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Objective: To determine the prognostic value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels in the first trimester for the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in obese pregnant women. Methods: A prospective observational descriptive cohort study included 105 obese women with a body mass index (BMI) ranging from 25.0 to 29.99 kg/m² in the first trimester. The main group consisted of 31 pregnant patients with GDM. The control group included 74 pregnant women without carbohydrate metabolism disorders. BMI and hsCRP concentration in venous blood serum were determined for each woman. All laboratory measurements were performed simultaneously in the same laboratory by the same specialist. The median, 1st, and 3rd quartiles were used to describe the central tendency. The diagnostic value of the parameters (GDM prognosis) was assessed using the area (AUC) under the characteristic receiveroperating curve (ROC). Differences were considered statistically significant if p

Background. The teacher needs to analyse and promptly make changes in each student’s dosage of physical activity in the class. At the same time, students within the group differ from each other in gender, age, physical fitness and health level. Such differences make it difficult to clearly discern the individual characteristics of every student and thus to help them develop their physical data in the best way, choose a proper motor regime to improve their health. The aim of the work is to calculate and analyse the physical health index for 1st-year students of the 2023-2024 academic year at the Russian New University in scores in order to control their physical condition in the discipline “Physical Culture”. Materials and methods. The survey used the methods, tests and computer programmes developed by the Association “People’s Sports Park”. The Association “People’s Sports Park” has a patent of the Russian Federation No. 2147208 for the “Method of assessing physical health reserves and working capacity of the population” and the ownership right to the computer programme processing and evaluating testing results for different categories of the population. Materials of the research: data from 15 tests for the following human body systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, nervous. The tests include measurements made both in the state of relative dormancy and in dynamics. The main method of working with the obtained data was their statistical processing and analysis of its results. Results. The article reflects the findings of the study of the first-year students’ heart rhythm obtained with the use of technical means and recorded in real time. The calculation of the physical health index (PHI) of the first-year students made in the 2023-2024 academic year showed the following distribution: • 34% of the students scored between 3 and 3.9 out of 6 points maximum and have a satisfactory level of health and performance ability; • 41% of the first-year students have an unsatisfactory physical condition, which corresponds to 2.0-2.9 points out of 6 maximum; • 25% of the first-year students have good and excellent health levels, which corresponds to 4-6 points; • 75% of the first-year students have a quality of health that requires perfection and maximum control by specialists.

The paper considers the application of meteorological characterisation methodology to the regions recommended for NPP construction in Nigeria. Regions Geregu and Itu are considered as such, with significantly different meteorological characteristics, as they are located in different parts of the country (the former in the arid region, in the centre of the country, the latter - on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in the Niger Delta). The methodology provides the mathematical apparatus for calculating the main characteristics of the surface layer of the atmosphere model. The use of this apparatus made it possible to estimate the general character of meteorological characteristics of the regions (longitudinal wind speed, turbulent diffusion coefficient, parameter characterising the transverse dispersion of impurity) and their averaged values used further as some parameters allowing to determine the characteristics of environmental radioactive contamination, which can include the air basin and the underlying surface. The use of a geophysical model of the surface layer of the atmosphere and the meteorological parameters obtained made it possible to answer a number of questions concerning the peculiarities of atmospheric transport of radioactive impurity characteristic of the regions of Nigeria in which the Government of Nigeria intends to build nuclear power plants. Therefore, the axial and transverse distributions of radioactive impurity as a function of atmospheric stability were obtained under hypothetical radiation accidents, which revealed the peculiarities of p/a impurity distribution in these regions. The presented results of calculations should be taken into account when estimating the size of the sanitary protection zone around NPPs in one and another region and the necessary and sufficient number of environmental radiation monitoring stations when they are located within these zones

The purpose of the study is to justify the use of the invariance property of the index method to study the change in the structure of tax revenues of Russian regions in the period from 2017 to 2021. The object of the study is eighty-five regions of the Russian Federation, and the subject is their financial and economic activities. Data from Rosstat and the Russian Federation’s FTS were used for the analysis. To date, the index method is actively used in the conduct of economic analysis at the macro- and meso-levels. The novelty of the study is that only the authors of the article on the basis of indices monitor the state of activity of the regions of the country, based on their tax revenues. The quantitative analysis is implemented using the statistical processing and data visualization functions of the R programming language. The intersubjective comparison was done to identify areas that require financial and economic transformation to improve the activities of the country’s regions. The comparison is made not only for one time, but also in dynamics. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the proposed tax income effectiveness index is an invariant indicator, independent of time and changes in the amount of tax income. It follows from the stationarity of the considered feature that the index values for 2017–2021 can be combined into a single homogeneous statistical aggregate. It was concluded that the index of effectiveness could be used as a grouping feature for the classification of Federation entities. The methodology developed can allow to intensify the socio-economic growth of the regions, indicating points requiring changes. In this regard, the results of the analysis can be useful to: the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation for the development of financial and tax policy; the Ministry of Economic Development and administrations of the subjects of the Russian Federation, indicating the economic zones of regions that need to be improved; to representatives of the business community when conducting economic analysis of regions.

Background. The relevance of the topic is due to the need for a friction pair for hip replacement, which could ensure longer functioning without the need for revision operations. The purpose of the work is a comparison of the strength of the design of the head and liner of the hip joint endoprosthesis with a friction pair made of monolithic and non-monolithic USB carbositall. Materials and methods. The computer model of the hip joint is based on the finite element method. To assess the strength, the P.P. Balandin criterion was used. Results. The developed computer models made it possible to evaluate the strength of various designs of the head and liner of the hip joint endoprosthesis. Evaluation of the obtained stress data revealed insufficient strength of the design of the mobility unit of the hip joint endoprosthesis with non-monolithic USB carbositall. The design of the endoprosthesis with monolithic USB carbositall has a safety margin of 4.5. Conclusions. The design of the head and liner using monolithic components of USB carbositall makes it possible to provide a sufficient margin of safety for the mobility unit for use in hip arthroplasty.

Determining the minimum required cooling time of profiled assemblies at the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant, taking into account the load schedule, is an analytical process to establish the shortest required period during which profiled assemblies used in the nuclear power plant energy process must remain in active use. This process considers factors related to changes in the electrical load on the station during different periods. Within the scope of this definition, an analysis of the technical characteristics of profiled assemblies is conducted as well as their impact on the overall performance of the nuclear power plant. Key considerations in the cooling time include operational safety, compliance with regulatory requirements, and efficient distribution of energy resources in accordance with the load schedule. The goal of this process is to ensure optimal and safe operation of profiled assemblies, adapted to changes in the electrical grid and aligned with the load schedule, thereby contributing to the more efficient functioning of the nuclear power plant. This study aims to substantiate the minimum required cooling time for profiled nuclear assemblies characterized by an average uranium enrichment of 3.82% and an average burnup of 45.7 Megawatt-days per kilogram of uranium (MWD/kgU). Calculations are performed using the ORIGEN-ARP program, part of the SCALE software package designed for the analysis and modeling of radioactive and nuclear processes. The study considers parameters such as the composition of nuclear assemblies, fuel burnup, modeling using the ORIGEN-ARP program, and safety analysis. The results obtained aim to make a significant contribution to enhancing the efficiency and safety of nuclear energy installations

Introduction The problem a large number of revision operations due to aseptic loosening after primary hip arthroplasty necessitates the search for a new material for a friction pair. The pyrocarbon, which has high tribological characteristics, can be used both in a monolithic and in a prefabricated design; however, the manufacture of a monolithic pyrocarbon block complicates production. Aim Compare the strength characteristics of the stem head and liner designs with monolithic and non-monolithic pyrocarbon. Materials and methods To assess the reliability of the designs, a digital mathematical model of the head and liner implants with a monolithic and non-monolithic pyrocarbon component was built. After the manufacture of prototypes friction pairs, an assessment of the static load on bench tests was carried out. Results While analyzing the mathematical model, the construct of non‑monolithic pyrocarbon broke in one of the experiments, while the strength of the construct of monolithic pyrocarbon was 4.5 times higher than the stresses arising under load. While studying the maximum static load, the friction pair from monolithic pyrocarbon exceeded the maximum possible load in the human hip joint by 5 times. Discussion The studies allow us to be confident about the reliability of the design in in vitro studies, which will create conditions for reducing the number of revision surgeries after hip arthroplasty. Conclusion Based on the data obtained, the design of the head and liner of the hip joint endoprosthesis with a friction pair made of carbon material will provide high reliability under conditions of functioning in the hip joint at maximum loads. It serves as a prerequisite for conducting a clinical study of the proposed friction pair.

The spent nuclear fuel storage system is designed to store and cool spent fuel for several years taking into account scheduled reloads and unloading of the entire core accumulated after use in a nuclear reactor. It consists of special pools or containers where spent fuel is placed for temporary storage before final treatment or disposal. These systems provide safe and efficient storage of spent fuel to prevent radioactive material from leaking into the environment and minimize risks to human health and the natural environment. The events that occurred during the Fukushima nuclear disaster on March 11, 2011, underscored the importance of safe storage of spent fuel in the spent fuel storage pool. Storage safety has therefore become a key aspect in this area. This article describes the heat sink loss calculations for the analytical substantiation of the emergency response instructions for the shutdown state of the Armenian NPP power unit No.2 using the RELAP5/Mod3.2 computer code. The initiating event in the event of loss of heat removal from the spent fuel pool is considered. The analysis of nuclear safety in the course of the development of a beyond design basis accident with a long NPP blackout was carried out in relation to the spent fuel pool of a power unit with a reactor plant WWER-440 (project V-270). The radiation consequences are estimated. The article provides calculations of the following accidents to determine the necessary actions of the operator: loss of heat removal from the spent fuel pool without operator action and loss of heat removal from the spent fuel pool from the organizations of subsequent make-up of the spent fuel pool with a boron cleaning pump (2NBO-2). The calculations are based on boundary and initial conditions corresponding to the assumptions of the «better estimate».

Background. Aseptic loosening of hip replacement components is a worldwide problem. To reduce the risk of developing this postoperative complication, work is underway to improve the materials of the friction pair, the wear products of which are the main cause of aseptic instability. The purpose of the study is to use the mathematical modeling of the mobility unit of a hip joint endoprosthesis with a friction pair made of monolithic pyrolytic carbon, evaluate the stresses in the structure and determine the dependence of the obtained indicators on the size of the components. Materials and methods. The assessment of stresses in the structures of a friction pair made of pyrocarbon was carried out on a mathematical model of the head and liner, with the loads described in GOST R ISO 14242-3– 2013. Two designs with a diameter of 28 mm and 38 mm were investigated. The variable parameters were the size of the gap between the mating parts of the head and the liner and the angle of application of the load to the liner. Results. The stresses in the structures did not exceed the strength of the materials. The margin of safety was 4.5 in the 28 mm design and 5.2 in the 38 mm design.

Background. Osseointegration of medical equipment, including implants, into the bone is one of the main conditions for a successful outcome of surgical treatment. To improve the reliability of the functioning of medical equipment products by improving the osseointegrative properties, the authors have developed a unique technology for developing the surface of the implanted component. Thus, the aim of the work is to develop a technology for developing the surface of medical equipment products based on laser metal foaming. Materials and methods. Experimental studies have shown that the surface geometry and structure of the surface layer after laser foaming meet the requirements for medical equipment products for better osseointegration into the patient's bone. The results were confirmed by optical and electron microscopy data. Results. Studies have shown that the composition of the gaseous medium has the most significant effect on the structure of the surface layer. This factor determines the appearance in the surface layer of a large number of chemical compounds that significantly change the properties of the material. During the experiment, this factor was varied, and the rest were stabilized at a constant level. It has been established that the increase in the chemical inhomogeneity of the surface layer increases significantly with the introduction of air into the composition. When Argon is used as a working medium, the surface structure is normalized to the level of the material base. Conclusions. In the process of work, a developed structure was created on the selected surface area without changing the chemical composition with an increase in the area of osseointegrated structures up to 100 % of the original surface. For processing, it is recommended to use an inert gas medium, and the medium pressure must be above 8 bar. The feed speed of the laser head should be at least 5000 mm/min, but not exceed 10 000 mm/min.

Efficiency of economic activity of 85 regions of the Russian Federation is analyzed in this article. The purpose of the research is assessment the interregional inequality of the Russian regions. The analysis was based on the total tax revenues collected within all the Russian regions. The research was based on methods of analysis and synthesis, analogy and generalization, comparison and comparison, induction and deduction, economic-mathematical and statistical methods of estimation of income inequality. For its implementation, coefficients and indices were used: Lorentz, Ginny, Robin Hood, Theil, Atkinson, and Herfindahl-Hirschman. Part of the analysis was performed in the analytical module of the information system “Taxes of the Russian Federation”. Based on the Russian Federation subjects’ economic activity model, it is concluded that the total tax revenues collected on regions reflect the effectiveness of its functioning. A more accurate picture is described with the quotient of the tax revenues’ division by the labor resources engaged in their creation. Based on the methods used and data provided by the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation and Rosstat, was made of the uniformity of tax revenue collection among 85 subjects of the Russian Federation in the period from 2015 to 2020, all applied coefficients and indices were calculated. Using the share of employed population and tax revenues, the Lorenz curves and size diagrams (box plot) for the ratio of these shares (r) in the period under consideration are constructed and the emissions (outlier) in the distribution of tax revenues are determined. The dynamics of tax revenues and their variation are estimated. The obtained values of inequality indicators and indices showed that the distribution of tax revenues among 85 regions of the Russian Federation is uneven. Simultaneously, this situation is evident throughout the period under review. The subjects whose tax income values can be attributed to outliers have been identified. It is concluded that the problem of uneven development of regions of the country is traced through centuries. A way out of this situation is to use differentiated financial and tax policies in relation to different regions of the country.

This article discusses the only Armenian nuclear power plant operation in Transcaucasia, the energy demand of the population of the Republic of Armenia, the restoration and secondary launch of nuclear power plants, environmental impact assessment, and prospects for the development of nuclear energy in the country. Data on personnel dose loads, emissions and discharges of nuclear power plants, soil and water pollution in the monitoring area for 2020 are presented.

The article provides a brief analytical review of radiation effects associated with the impact of ionizing radiation on biological objects. The processes of the action of ionizing radiation on molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which occur in the body at the cellular level during its absorption, are considered. It is shown that in a wide range of dose rates generated by ionizing radiation when the latter acts on biological objects and, in particular, on humans, the most dangerous are the genetic consequences, which play an essential role for the population of countries that actively use ionizing radiation in industry. Other uses include medicine, particular types of production, as well as in the production of electricity at nuclear power plants. Particular attention is paid to the effects of ionizing radiation on children, requiring increased attention in the diagnosis of diseases in post-nuclear accidents, as well as during the diagnosis or treatment of radiation. As methods of radiation monitoring of ionizing radiation, the article provides a brief presentation of an automated system of radiation monitoring of the environment with its goals, objectives, and methods to minimize the consequences of radiation accidents at existing nuclear power plants.

The paper discusses the issues of international cooperation on environmental issues in Nigeria: the role of international agreements in the field of environmental ecology; basic principles of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection; environmental education in Nigeria; principles of environmental project management; and a number of measures to reduce atmospheric pollution. The issues of coordination both between the state and between international organizations dealing with similar problems, as well as issues of mutually beneficial cooperation in the field of environmental ecology are considered in the research paper. The issues under consideration acquire particular relevance in connection with the discussion of the possibility of nuclear power plant building in Nigeria.

The article analyzes the multifaceted activities of A. S. Milovidov in the field of philosophy, ethics and aesthetics, describes his contribution to the development of philosophical problems of war, peace and security.

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of spontaneous combustion of energy grades of coal not only during storage, but also during transportation. As the main samples for the study, the energy grades of SS and Zh coals were selected. The main task of the scientific research was to study the rate of cooling and heating of coal depending on their thermophysical parameters and environmental parameters. To solve this problem, the authors used both the author's installations designed to study the thermophysical parameters of the spontaneous combustion process (the Ya.S.Kiselev method), and the NETZSCH STA 449 F3 Jupiter synchronous thermal analysis device, the NETZSCH Proteus Termal Analysis software package. On the basis of a complex study of the spontaneous combustion process, the authors of the article obtained the kinetic characteristics of the spontaneous heating process (activation energy and pre-exponential multiplier). Nomograms of the permissible size of coal density of different types and shapes of accumulation depending on the ambient temperature are presented, practical recommendations for the prevention (avoidance) of spontaneous combustion of coal fuel are given.

Manufacturing industry functioning efficiency on the territory of the Russian Federation has been analysed. Statistical data offered by the Federal Tax Service and the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia have been used for research. The object of the study is 85 subjects of the Russian Federation, the subject of the study is the type of economic activity “Manufacturing”, which operates on their territories. The methodological basis of the research were the general scientific methods of cognition. As special methods of cognition, statistical methods were chosen. The index method as a private scientific method has been used. An indicator of the effectiveness of the economic activity “Manufacturing” has been developed. The structure of tax revenues and employed population by type of economic activity in 2017 has been studied. A distribution of subjects by type of economic activity “Manufacturing” has been created.

The subject of the research is the economies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the branches of economic activity functioning in their territories. The aim of the study is to develop methods for assessing the efficiency of economic sectors and types of economic activity within the boundaries of 85 constituent entities of the Russian Federation and to create a rating of the efficiency of the constituent entities by the type of economic activity “Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water”. Economic and statistical methods, system analysis, as well as general scientific methods of comparison were used. The main calculations are based on the tax revenue efficiency index developed by the authors by types of economic activity. It is based on 13 indicators, where each corresponds to the type of economic activity and assesses the level of economic development of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The authors analyzed the reports on tax revenues and the number of employed population in the context of economic activities. Data analysis and parameter estimation were carried out by means of the statistical information processing program IBM SPSS Statistics 20, the analytical module of the Russian Taxes regional tax revenue information analysis system and the MS Excel 365 tabular processor. Based on the proposed method, the distribution of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation was obtained according to the values index of tax revenues for all types of economic activity in 2016. The effectiveness of tax revenues for individual indicators included in the index was considered. The distribution of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation by the type of economic activity “Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water” was obtained. The distribution indicators for each constituent entity of the Russian Federation were calculated. Graphs showing the structure of the tax revenues efficiency index in the Moscow region and in the Altai Republic in 2016 were built. The proposed method allows to obtain a comprehensive indicator of the system’s activities and development, to assess its potential, to define goals, to identify infrastructural problems and the shortcomings in economic diversification, as well as to evaluate investment risks and threats.

Based on the theory of systems the conceptual model of functioning of the budget Russian Federation system is offered. The budget system is considered as the big diffusion system consisting of 85 social and economic subsystems. The analysis of profitable and account parts of the consolidated budget Russian Federation is carried out. Also the conceptual model of financial and economical activity of the territorial subject of the Russian Federation is offered. Financial and economic activities of two territorial subjects of the Russian Federation are researched.

Background. Heart valve bioprostheses made from glutaraldehyde-treated bovine and porcine pericardia are widely used in open and transcatheter valve surgeries. However, the glutaraldehyde cross-linkage leads to bioprosthetic calcification in many patients. Epoxides are advantageous alternatives to glutaraldehyde, since they engender the biomaterial with better calcification resistance. The cross-linking features of an epoxy compound depend on its chemical structure and have not been fully studied so far. Aim. The study is aimed at comparing the effectiveness and molecular mechanisms of biomaterial treatment using diepoxide vs pentaepoxide compounds. Methods. We studied the stability of diepoxide and pentaepoxide in water and aqueous buffered solutions, as well as the amino acid composition, type of epoxide links with collagen matrix (infrared spectroscopy) and mechanical properties of bovine and porcine pericardia treated with 5% diepoxide, a mixture of 2% diepoxide and 1% pentaepoxide, and with alternating 5% diepoxide and 2% pentaepoxide treatments. Results. Diepoxide and pentaepoxide are both stable in aqueous buffer solutions (pH 7.4). Diepoxide provides high linkage density in bovine and porcine pericardia due to reactions with the amino groups of the OHLys, Lys, His, and Arg residues, and the hydroxyl groups of OHPro, Ser, and Tyr, while pentaepoxide reacts only with Met. Pentaepoxide enhances the strength and elasticity of the xenopericardium. Specimens consecutively treated with diepoxide and pentaepoxide were significantly thinner and featured the highest maximal tensile stress, maximal strain and elastic modulus in comparison with tissues treated with 5% diepoxide and diepoxide-pentaepoxide mixture. Conclusion. The alternating diepoxide-pentaepoxide combination for biomaterial cross-linking is a promising trend for bioprosthetic pericardium treatment.

This report was prepared by the staff of the Institute for Economic Forecast of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. It gives suggestions to implement priority measures to facilitate the transfer the Russian economy to the direction defined by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (est. May 7, 2018). The report also highlights priority directions of the economic policy, primarily in investment activity, development of the domestic market, as well as financial and organizational support for the suggested actions.

Topic. The article examines the problems associated with forecasting of the development prospects of the economy.Purpose. The creation of a model used to predict the replenishment of budgets of all levels. Analysis of the state of the Russian economy in general and its 85 re gions.Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of economic and statistical techniques, system analysis, and scientific methods of comparison and mapping. The work applied the proposed the authors the term “macroeconomic production function” — an analog of the production function, which expresses the dependence of production results of the enterprise and factors of production. We used data on tax revenues for all kinds of taxes, employment and gross regional product contained in consolidated informationanalytical system of regional tax revenues “Taxes of Russia”. Data analysis and estimation of parameters was performed using the programs of statistical data processing — IBM SPSS Statistics 20. In the multiple regression procedure of SPSS it was used methods of inclusion, allowing step-by-step selection in a regression equation only the significant independent variables.Results. Based on the proposed model, we conducted the comparison of actual and estimated values of tax revenues for all the subjects of the Russian Federation in 2011 and 2014. We obtained the values of point estimates of the model parameters of macroeconomic production functions. Further, we provided simulation of the values of tax revenues for all the subjects of the Russian Federation for 2014 year. Next, we compared the actual and calculated (from the model) values of tax revenues. Finally, we present the results of comparing the actual and estimated (from the model) values of tax revenues for all the subjects of the Russian Federation for 2014 year. Conclusions. The dependence of tax revenues from the factor of labor productivity is constant for every year. With the growth of capital, the amount of tax incomes of subjects of the Russian Federation was threefold higher than increase in productivity of labor. It can be used for planning of economic development of regions.

A concept of the tax revenue intensity index is introduced based on the information on tax revenues and the employmment volume in the Russian Federation subjects. This integral index reflects revenues from all types of taxes and makes it possible to assess the economic activity of the population in the subjects under the study. The analysis of the index values for the period of 2006 to 2011 shows that their distribution tends to the normal law. An example of using the tax revenue intensity index is provided. The use of the index in question for the analysis of the economic performance of the RF subjects is demonstrated. The study of tax collections in Russia is based on dimensionless standardized relative indices of the tax revenue intensity. Based on the proposed method, the distribution of the Russian Federation subjects by the tax revenue intensity index was obtained; the groups of economically active subjects and those lagging behind in the economic development are identified. The Ivanovo region was found to be the most economically weak subject of the Central Federal District. The analysis of the the most economically successful subjects of the Russian Federation - Nenets Autonomous Area and Sakhalin Region - is made. The structure of the tax revenue intensity index in the city of Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea in 2015 is examined.

Based on the theory of systems the conceptual model of functioning of the budget Russian Federation system is offered. The budget system is considered as the big diffusion system consisting of 85 social and economic subsystems. The analysis of profitable and account parts of the consolidated budget Russian Federation is carried out. Also the conceptual model of financial and economical activity of the territorial subject of the Russian Federation is offered. Financial and economic activities of two territorial subjects of the Russian Federation are researched.

This paper reports on a complex structural analysis of the potato virus A coat protein using a set of complementary physico-chemical methods. We have demonstrated previously that this protein does not exist as individual subunits in solution and undergoes association into oligomers with subsequent transition to β-conformation. The purpose of the present work was to study the possible mechanisms of this transformation and to search for methods that dissociate protein oligomers. To analyze the low resolution protein structure in solution, small-angle X-ray scattering was used. Stable particles representing clusters of 30 coat protein subunits were present even in an aqueous salt solution with a high ionic strength and pH (pH 10.5; 0.5 M NaCl). The particles did not dissociate in the presence of 10 mM dextran sulfates (15 and 100 kDa). Dissociation in the presence of 5.2 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate results in the formation of the subunit-detergent complexes consisting of 10-12 small particles joined together like "beads on a string". Similar effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate were shown for serum albumins (bovine and human). Denaturation of the potato virus A coat protein molecules occurs in the presence of detergent concentrations that are seven times lower than that in albumins (5.2 and 35 mM), which confirms low stability of the potato virus A coat protein. Using spectral methods, preservation of the secondary structure and loss of the tertiary structure of the protein in its complex with sodium dodecyl sulfate have been demonstrated. Possible mechanism for protein particle formation through the interaction between unordered terminal domains and their transformation into β-structures has been suggested.

The method of iterative congruence of search of parameters of kinetic mathematical model of aging of living systems according to medical statistics is developed. Its opportunities for the description of risk functions of mortality and life expectancy for the person and animals depending on environment factors are illustrated. The concept of forecasting of environmental risks--risks to population health from ecological factors of influence--is formulated.

The reaction of high temperature solid state catalytic isotope exchange in peptides and proteins under the action of catalyst-activated spillover hydrogen was studied. The reaction of human gene-engineered insulin with deuterium and tritium was conducted at 120-140° C to produce insulin samples containing 2-6 hydrogen isotope atoms. To determine the distribution of the isotope label over tritium-labeled insulin's amino acid residues, oxidation of the S-S bonds of insulin by performic acid was performed and polypeptide chains isolated; then their acid hydrolysis, amino acid analysis and liquid scintillation counts of tritium in the amino acids were conducted. The isotope label was shown to be incorporated in all amino acids of the protein, with the peptide fragment FVNQHLCGSHLVE of the insulin β-chain showing the largest incorporation. About 45% of the total protein isotope label was incorporated in His5 and His10 of this fragment. For the analysis of isotope label distribution in labeled insulin's peptide fragments, the recovery of the S-S bonds by mercaptoethanol, the enzymatic hydrolysis by glutamyl endopeptidase from Bacillus intermedius and HPLC division of the resulting peptides were carried out. Attribution of the peptide fragments formed due to hydrolysis at the Glu-X bond in the β-chain was accomplished by mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry analysis data of the deuterium-labeled insulin samples' isotopomeric composition showed that the studied solid state isotope exchange reaction equally involved all the protein molecules. Biological studying of tritium-labeled insulin showed its physiological activity to be completely retained.

Spatial structure of the influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8, subtype H1N1) M1 protein in a solution and composition of the virion was studied by tritium planigraphy technique. The special algorithm for modeling of the spatial structure is used to simulate the experiment, as well as a set of algorithms predicting secondary structure and disordered regions in proteins. Tertiary structures were refined using the program Rosetta. To compare the structures in solution and in virion, also used the X-ray diffraction data for NM-domain. The main difference between protein structure in solution and crystal is observed in the contact region of N- and M-domains, which are more densely packed in the crystalline state. Locations include the maximum label is almost identical to the unstructured regions of proteins predicted by bioinformatics analysis. These areas are concentrated in the C-domain and in the loop regions between the M-, N-, and C-domains. Analytical centrifugation and dynamic laser light scattering confirm data of tritium planigraphy. Anomalous hydrodynamic size, and low structuring of the M1 protein in solution were found. The multifunctionality of protein in the cell appears to be associated with its plastic tertiary structure, which provides at the expense of unstructured regions of contact with various molecules-partners.

Influenza virus matrix M1 protein is one of the main structural components of the virion performing also many different functions in infected cell. X-ray analysis data with 2.08 angstrom resolution were obtained only for the N-terminal part of M1 protein molecule (residues 2-158) but not for its C-terminal domain (159-252). In the present work M1 protein of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) virus strain in acidic solution was investigated with the help of tritium bombardment. Tritium label incorporation into M1 protein domains preferentially labeled the C-domain and inter-domain loops. Analytical centrifugation and dynamic light scattering experiments demonstrated increased hydrodynamic parameters (diameter) that may be explained by low degree of M1 structural organization. Computational analysis of M1 protein by intrinsic disorder predictions methods also demonstrated the presence of unfolded regions mostly in the C-domain and inter-domain loops. It is suggested, that influenza virus M1 polyfunctionality in infected cell is determined by its tertiary structure plasticity which in its turn results from the presence of unstructured regions.

The density of distribution of glycoproteins on virion surface seriously influences the virus infectivity and pathogenicity. In the present work a method of quantitative determination of the area occupied by the surface glycoprotein spikes is proposed for influenza virus (strain A/PR/8/34) based on data of tritium bombardment and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The method of DLS was used for measuring the diameter of the intact virions and the subviral particles (influenza virions lacking glycoprotein spikes after bromelain digestion). The intact virions and the subviral particles were bombarded by the hot tritium atom flux followed by the analysis of the specific radioactivity of the matrix M1 protein. It was shown that the tritium label was incorporated into the amino acid residues of a thin exposed protein layer and partially penetrated through the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. As a result, the matrix M1 protein which is located under the lipid bilayer became labeled. The tritium label distribution among different amino acid residues was the same for the M1 protein isolated from the subviral particles and the one isolated from the intact virions. This testifies that the M1 protein spatial structure remains unchanged during proteolysis of the glycoprotein spikes. The difference between the specific radioactivity of the M1 protein isolated from the intact virions and that of the M1 protein isolated from the subviral particles allowed us to calculate the portion of the viral surface which is free of the glycoprotein spikes. If approximate the influenza virion as as here the area occupied by the surface glycoproteins could be calculated. It appeared to be equal to approximately 1.4 yen 10 nm that is about 40% of the total viral surface. This is consistent with the cryoelectron tomography data published for the influenza virus (strain A/X-31). The developed approach could be applied for other enveloped high pathogenic viruses such as HIV and Ebola.

With the purpose of study of features of psychical and somatic prosperity of employees of organs of internal affairs of Chechen Republic the inspection of 64 employees was conducted. It is set that a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSR) was exposed for 3% inspected employees-contracters. The separate symptoms of PTSR were observed for 2/5 contracters and at 1/4 workings on permanent basis. Complaints about somatic disfunctions were present at more than 1/2 employees, dischargings official duties by contract, and 2/5--workings on permanent basis. Presence of intercommunications of complaints with the subscales of questionnaire of traumatic stress, specifies on psychosomatic nature of violations of somatic health because of finding in extreme battle conditions.

The internal influenza virus proteins M1 and RNP free from surface protein impurities were isolated from subviral particles (virions free from HA and NA ectomenes). The spikeless particles had no propensity to aggregate in the solution at pH 5.0 as compared with native viruses. The subviral particles of B/Hong Kong/330/01 influenza virus, which belonged to B/Victoria/2/87-lineage, were obtained by proteolytic treatment with the enzyme bromelain under the same conditions as in cases of influenza B viruses of B/Jamagata/16/88 lineage. A chromatographic analysis of the tryptic hydrolyzates obtained for matrix (M1) proteins of A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses revealed differences that were greatest between the protein M1 molecules isolated from influenza viruses of different subtypes of hemagglutinine. These findings suggest there are variations in the structure of this conservative internal viral protein M1 during evolution.

It is well-known that influenza virus (IV) preparations are characterized by very large contribution of light-scattering to their UV absorption spectra. With the help of so called extrapolation method we managed to measure true absorption spectra of IV preparations and to determine absorption coefficients (E0.1(1) (cm, 280)) for the intact IV virions and for IV subviral particles. These coefficients turned out to equal 1.26 +/- 0.17 and 0.96 +/- 0.11 for the virions and subviral particles respectively. The knowledge of exact IV concentration is necessary for quantitative physico-chemical studies of IV virions and their components. It is also shown that UV absorption spectra measurements allow to register IV virion aggregation. Aggregation properties of IV subviral particles were also studied.

Mutant ts21-66 of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) differs from the wild-type TMV-U1 by two mutations (Ile-21-->Thr and Asp-66-->Gly) in the coat protein (CP) gene and in symptoms produced in infected N' plants. The CP structure in TMV-U1 and ts21-66 virions was probed by tritium planigraphy. Compared with the wild-type CP, labeling of the N-terminal region of mutant CP was half as high and suggested its greater shielding. A role of this CP region in virus interactions with the N' resistance system is discussed.

Tritium planigraphy method was used to study the surface amino acids in influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) at the functional transformation of virions by acidic pH. Influenza viruses undergo this transformation when virions penetrate a target cell. The mild bombardment of a whole virion by hot tritium atoms labels the surface-exposed HA amino acids without disturbing virion structure and infectivity. A comparison of the values of specific radioactivity of the HA subunits (HA1 and HA2) and analysis of the label distribution in individual amino acids in control (pH 7.4) and experimental (pH 5.0) viral samples has shown that: (i) The accessibility of a hemagglutinin molecule for tritium labeling is decreased at acidic pH; (ii) Compactization of apical HA1 hemagglutinin subunit increases at acidic pH; (iii) The HA1 compactization increases the exposition of the basal HA2 hemagglutinin subunit; (iv) The fusion peptide of the HA2 subunit (the N-terminal part) is not accessible for tritium label after the acidic exposition of virions. These data are in an agreement with the hypothesis that hemagglutinin fusion peptide is exposed only while contacting the target cell membrane at acidic pH.

The schemes for preparative electrophoretic isolation and purification of major proteins from influenza virus are described. The viral envelope protein, hemagglutinin, two of its subunits, internal M and NP proteins of influenza viruses A/FPV/Rostock (H7N1), A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and X-31 (H3N2) were obtained in preparative amounts and characterized by amino acid and N-terminus analyses.

The virus envelope protein, hemagglutinin, recovered by DTAB extraction of influenza virions, was purified to a high degree by the gel filtration high-performance liquid chromatography (GF HPLC). Then hemagglutinin was reduced and alkylated with iodoacetamide and the subunits were resolved by GF HPLC on the columns Spherogel TSK G 2000 SW and 3000 SW (600 X 7.5 mm ID).