the integral health and aging level is based on the system index of biological age (BA). The paper introduces the reader to the BA principles and structure, search for meaningful aging biomarkers, useful tests, and applications in present-day biomedicine. The concept of BA is directly linked with the theory of organism vitality. BA biomarkers must provide a detailed picture of the process of aging. Number of biomarkers cannot be large, while their changes with aging must be uniform in every population member and fairly distinct though with moderate interindividual variations. Prognosis of the vital trajectory requires estimation of risk factors, i.e. hereditary and acquired factors that affect lifespan, and also longevity factors, i.e. genetic and environmental factors crucial for clinical medicine and gerontological prophylaxis properly. At present, BA gains wide recognition in clinical and preventive medicine, physiology and biology as a method to evaluate the general state of health, ecological well-being, adaptation to extreme factors, as well as the rate and degree of organism aging.

Pharmacological safety of a new type of HCV inhibitor, AV0012, was studied including acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity in mice, rats and monkeys. Genotoxicity was assessed using the Ames test and the chromosomal aberrations assay in the bone marrow cells of mice. It is established that AV0012 has low toxicity in SHK line mice, Wistar line rats, and monkey of Rhesus macaques species. Results obtained in the study of genetic toxicity showed that AV0012 exhibits no mutagenic activity. Data on general toxicity and mutagenicity discussed in this paper, together with data on 1 the pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism published previously, allow us to consider AV0012 as a candidate drug for clinical research phase I.

It is proven that angiogenesis and cartilage resorption processes involving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors play an important role in bone tissue regeneration and bone tumor development. A comparative analysis of VEGE VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2 and angiogenin content in blood serum of healthy persons, and patients with primary malignant, benign and borderline bone tumors was performed. 366 bone tumor patients aged 14-76 years were examined; 223 (60,9%) male and 143 (39,1%) -female. Control group included 48 practically healthy subjects aged 15-69 years; 25 (52,1%) male and 23 (47,9%) female. Serum VEGE VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2 and angiogenin concentrations measured using standard ELISA kits produced by "R&D Systems Inc. ", USA. It was shown that long-term treatment outcome (3-years overall survival) of typical osteosarcoma patients depended on tumor malignancy grade (determined by the criterion G). Baseline serum VEGF, its soluble receptors and angiogenin concentrations had no predictive value.

Experimental study of morphological peculiarities of intestinal wall and common bile duct wall healing using microsurgical sutures under the condition of peritonitis and cholangitis, was performed in 112 dogs. It was shown that the microsurgical suturing of intestinal wall and common bile duct wall affected by the inflammatory process, created the favorable conditions for wound healing. During the recovery period, the thickness of all the layers of the intestinal wall decreased, the disturbances of the normal fibrous structure and the vascular reaction of the submucosa were reduced. Connective tissue capsule was formed around the threads. The structure of the suture zone was not different from that of the neighboring areas of the intestine.

It is shown that metformin, which is a drug used for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolizes itself in vivo in the intestine and liver of mice with the release of nitric oxide. Subsequently the released nitric oxide forms paramagnetic mono- and dinitrosyl iron complexes which can be registered by EPR method. It is suggested that nitric oxide is just responsible for multifarious therapeutic action of metformin such as lowering of blood glucose level, reduction of arterial hypertension and other biological effects.

The primary objective of prophylactic medical examination of oncological patients is reduction of mortality and improvement of the quality of life. Activities of the Department of Head and Neck Tumours of No 1 Oncological Clinical Dispensary are focused on dynamic follow-up of treated patients for early identification of continued tumour growth, diagnosis of relapses and metastases. Compliance with the schedule of control examination in the post-treatment period facilitates early identification of continued tumour growth, diagnosis of relapses and metastases. It is maintained that irregular examination is a cause of progression of latent relapses and metastasis in oncological patients. Actions and duties of district otorhinolaryngologists and ENT specialists of the Department of Head and Neck Tumours, No 1 Oncological Clinical Dispensary are outlined for the periods of prophylactic medical examination and follow up studies at the pre-hospital stage and in the course of dynamic post-treatment observations. Continuity of patients' care provided by oncologists and otorhinolaryngologists is supposed to contribute to the reduction of time spent during pre-treatment studies, early diagnosis of relapses and metastases, and improvement of the quality of life in the patients with incurable and recurring tumours.

The use of modern methods of radiodiagnostics (USI, MRT) having high information value and arthroscopic manipulations allow determination of the character of injuries of soft-tissue structures of the humeral articulation and decision on the adequate method of treatment. The arthroscopic stabilization of the humeral articulation is the operation of choice for traumatic dislocations of the shoulder, especially in people with high degree of motor activity.

An experience with diagnostics and surgical treatment of 291 patients with complicated course of lung cancer is described with special reference to specificities of the clinical course, preoperative management and operation technique. It was shown that the purposeful preoperative management allowed the assessment of the patients, previously thought to be inoperable, to be revised in 25% of cases, and the frequency of postoperative complications and lethality to be reduced to 14 and 3.5% respectively. The 5 year survival of lung cancer patients with paracancrous alterations was 20.7%.

Incidence of lung cancer associated with secondary paracancerous changes is known to range 13.7-30%. Since they reveal such clinical symptoms as pneumonia or empyema, most out-patients with complicated cancers are referred to general wards. Inflammatory parenchymal pathology may be conducive to false-positive or -negative diagnosis even when highly-sophisticated radiation procedures are used.

The work presents an experience with the diagnosing of synchronous tumors of double localization in 256 patients. Operations were performed on 146 of them. Single-stage operations were made in 55 cases. When performing single-stage operations, 20 patients were found to have cancer of the lung with distant metastases or cancer of other localization with a metastasis in the lung. In the other 35 patients the diagnosis of true polyneoplasia was made followed by radical operations. Advantages of single-stage operations are shown, performing the first stage of the operation on the lung being substantiated. The five year survival after surgical treatment of multiple primary cancer was 15%.

The authors made an analysis of anomalies of the bile ducts with special reference to anatomical peculiarities and iatrogenic lesions of the bile ducts. The anomalies of bile ducts were found in 2.07% of 676 patients operated on for complicated cholelithiasis. Primary operative interventions and reoperations in the patients were completed with the formation of the constriction-biliodigestive anastomoses of different levels having antireflux functions. The authors describe the operation technique and results of the treatment of bile duct obstruction.

The implantation of the allo-tendon tissue sterilized with gaseous ethylene oxide was carried out in 51 while rats. Results of histological investigations are described and a comparative estimation is given of durability of the properties of ethyleneoxide sterilized allotendons of the human with the anterior cruciate ligament and dermal tissue. A conclusion is made that it is possible to use the tendon allotransplants in clinical practice.

Results of treatment of acute intestinal obstruction with long-term block of the left thoracic sympathetic trunk, paraaortal and paraesophageal vegetative plexuses, vagus and posterior bronchial plexuses are analyzed. Compared with long-term epidural block this method permits one to reduce 2 times the rate of postoperative complications and lethality, to shorten the hospital stay by 5 days. Long-term block of thoracic vegetative nervous trunks provide manipulations out of structures of the spinal column and permits to influence directly both parts of the vegetative nervous system.

A total of 326 patients were operated on the heart under total and combined epidural anesthesia. Multicomponent total anesthesia in combination with epidural blocking is indicated for patients with coronary disease, aortal and mitral valve failure, arterial and pulmonary hypertension. The dose of fentanyl is decreased 2.98 times, duration of forced ventilation of the lungs 2-fold, and the incidence of cardiovascular and pulmonary complications is reduced in patients subjected to cardiosurgical interventions under total anesthesia in combination with epidural blocking.

The analysis of 36 case records of patients with peritonitis (n = 12) and intestinal obstruction (n = 24) is presented. Nasogastrointestinal intubation of the small bowel was used in combined treatment. The aims, indications and contraindications for the intubation are formulated. Bacteriologic and biochemical parameters of bowel content were studied. It was established that the quantity of enterobacteria and unfermenting gram-negative bacteria was increased in intestinal paresis, the alkaline phosphatase, amylase, bilirubin, transaminase, a potassium content were increased as well. For the tube to function from the first hours after its introduction it should be periodically properly washed with sodium hypochlorite in concentration 300 mg/l.

Prion diseases belong to a group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by conformational changes--destroying the alpha-helices--in prion proteins (PrP). We performed a phylogenetic analysis of 32 PrP sequences and restored the most probable evolutionary spectrum of amino acid substitutions. Although prion proteins are not too conserved judging from the evolutionary rates, conserved substitutions leading only to amino acids with similar physical and chemical parameters occurred in evolution within the putative helical PrP regions. Those substitutions that destroy alpha-helices primarily arose in prion proteins as was demonstrated by the methods of prediction of protein secondary structure used for analysis of the complete spectrum of single-step substitutions in human PrP sequences. The data obtained support a suggestion that prion diseases result from changes in PrP conformation manifested in destroying the alpha-helices and formation of beta-structures.

The paper presents a new method for fixing bone fragments and the entire zygomatic bone in patients with comminuted fractures of the zygomatico-orbital complex. Demonstrates the possibility of repair of the zygomatic bone and the contours of the zygomatico-orbital area. Discusses the probability of venous inclusion in the treatment of patients with posttraumatic deformations of the upper and median zones of the face. Stable cosmetic and functional results were attained in 12 patients treated by this method.

Some aspects were studied of the occurrence of disseminated sclerosis (DS) in the south of Ukraine (Odessa and Nikolaev Provinces) with special reference to geoclimatic, ecological and ethnic factors over the period 1992-1993, DS incidence was noted to be on the increase in the region, which fact permits classifying the South territories of Ukraine as a zone with moderate DS prevalence. Data are submitted on nonuniformity of distribution of frequency of DS cases on the territory in question. Lineage was traced to the climatic-and-geographic factors of the region, locality one lives in as well as to sex and race.