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The CRX gene encoding the cone-rod homeobox protein is a specific photoreceptor transcription factor crucial for retinal function. Persons temporarily residing in the Arctic zone during the polar summer may suffer from disturbances associated with extremely high ambient illumination. These environmental changes are mediated by retinal photoreceptors; therefore, it is important to study the expression of retinal genes in order to assess individual capacities of sensory adaptation to polar day conditions., Purpose: To reveal the dynamics of CRX expression level in humans after a prolonged temporary exposure to polar day conditions., Material and Methods: The study included 6 pilots (males from 39 to 69 y.o.) who participated in the Arctic World Oceanic International Flight Sever Vash (West to East, from 62°N 74°E to 72°N 114°E). Samples of peripheral blood for RNA isolation were collected at the start and at the end of the flight. The level of mRNA in the samples was evaluated based on the data of quantitative real-time PCR of the CRX gene, as well as the b2M and TBP housekeeping genes (reference)., Results: Expression of the CRX gene in the studied group ( p <0.01) was revealed; the total average level of mRNA was about 3 times higher prior to, and approximately 7 times higher after normalization to the b2M gene. Five pilots had increased expression of the CRX gene within the range of -1.53 to -3.07 (Z-score of <0 before the flight and >0 after the flight). In one pilot, the level of CRX expression was higher at the start, but it reduced by the end of the circumnavigation flight., Conclusions: The results confirm the hypothesis that the CRX gene is expressed after a prolonged temporary exposure to polar day conditions. It was also revealed that during rapid adaptation, equal changes in the illumination of retinal photoreceptors lead to different individual dynamics of CRX expression.

Membrane microparticles (MP) produced upon cell activation and/or damage possess coagulation activity, i.e. ability to accelerate blood clotting. They contain on their surface phosphatidylserine (PS), a substrate for assembling coagulation enzymatic complexes, and some of them tissue factor (TF), the initiator of clotting cascade reactions. In this study coagulation properties of MP derived from erythrocytes have been investigated. These MP were obtained from donor's erythrocytes activated with ionophore A23187 as well as from outdated erythrocyte concentrates for transfusion. MP were counted by flow cytometry. Coagulation activity of MP was examined by modified plasma recalcification assay. Involvement of PS and TF in this reaction was assessed using PS blocker lactadherin and anti-TF antibodies. TF activity in MP was measured by its ability to activate factor X in a chromogenic assay. Size of MP was evaluated by dynamic light scattering. Properties of erythrocyte MP were compared with previously characterized (using the same methodological approaches) MP derived from platelets and monocytic THP-1 cells, lacking and containing TF, respectively. Erythrocyte MP accelerated plasma clotting, but less actively than MP from platelets and MP from THP-1 cells, which demonstrated maximal activity. Lactadherin completely inhibited coagulation activity of all MP. Anti-TF antibodies did not affect clotting parameters in the presence of platelet and erythrocyte MP, but slowed clotting in the presence of MP from THP-1 cells. TF activity was not detected in erythrocyte and platelet MP, unlike MP from THP-1 cells expressing active TF. MP derived from erythrocytes were smaller than MP from platelets and THP-1 cells, with average diameter about 200 nm and 400 nm respectively. Thus, MP from erythrocyte possess less ability to accelerate plasma clotting in comparison with MP from platelet and THP-1 cells. The data obtained suggest that lesser coagulation activity of erythrocyte MP in comparison with MP from THP-1 cells is due to the absence of TF in erythrocyte MP (in contrast to MP from THP-1 cells) and to their smaller size, and in comparison with MP from platelets (which as erythrocyte MP do not express TF) is due to their smaller size only.

The deficiency of energy substrates in the biological function of trophology and biological reaction of exotrophy is formed by two factors. Excess of meat in the diet leads to high content of palmitic fatty acid (FA) in hepatocytes and formation of palmitic triglycerides (TG). Post heparin lipoprotein lipase slowly hydrolyzes palmitic TG in blood plasma lipoproteins and releases small amounts of FA. If dietary carbohydrate content is low, the biological function of exotrophy does not provide the substrate from which hepatocytes can rapidly produce oleic nonesterified FA de novo. Energy substrate deficiency activates the biological function of adaptation and the biological reaction of compensation. Under the effect of epinephrin NEFA deficiency is compensated via the biological reaction of endotrophy and lipolysis in omental visceral fat cells. In insulin resistance (IR) syndrome, the biological function of feeding is realized nonphysiologically while the biological reaction of adaptation is realized physiologically. An increase in NEFA blood content physiologically blocks glucose uptake in cells. Biological role of insulin consists in conversion of distant ocean-living carnivorous (fish-eating) ancestors of Homo sapiens with palmitic type of FA metabolism into herbivorous dry land-living species with oleic type metabolism of FA. The IR syndrome can be normalized. To this end a) the patient's will to activate the cognitive biological function (intellect) and b) comprehension of the fact that phylogenetically dry land-living Homo sapiens has developed as a herbivorous but not carnivorous species. Concerning death rate, cardiovascular pathologies are dominating in populations of many countries, while feeding function disorders prevail in frequency. These disorders form the pathophysiological basis for all metabolic pandemias: 1) atherosclerosis and atheromatosis, 2) essential arterial hypertension, 3) metabolic syndrome, 4) obesity, 5) insulin resistance syndrome, 6) nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and 7) endogenous hyperuricemia. Persistent potential deficiency of energy for realization of all biological reactions and functions is the major metabolic disorders in diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance is a pathology associated primarily with FA and secondarily with glucose., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

According to phylogenetic theory of general pathology, when living in ocean all were carnivorous (piscivorous) fatty acids transferring to cells in form of non-polar triglycerides nitially began apoB-48 chylomicrons, continued lipoproteins of very low and low density and fnalized its apoB-100 endocytosis. The fatty acids are transferred by chylomicrons + lipoproteins of very low density + lipoproteins of low density and non-polar triglycerides are hydrolyzed by hepatic glycerolhydrogenase and co-enzyme apoC-III; according WHO classifcation, hyperlipoproteinemia corresponds to type V. On land, in herbivorous who are not yet synthesized insulin, apoB-48 and chylomicrons left process of non-polar triglycerides transferring. In lipoproteins of very low density and lipoproteins of low density, the carnivorous transfer exogenous palmitic non-polar triglycerides. The herbivorous also transfer palmitic non-polar triglycerides though synthesized by hepatocytes from glucose endogenically. In herbivorous, transferring of palmitic non-polar triglycerides prior to synthesis of insulin is forming apoB-100 in composition of lipoproteins of very low density and lipoproteins of low density. The hydrolysis of palmitic non-polar triglycerides in lipoproteins of very low density is activated by hepatic glycerol hydrogenase and apoC-III; cells absorb lipoproteins of low density by means of apoB-100 endocytosis. The content on lipoproteins in blood plasma under electrophoresis of lipoproteins corresponds to hepatic glycerol hydrogenase type IIb. In frst and second types of fatty acids transferring in form of triglycerides to lipoproteins of very low density + lipoproteins of low density predominate palmitic fatty acid, triglycerides of the same name and palmitic metabolism of fatty acids in vivo. The insulin initiated the third type of transferring of oleic fatty acid by now to insulin-depended cells only in oleic lipoproteins of very low density; hydrolysis of oleic triglycerides is activated by late in phylogenesis post-heparin hepatic glycerol hydrogenase and apoC-II cofactor. The dynamic apoE is actively bound by apoB-100 forming apoE/B-100 ligand. At later stages of phylogenesis insulin formed fatty acids transferring in form of oleic triglycerides in lipoproteins of very low density of the same name without forming of oleic lipoproteins of low density; the electrophoregram of lipoproteins reflects absence of hepatic glycerol hydrogenase. In phylogenesis three types of fatty acids transferring to triglycerides in composition of lipoproteins formed sequentially: 1) chylomicrons + lipoproteins of very low and density + lipoproteins of low density; 2) lipoproteins of very low density + lipoproteins of low density; 3) only in lipoproteins of very low density. The frst one is specifc to piscivorous (carnivorous) while living in ocean. The second one is implemented by herbivorous while they didn't begin to synthesize insulin and hepatocytes not yet transform all endogenous palmitic fatty acid into oleic fatty acid. Insulin initiated: a) transferring of oleic fatty acids to lipoproteins of very low density without forming oleic lipoproteins of low density; b) highly effective oleic metabolism of fatty acids in vivo: c) becoming of biological function of locomotion. The aphysiological induction by substrate, surplus of palmitic fatty acids in food initiate negative alterations in composition of lipoproteins in opposite direction than in case of phylogenesis. When homo sapiens, herbivorous in phylogenesis, begins to misuse carnivorous (meat) food then instead of normolipoproteinemia in blood plasma under electrophoresis of lipoproteins one can initially detect transitory hyperlipoproteinemia type IV and then prolonged hyperlipoproteinemia type IIb. If patient factually passes on to carnivorous diet then hyperlipoproteinemia type V is developing. If content of exogenous palmitic fatty acid in food surpasses physiological capacities of its transferring in oleic triglycerides as palmitoyl-oleyl-palmitate glycerol, palmitic triglycerides as oleyl-palmitoyl-palmitate glycerol begin to form and epigenetically aphysiological non-ligand palmitic lipoproteins of very low density → lipoproteins of low density are formed. Their circulation in blood is a cause of hypertriglyceridemia, higher level of cholesterol-lipoproteins of low density, compensatory increasing of apoC-III. Then occurs induced by substrate formation of hyperlipoproteinemia initially of type IV, then of type IIb and fnally of type V. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and atheromotosis is activated when homo sapiens, herbivorous in phylogenesis, begin to misuse carnivorous food affecting biological functions of trophology, reaction of exotrophy (external nutrition), function of homeostasis, endoecology and function of adaptation. The formation of palmitic metabolism if fatty acids instead of oleic one is a cause of chronic defciency of energy and ATP synthesis in vivo. Insulin activates absorption of glucose by cells with purpose to use it for synthesis of oleic fatty acids. In the frst place, insulin regulates in vivo metabolism of fatty acids and only in second place metabolism of glucose., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: The high level of physical activity is known to contribute to the harmonious development of children and adolescents: moreover; it is a factor promoting prevention of hypodynamia. The low level of physical activity is a risk factor for the development of many non-communicable diseases. However, physical education is not considered by many students as an attractive subject., Aim: The objective of the present study was the enhancement of the motivational aspects of physical activity for the prevention of hypodynamia among students., Material and Methods: Physical education of the students was carried out with the use of the standard and modified methods. A total of 206 students (including 133 girls and 73 boys) at the mean age of 17.5±1.5 years were available for the examination. The study was conducted before the intervention (1st year) after the termination of the physical culture lessons envisaged by the academic curriculum (3rd year). The evaluation of the physical conditions and fitness of the students was conducted on the basis of the Russian Physical Culture and Sport Complex (GTO), bioimpedance analysis making use of the 'Medass' ABC-01 device; the functional reserves of the organism were assessed by means of hardware-software programs; the changes in food preferences were estimated on the basis of the FLLANK, questionnaire preliminarily adapted to the specific conditions of this country, and the characteristics of the metabolic processes were evaluated by laser correlation spectroscopy., Results: Dynamics of the successful performance of the GTO normatives in the girls manifested itself in the in reduction of time they spent to run the 100 meter distance; the same was true for the boys who had to overcome the distance of 3000 meters. The students of both sexes became capable of increasing the number of repetitions of crunch and jumping rope exercises. The basal metabolism in the girls was increased within one year after the start of classes, and in the boys two years after the onset of the exercises; simultaneously, the positive changes in the metabolic profile were documented in the students of either sex. No adverse events related to the application of the modified training methods were recorded., Conclusion: An important aspect of the present study was the impact of new methods of teaching physical education on the composite body composition. The modified methods were found to shift dietary preferences and metabolic processes in the body of the students after the termination of the educational program.

Aim: An aim of the study was to compare informative value of traditional approach (anti-AChR antibody radioimmunoassay) and evaluation of metabolic shifts by laser correlation spectroscopy in myasthenia gravis., Material and Methods: The search for the relationship between the disease severity in 77 patients, 12-80 years and the distribution pattern of subfraction serum components revealed three informative zones: 6-15, 27-67, and 127-223 nm., Results and Conclusion: In patients without disturbances of vital functions, the contribution of the first zone particles into light scatter increases and that of the third zone particles decreases. Considerable differences attaining the level of statistical significance in zones 6 and 20 nm were revealed in the spectra of serum from patients with myasthenia gravis of the same severity with and without thymoma. This opens prospects for dynamic monitoring of the efficiency of therapy.

The study of the relationship of the latent period of simple sensorimotor reaction to the light stimulus and body mass index (BMI) in males and females aged 30-60 years (n = 507) was done. The boundary between the low (below Me - 1SD) and middle (from Me - 1SD to Me + 1SD) BMI was the value of 22.74 kg/m2, the boundary between the middle and high (above Me + 1SD) BMI - 33.16kg/m2. It is shown thatthere isan increase inthe proportion of people with high BMI with age (faster and more pronounced - in women). Sensorimotor reaction latency to the light stimuli does not change in men, and declines with agein women. However the data obtained indicate that developed with age alimentary obesity does not adversely affect neurophysiological parameters of the sensorimotor reactivity.

The article considers interaction of nano-particles of titan oxide and blood serum of patients with verified diagnoses of "myasthenia" and "allergy". The analysis of solution of nano-powder of titan oxide using technique of laser correlated spectrometry demonstrated that main input into light scattering is made by particles with radius of 4.64-8.42 nm. The data concerning dimensions of particles received with laser correlated spectrometry matches data of analysis of these particles with various physical techniques. The nano-particles of titan oxide stabilized with phosphoric acid at interaction with blood serum cause development and sedimentation of complexes with albumins and globulins. The interaction of nano-particles of titan oxide with blood serum of patients with myasthenia results in elimination from it the significant percentage (40%) of circulating immune complexes. In blood serum of patients with bronchial asthma, nano-particles of titan oxide bind proteins of small size mainly., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The influence of a regular (for 7 and 14 days) 10-minute dosed exercise in isolation and on the background of intragastric administration of 5 and 15 mg/kg of zinc (II) asparaginate on the distribution of this metal in the organs and tissues of experimental animals and the indicators of muscle activity such as the level of lactate, creatinine and creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2.) serum were studied. It has been shown that exercise stress for 14 days causes a more pronounced change in homeostasis Zn, compared with 7 day, it is reflected in increased levels in the kidney, serum, liver, skeletal muscle and fur animals. It has been shown that graduated exercise for 14 days causes a more pronounced change in Zn homeostasis, compared with 7 day that expressed in increased its levels in the kidney, serum, liver, skeletal muscle and fur animals. Introduction zinc (II) asparaginate accompanied by an increase of its content in the liver, kidneys, hair and serum, but not skeletal and cardiac muscle. The combination of physical activity and the introduction of zinc positive effect on homeostasis of Zn, and the terms of muscle activity. The protective effect of zinc asparaginate with graduated exercise in the experiment was concluded.

We reproduced mouse model of bronchial asthma, evaluated metabolic shifts of serum homeostasis during disease development, and compared these results with the data on metabolic shifts in bronchial asthma patients. In experimental mice pronounced pathological changes in the lungs, considerable lymphocytosis and decrease in neutrophil count were detected. Metabolic shifts were studied using method of laser correlation spectroscopy (LCS) of blood serum and urine. Method of LCS allows determining the dispersion composition of the studied fluid by the relative contribution of particle components into light scattering. The relative content of particles of different size.characterizes the direction of metabolic shifts in the organism. Similar patterns of particle distribution in biological fluids of experimental animals and patients suggest that LCS can be used as an additional method for evaluation of the severity of the disease and efficiency of therapy.

This article presents the results of a comparative study of autonomic disorders in patients with differernt types of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We used several clinical and instrumental methods, including the Veyn questionnaire, Kerdo autonomic index, skin sympathetic response and heart rate variability analysis. The results show a prevalence of sympathetic tone in all groups of patients (more pronounced in IBS with constipation), as well as an elevated stress index and decreased arterial baroreflex sensitivity. In the IBS with diarrhea group there was a reliable increase of power spectral density alvery low frequency and a lowered respiratory sinus arrhythmia.

The method of laser correlation spectroscopy (LCS) was used for the examination of the subfractional compound of tear fluid in patients who have been using soft contact lens (SCL) for a long period and before and after the excimer laser correction with transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (Trans PRK). Based on the analysis of biological material of 141 patients aged from 18 to 33 years old, we can conclude that prolonged usage of SCL leads to catabolic processes in surface of the anterior segment of the eye and, as a result, to changes in the qualitative composition of the tear fluid. The amount of low molecular weight fractions and medium weight ingredients increases after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy, which can characterize reparation processes after cornea ablation. Based on the results of our study we can conclude that LCS--is express analysis, with which we can diagnose and observe the initial changes in local metabolism in the anterior segment of the eye, when the objective breaches have not seen yet.

Dynamic changes in serum homeostasis of rats with experimental myocardial infarction evolution using the method of laser correlation spectroscopy were studied. The presence of necrotic myocardial damage was confirmed by electrocardiographic, histological and biochemical methods. Increased contribution of small particles in the acute period of myocardial infarction was detected, which indicates products of catabolism accumulation in serum and changing the level of some proteins. Comparison of subfractional content of sera from rats with varying degrees of extension of myocardial necrosis through the ventricular wall revealed the predominance of particles of low molecular size (up to 10 nm) in animals with transmural infarction and middle-size fraction (50-120 nm) in animals with non-transmural infarction. These results are consistent with the clinical data obtained by this method in patients with Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction.

Experiments on rats showed that Noopept improved retention and retrieval of conditioned passive avoidance response after phototrombosis of the prefrontal cortex (a procedure impairing retention of memory traces). The impairment of mnesic functions was accompanied by changes in integral biochemical indexes of the plasma determined by laser correlation spectroscopy. Treatment of behavioral disorders with Noopepet normalized biochemical indexes.