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A graph $G = (V, \alpha)$ is called \textit{primitive} if there exists a natural $k$ such that between any pair of vertices of the graph $G$ there is a route of length $k$. This paper considers undirected graphs with exponent 2. A criterion for the primitivity of a graph with the exponent 2 and a necessary condition are proved. A graph is primitive with the exponent 2 if and only if its diameter is 1 or 2, and each of its edges is included in a triangle. A computational experiment on the construction of all primitive homogeneous graphs with the number of vertices up to 16 and the exponent 2 is described, its results are analyzed. All homogeneous graphs of orders 2, 3, and 4, which are primitive with the exponent 2, are given, and for homogeneous graphs of order 5, the number of primitive graphs with the exponent 2 is determined.

Traumatic anorectal injuries are rare in pediatric surgical practice. Only several similar cases are described in the world literature. This causes no generally accepted algorithms and tactics for these patients. We demonstrate successful surgical treatment of combined trauma of the rectum and bladder in a child. A 13-year-old boy was hospitalized after the child sat on the leg of an overturned chair. No evidence of penetrating abdominal injury was revealed. The boy underwent sigmoidoscopy under general anesthesia. We found a lacerated wound of anterior wall of the rectum measuring 1/3 of its diameter with damage to posterior wall of the bladder. Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed intact abdominal cavity. Wall defects were sutured (bladder wound was sutured during traditional cystotomy), and we formed protective separate double-barreled sigmostomy. In 3 months after discharge, the child was hospitalized for cystography and fistulography with subsequent closure of stoma. In long-term postoperative period (6 months), the quality of life is satisfactory. There is no pain and disturbances of urination.

Purpose of the Study: To study the severity and timing of the development of functional (reversible) and morphological (irreversible) disturbances in the pancreas, depending on the duration of obstructive cholestasis., Materials and Methods: Obstructive jaundice in the experiment 18 dogs modeled by applying the loop stranglehold on the common bile duct, followed by observation for 30 days. We measured total bilirubin and fractions aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), the contents alpha-amylase, pancreatic lipase, glucose, histological examination of the pancreas (magnification of 100 times and 400)., Results: On day 3 the common bile duct obstruction bilirubin increased from 7.1 to 286.8 μmol/l, ALT--from 0.17 to 4.18 μmol*h/l, alpha-amylase from 89 to 186 U/L and lipase--to 68 to 179 U/L. Then there was a slight decrease in the parameters studied with repeated their increase to 15 hours. Morphological changes in the first three days were characterized by reversible (swelling), impaired organ that 14-16 days passed in organic (irreversible) changes., Conclusion: Dynamics of fluctuations in the level of liver enzymes in the pancreas and obstructive cholestasis correlates with morphological abnormalities in the pancreas and fit into the concept of general biological organism's reaction to injury.

Aim of this study was elucidation of diagnostic value of qualitative and quantitative parameters of circulating endotheliocyte precursor cells (EPC), in the state of apoptosis (apoptotic endotheliocytes A AE), as well as effect of main risk factors on the studied parameters in patients with coronary atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia. We examined 24 patients with ischemic heart disease (14 men, 10 women, mean age 58.4 +/- 2.3 years) with stenoses >75% in coronary arteries according to angiography data and hypercholesterolemia (main group). Control group comprised 15 healthy volunteers. Circulating EPC in peripheral blood were evaluated by cytofluorimetry. Functional parameters of isolated EPC were assessed after cultivation in human fibronectin. Adhesive properties were studied in cell culture by immunehistochemical method after 7 days of incubation. Proliferation capacity was assessed by number of EPC in 1 mm3 of medium at day 7 of incubation. Determination and counting of AE was carried out using cytofluorimetry with immunostaining of cells by anexin B and CDA31 after preliminary treatment of endotheliocyte culture with H2O2 and comparing the results with control culture of endotheliocytes. Number of circulating EPC in patients with IHD was 58.% less than in healthy persons. Adhesive capacity of EPC in patients with IHD was lowered by 43%. Number of EPC surviving in cell culture was 80.9% less than in control group. At the same time number of circulating AE in patients with IHD was 2.5 times greater. Reduction of number of EDC, adhesive capacity, and rise of number of AE correlated significantly with number of involved coronary arteries, presence of diabetes, and smoking status. Presence of arterial hypertension and blood cholesterol level did not correlate with quantitative and qualitative parameters of EPC. Thus qualitative and qualitative parameters of circulating EPC and apoptotic cells can be considered as markers of dysfunction of endothelium and predictors of atherosclerotic vascular lesions in patients with hypercholesterolemia.

RIA was used to measure the level of neopterine and beta 2-microglobulin in the sera of 43 patients with a verified diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP). In DCMP patients, the mean level of neopterine was 11.25 +/- 1.05 nM/l and was significantly higher than in donors (5.6 +/- 0.5 nM/l). The concentration of neopterine exceeding 9 nM/l was discovered in 55% of DCMP patients. The rise of neopterine concentration was particularly marked in patients with inflammatory reaction in the myocardium according to endomyocardial biopsy. In that patients' group, the mean level of neopterine was 12.9 +/- 2.02 nM/l while the rise of its concentration over 9 nM/l was recorded in 9 (81%) of 11 patients examined. The correlation was established between the rise of the concentration of neopterine and beta 2-microglobulin. In patients with the concentration of neopterine over 9 nM/l, the mean level of beta 2-microglobulin constituted 3.33 +/- 0.32 mg/l and in patients with the normal concentration of neopterine, it amounted to 1.91 +/- 0.18 mg/l. The growth of the concentration of beta 2-microglobulin in the groups of patients under comparison was seen in 79 and 14% of cases, respectively. It is concluded that neopterine measurements are advisable in the laboratory diagnosis of myocarditis in DCMP patients. Potential mechanisms of the rise of neopterine formation are discussed from the standpoint of hyperinterferonemia.

The ultrastructural study of the myocardium of rats received adriamycin for 8-10 weeks revealed the picture of mosaic lesions of cardiomyocytes. Cells with little changes were coincided with apparently changed cardiomyocytes in which hypercontracted or atrophied sarcomeres with distended Z-lines, glycogen disappearance and swollen or hypertrophied mitochondria were seen. Myocardial content of ATP did not change but that of phosphocreatine was decreased by 45 percent. The pump function of the isolated heart was moderately lower that was associated with almost twofold increase in left ventricular diastolic stiffness suggesting a deterioration of its filling. A rise in Ca++ concentration in the perfusate exerted similar positive inotropic effect on hearts of both groups which was associated with a prominent fall of diastolic stiffness. Results suggest that increased diastolic stiffness in adriamycin-treated hearts may be due to both local ATP deficiency in myofibrils or incomplete Ca++ removal from them.

The data available in the literature on history and improvement of a method of endomyocardial biopsy, indications and contraindications for its use and its value in the diagnosis of various types of cardiomyopathies and myocarditis are presented and generalized. The paper also gives a morphological picture of dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathies, as well as myocarditis occurring in dilated cardiomyopathy. It was concluded that endomyocardial biopsies were safe and highly diagnostically significant.

Seventy endomyocardial biopsies of the left and right ventricular wall taken from 23 patients during catheterization of the heart cavities have been studied. There were three groups of patients: those with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCMP) (7 patients), those with dilated cardiomyopathy (11) and 5 patients with chronic myocarditis. The most characteristic features of HCMP were as follows: 1) muscle fiber hypertrophy, 2) hypertrophy of cardiomyocyte nuclei, 3) perinuclear cardiomyocyte nimbus, 4) disorganization of muscle fibers, 5) the decrease of the nucleus-cytoplasmic ration. The degree of these parameters was scored 0 to 3. Maximum total score was 15 (100%). If histological index of HCMP was higher that 60%, the diagnosis of HCMP was considered to be confirmed. The method possesses a high sensitivity (87.5%) and specificity (95%) and can be used in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of HCMP.