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This article analyzes texts written by users of Russian-language digital communication platforms on the topic of emigration to the Republic of Korea. The purpose of the study was to determine what meanings are attributed to the Republic in these texts, and how these images can affect the migration strategies of Russian-speaking migrants. The texts were sourced from relevant communities inside the largest social networks by the number of Russian-speaking users. The research method of choice was discourse analysis. Korea was regarded as an intersectional symbol that combines “migrant” texts into a single discourse. Its significance was determined by means of the authors of the messages constructing associations between the host country and certain situations and actions. It was established that pendulum migrants working in the country illegally, educational migrants, intermediaries, and communities of fans of Korean popular culture are most actively involved in shaping the image of Korea within the considered social media platforms. The messages posted by those users who focus on the shadow segment of the labor market portray Korea as a country that deals with visitors employed in this segment in as lenient a manner as possible. During the visa-free period, you can earn more here than in six months back home, without knowing the language and without having any skills, after which you can go home and return to Korea again once the money you earned has run out. This group describes the following strategy: you enter the country as a tourist for 60 days, and find a job on “samushil” or through an intermediary. Then return to Russia temporarily, or stay in Korea illegally, or use such mechanisms as political asylum and marriage of convenience. Educational migrants describe Korea as a developed, safe and wealthy country, with optimal conditions for permanent residency. Many describe the following strategy: get into the country on a student visa, receive an education, find a job in areas somehow related to servicing Russian-speaking migration flows. Some count on legalization through marriage to a member of the host community. Groups dedicated to Korean popular culture associate the Republic with a male idol, overconsumption, scenery and drama characters. Their users might describe either of the strategies mentioned above. A group of intermediaries reproduces the images conveyed by the texts produced by illegal migrants and k-pop communities, idealizing Korea and omitting the numerous difficulties and risks associated with staying there. Intermediaries essentially provide customers with the opportunity to become a part of this image by selling them paths of migration to and integration in Korea, which are often utilized by pendulum and educational migrants. According to G. Klein’s model of decision-making in a situation of uncertainty, it can be assumed that “migrant” social media containing these images contribute to the dissemination and reproduction of appropriate migration strategies, influencing the direction and content of migration flows between Korea and the CIS countries.

The paper analyzes ways of the informal economy cutback in the Republic of Uzbekistan, used in the tax sphere. The purpose of the study is to summarize the tax measures to solve this problem. During past few years, there have been taken certain steps in this direction, such as concessions for small businesses in catering, reducing the turnover tax rate in the real estate business, holding large-circulation “check” lotteries with valuable prizes, bringing construction industry workers into the legal field, digitalization of tax administration. According to the authors, the proposed tools correspond both to the practices characteristic of foreign experience and to the conditions peculiarities for making business in Uzbekistan. Also, the authors identified some directions for improving the state tax policy in counteracting the spread of the informal economy: focusing on reducing cash turnover through the use of tax deductions for personal income tax and VAT refunds on purchases; the overall tax culture development; digitalization of the tax reporting procedure; improving a legal status the regulation of the self-employed citizens; initiation of a single tax account mechanism. The scientific novelty lies in the research methodology. Based on a comparative legal analysis, the experience of various countries is used to illustrate the features of tax measures applied in practice to reduce the informal economy. The authors assume the theoretical results of the work will embody in proposals for improving the national tax legislation and will improve the Russian economic and legal doctrine, as well as the level of legal research within the EAEU and the CIS.

Despite the enormous amounts of human resources engaged in warehousing, warehouse labor remains virtually invisible to the public, both among consumers and in the academia. A lot of research is dedicated to the transformation of labor relations within platform economy, including precarity and “uberization” of labor, as well as digital technology-mediated surveillance and control over employees during working hours. At the other “pole” are numerous studies on the informal (“garage”) economy. This article is based on a 1.5-month ethnography I conducted in the summer of 2021 in the warehouse complex of a prominent Russian marketplace. Engaging in a dialogue with both “poles” mentioned, my observations in the warehouse suggest the simultaneous coexistence of two realities. The first deals with various forms of digital control of employees, ranging from access to the workspace to the regulation of output and eventual earnings. The second is predominantly informal and is based on the deliberate restriction of workers' access to “rare” resources (“work”) and information (“details”). Here I attempt to show the complex, at times conflicting interaction of formal and informal components of warehouse labor, combining the neo-Marxist conceptual apparatus with the metaphor of C. Geertz's “bazaar economy”.

The Declaration by the Labour and Employment Ministers of the BRICS countries, “Quality Jobs and Inclusive Employment Policies,” guarantees that formalization of labor markets is a global priority for the BRICS countries, as informal employment hampers productivity, potential economic growth and efforts to improve the welfare of populations worldwide. Taking into account this strategic goal, the authors analyze the informal employment processes in the BRICS countries and speculate on the transition from informal to formal employment. The article addresses the issues of inhomogeneous notional ranges used to define informal employment and recommends that the possibilities provided by labor legislation and government employment policy (such as increasing the number of formal working places and dynamic development of labor legislation directed at regulation of new employment forms) be used to tackle these issues. The potential of the social security right for achieving the goals of transition to a formal economy and social security coverage is characterized in detail; various legal forms of social security (for example, government social security, social insurance (mandatory as well as voluntary) and social support) are analyzed; and the possibilities of their application to informal workers in the BRICS countries are defined.

During the process of development of remote regions of Russian Empire, the state played the most important role, legislatively regulating the resettlement process and penal colonization. Despite the efforts of the state, informal economic practices became the means of adaptation of migrants to the new climatic and social circumstances they were exposed to as a result of migration. The variety of the practices was most vividly manifested during the years of large-scale peasant resettlements to Siberia at the turn of the 19th — 20th c. This phenomenon was reflected in the reports, essays and travel diaries of officials, which supervised the land management matters of the resettlement, which made possible the comparison of informal economic practices in different climatic zones — the taiga and the steppe. The methodological basis of the study is the concept of the informal economy by T. Shanina, which considers the informal practices as a universal restorative mechanism that makes it possible to “soften” the most acute social and economic contradictions. That mechanism provides survival in such conditions when other social mechanisms fail. The resettlement households of the taiga regions were characterized by primitive methods of deforestation and felling for sale to the steppe districts, which prompted chances in the nature of urmans. As a consequence of the informal economic behavior of late settlers in the areas with abundant forests, the building density of homesteads became high, which resulted in that even newly formed settlements appeared as solid wooden walls. Such dense building development contradicted the directives of the resettlement officials, which appealed to the building statute regulations. In the southern steppe regions of Western Siberia, the settlers used land holdings on the basis of a seizure right using shifting cultivation system and seeding the fields mainly with wheat without applying crop rotation. In the settlements located at the bitter-salt lakes, hydraulic engineering works were carried out. However, the late settlers ignored such improvements; they denied the suitability of the filters, did not monitor their condition, and even contributed to the pollution of the water reservoirs arranged for drinking. The adaptive result of the informal practices is the increased stability of the peasant economy. Depending on the yields, the new settlers was able to transfer the center of economic operations to and survive difficult times. The development of promysels saved peasant families from hunger and financial collapse, yet contributed to the spread of non-progressive, backward forms of land and resource use, which were based on extensive agriculture and a predatory attitude towards nature.

Komi-Permians are the indigenous population of the Perm Kama region. Their traditional drinks include kvass, home brew, beer, moonshine, and herbal teas, made at home from local agricultural products and wild plants. The main purpose of the article is to describe changes in the customs of production and consumption of beverages by the Komi-Permians over the past century and to identify factors that contribute to the maintenance of traditions or the spread of innovations. The study is based on historical and ethnographic methods and the results of research by Russian scientists in the field of exploring the gastronomic culture, traditional cuisine of ethnic groups and the history of their nutrition. Traditional beverages are considered as an element of the food culture of the people and as an ethno-marking feature in the context of household, social and economic development and intercultural interaction. Publications of the 20th c. and modern data indicate a steady commitment of the people to traditional types of drinks until almost the end of the 20th c. Changes in living conditions led to transformations that began to occur most intensively at the end of the last century. Transformations were primarily associated with the inclusion of purchased products into the diet and the expansion of the raw materials base; there also was a slight modification of traditional technologies and conditions for the production of beverages. The sustainability or change of folk traditions is determined by the availability of resources and tools for making drinks, taste preferences, and socio-economic conditions. The changes affected the system of transmitting of folk recipes, and the techniques of practical development of technologies. Presently, special ritual and event practices can be distinguished, in which traditional drinks are still preferred, and the custom of serving folk drinks at official and social events is being developed. Traditional beverages started to play a new role in maintaining the ethnic identity of the Komi-Permians and the representation of folk culture.

Декларация Министров труда и занятости стран БРИКС “Квалифицированные рабочие места и инклюзивная политика в области занятости” гарантирует, что формализация рынков занятости является глобальным приоритетом для стран БРИКС, поскольку неформальная занятость препятствует производительности, потенциальному экономическому росту и усилиям по повышению благосостояния населения. Принимая во внимание эту стратегическую цель, авторы анализируют процессы неформальной занятости в странах БРИКС и размышляют о переходе от неформальной занятости к формальной. В статье затрагиваются вопросы неоднородного понятийного диапазона, используемого для определения неформальной занятости. Предлагается использовать возможности трудового законодательства и государственной политики в области занятости (увеличение числа официальных рабочих мест, динамичное развитие трудового законодательства, направленное на регулирование новых форм занятости). Подробно охарактеризован потенциал права на социальное обеспечение для достижения целей перехода к формальной экономике и охвату социальным обеспечением, проанализированы правовые формы социального обеспечения (государственное социальное обеспечение, социальное страхование (обязательное и добровольное), социальная поддержка), определены возможности их применения к неформальным работникам в странах БРИКС.

Based on the review of the research on the relationship between cooperation and self-organization in the rural development of Russia and other countries, and also taking into account the recent trends in the international cooperative movement, the authors present the results of the sociological research conducted in 2005-2008, and then in 2018-2019 in nine rural areas of five subjects of the Russian Federation: Leningrad, Vologda, Novgorod, Arkhangelsk and Tver Regions of the Northern Non-Black-Earth Region. These empirical studies were comparative case studies based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The authors consider the historical and contemporary specifics of cooperation and self-organization of the Non-Black-Earth Region as compared to other Russian regions; identify theoretical and practical differences between the concepts cooperation, self-organization, mutual assistance; propose to use the concept symbiosis for the analytical explanation of paradoxes of the interaction of traditions and innovations in practices of rural cooperation and mutual assistance. In the final part of the article, the authors provide empirical examples from their sociological studies in the Northern Non-Black-Earth Region, which prove the efficiency of cooperation between local entrepreneurs and rural communities, especially provided measures and programs of the state support to cooperation. The authors emphasize the importance of the symbiosis of formal and informal local cooperative practices, which requires an extremely flexible cooperative policy in order to overcome the legacy of the Soviet bureaucratic overregulation and to revive the historical legacy of the local self-organization of rural communities.

Qualitative methods are highly appreciated in both foreign and Russian sociological research focused on practical results and recommendations. Among numerous qualitative methods, case study seems to be the most relevant for the study of rural cooperation. Cooperatives are traditionally the most important means for supporting small producers in agriculture. Historical studies show that rural cooperation has always revived under social transformations. Today in Russia, transformations in rural areas are not complete and still determine serious social-economic consequences. The state support for cooperatives and small business is one of the priorities in rural development, but it has contradictory effects. Every year, many new cooperatives are registered, but their number is always smaller than the number of closed cooperatives. The study aims at understanding motives for creating cooperatives, and at identifying mechanisms of economic interaction of cooperative members and risks and conflicts that affect the life of the cooperative. The author shows the relevance of the case study method for studying the formation and functioning of cooperatives and for testing the hypothesis about combination of formal and informal mechanisms of economic interaction in cooperatives. The case study proved the dependence of formalization of economic relations in the cooperative on the scale of its activities, and revealed motives for cooperation of small agricultural producers. This work is a part of the research within the state assignment of the RANEPA Informal economy of rural households: Possibilities and limitations of economic practices in increasing the potential and general attractiveness of rural areas.

This review describes and analyzes the main scientific works of the remarkable BritishRussian sociologist Teodor Shanin (1930–2020). The suggestion is to divide Shanin’s rich intellectual heritage into three main genres: anthologies, monographs, and essays.The review begins with the genre of anthologies, understood in the broadest sense of the word: from a collection of modern scientific articles to collections of excerpts from classical works. In this genre, T. Shanin acted as the head of research projects, the author of editorial introductions and the scientific articles themselves in anthologies devoted to models of scientific knowledge of the world, peasants and peasant communities, developing countries, Marxist theory in connection with the development of Russia, types of informal-expolar economies, reflexive peasant studies, methods of qualitative research, interdisciplinary research of generations.Shanin’s books, written in the genre of authentic scientific monographs, on the social mobility of the Russian peasantry at the beginning of the 20th century, the two-volume “Russia as a Developing Society” and the collection of his selected scientific articles titled “Defining Peasants” are examined.In conclusion, it is noted that Teodor Shanin was a bright and sharp essayist who left a number of remarkable articles in the essay genre, namely in the later period of his life — when he was living and working in post-Soviet Russia. The defining feature of Shanin as a writing scientist was his ability to think in terms of original models in a wide interdisciplinary context.

The article describes the phenomenon of child labour in the informal urban economy of a region known as the Triple Frontier located between Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, where some of the worst forms of child labour with distinctive regional features are present. At the Triple Frontier, tensions between global and local dimensions shape an interconnected and diverse space marked by inequality and asymmetries. For children and adolescents in vulnerable situations, border cities offer an opportunity to establish an income for themselves or their families through economic activities in the urban informal sector. However, the convergence of three national states, along with the sheer length and porousness of borders in the region, also allows the persistence of the worst forms of child labour, including trafficking for sexual or labour exploitation. Even though the Convention on the Rights of the Child has been ratified by almost every country in the world, the extent of their compliance varies greatly. Historically there have been (at least) two types of childhood: that with a guarantee of inclusion in traditional socialisation mechanisms and excluded childhood, where the rights of children are not guaranteed. In the latter case, children will have a different recognition of their rights depending on their socioeconomic background. In the Triple Frontier region, poverty is criminalised, and children from vulnerable backgrounds would be subject to criminal law enforcement to the detriment of the rights established in the Convention. The article focuses on how working children inhabit and appropriate urban space in order to maximise economic opportunity while at the same time minimising considerable risks. The voices of working children are also included, as they are fundamental for understanding child labour as a strategy to deal with social precariousness.

The article considers main approaches to the study of non-standard labor relations. Based on the conceptual model proposed by C. Rakowski, three approaches to the analysis of non-standard labor relations are presented: structuralist, neo-Marxist, and legalist. The author identifies methodological limitations and heuristic potential of these approaches, and using statistical and sociological data claims that non-standard labor relations are widespread in Russia (from 32 to 59 million people). The article presents different estimates of non-standard labor relations: some authors focus on their advantages, others - on disadvantages depending on the ideological positions and the object of analysis. The author insists on the methodological confusion in the study of non-standard labor relations in the legalist approach which combines informal economy with non-standard employment, making it difficult to consider beneficiaries and ‘victims’ of the emerging system. According to the studies, the benefits of non-standard labor relations are typical for entrepreneurs, while disadvantages - for employees. The author proposes to distinguish employees from non-standard labor relations and entrepreneurs in the informal economy, which allows to combine all concepts of non-standard labor relations and to identify winners and losers of such relations. The article also mentions reasons for the growth of non-standard labor relations: globalization, automatization of labor, changes of labor values, and social policy - under the evolution of capitalism as a historical system.

The article examines the development of the Russian market of transport online services. The analysis of this market segment acquires special relevance amid the economic digitalization in Russia. The study dwells upon households as both consumers and producers of transport services. In this regard, the following comes to light: distinguishing features of developing the market of services; the increase in information processing speed; the need for its assessment; additional opportunities for statistical accounting of the online peer-to-peer services. The authors aim at studying two aspects: first, the specificity of developing the market on the example of the Yandex.Taxi online aggregator in the conditions of digitalization and Sharing Economy development and, second, the reveal of nonobserved factors of households activity in the market segment and the problems of their accounting for GVA adjustment. The research methodology includes the industrial economics by Harvard School, Sharing Economy concept and the primary provisions of national accounts. The research methods are system-based, economic, structural and comparative analysis as well as methods of expert estimates. The authors reveal that the introduction of digital technologies and the development of online aggregators in the market of transport online services in Russia allows improving Yandex.Taxi market self-presentation, expanding the database for surveying the non-registered economy and, accordingly, reducing its share in GVA. The emergence of new digital products on the market of transport online services fundamentally changes volumes as well as the system for collecting and processing data. The possibility of data acquisition in real time allows accelerating information analysis and facilitates taking management decisions.

The factors, causing the rapid expansion of the shadow economy (informal economy) in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa have been considered in the article. The shadow economic sector is the largest and fast growing sector in the region, therefore, it is necessary to study and make policy recommendations for development. The authors have studied some definitions of the shadow economy of well-known authors and outlined the essence and background of these definitions. Furthermore, the factors, dragging the development of the sector have been considered. The reasons behind low financial access among these enterprises have been studied. It has been revealed, that information asymmetry is one of the main problems, which limits access to finance by firms of the shadow economy. Consequently, small, (lower) access to finance limits the innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises, through which these firms produce goods and services to address (meet) local needs.However, the role of the shadow economy cannot be overlooked as the sector provides more than 55 % of employ and also contributes more than 50 % of the region’s gross domestic product. Thus, it is more able to stifle small and medium-sized enterprises in the informal sector of the economy and their innovative projects, which can slow down the technological industrialization and economic development of the region. The author’s position on measures to solve the problems of financial accessibility and access of shadow small and medium-sized enterprises to financial resources in the region has been substantiated. Thus, there is need of great attention of policy makers and the business community in tackling the problems, designated in this article, because it contributes to the economic and innovative development of the region.

This article discusses the phenomenon of the informal economy. The main emphasis is placed on the ‘pomogaistvo’ institution, which is typical for the border regions of Russia. The functioning of this institution is related to the possibility of duty-free importation of up to 50 kg of various goods, the total value of which does not exceed $1,500 (from January 1, 2019 the rate decreased to 25 kg and $500) in accordance with the customs code of the Eurasian Economic Union. This research is focused on the ‘pomogaistvo’ institution mainly taking place in the sector of the informal economy in Primorsky Krai. The main objectives of the research are: to find out why the ‘pomogaistvo’ institution stopped its work for a year and a half after the currency crisis of 2014, but later regained its activity and former influence; to study how the changing technologies affect the formalization / legalization of the institution of the informal economy. The research is based on qualitative data collected in the field using the following basic methods: in-depth interview and naturalistic observation. The article presents a description of the functioning of the ‘pomogaistvo’ institution, the processes taking place in it, a description of the roles of agents operating within this institution, and an assessment of the scale of this activity in the form of providing an approximate volume of goods imported into the Russian Federation from China. The analysis of the obtained empirical data is carried out on the basis of the positions of the North Douglas institutions concept, and more broadly, in the framework of the new institutional economic theory. As a result of processing the empirical data, it was concluded that institutional inertia and the introduction of electronic commerce technology into this institution were the main factors in the recovery of the ‘pomogaistvo’ institution. A contradiction was found between empirical data and a theory that the integration of technologies that reduce transaction costs in the institution of the informal economy does not lead to the formalization of this institution

The article gives an overview of the potential of using informal business networks in the service industry. The author introduces the concept of informal business networks potential in the service industry, identifies its characteristics and some peculiarities of potential assessment.

The parade of sovereignties of 1991, in place of the Soviet Union, formed 15 independent states, including Ukraine. The new era of life of the Crimea society started from this time. The development of rural Crimea territories differed from other Ukrainian regions because of the specific features of the peninsula: ethnical diversity and polarization, natural restrictions for agriculture, little differences between lifestyle in towns and in villages. Economical reforms of post-soviet period changed rural territories some goals of the soviet government were obtained (for example reduction of socio-cultural gap between village and town). But because of the ineffective policy the crisis of the rural territories became deeper, economical difficulties added to the problems of rural territories. Inability of formal institutions to provide private ownership and maintenance of infrastructure, to fulfill their social obligations contributed to the formation of powerful informal institutions, that restrained migration from rural areas to cities like in the Black Earth Region. Habitants of the rural territories use different coping strategies. Rural market economy that changed planned economy in 1990 went in “shadow” because of the high transaction costs and passivity of fiscal authorities. The article continues Russian tradition of the monographic description of villages: the author studies the transformation of the economy of Crimea rural territories on the example of the village Novoalekseevka Krasnogvardeisky district, located in the steppe rural zone.

There is an urgent need for a comprehensive study and analysis of negative processes of deepening the level of second relations in the economy. The ghost economy is the result of the functioning and increasing signs of a systemic crisis in the economy, which arises due to the discrepancy and inadequacy of the methods used to implement market transformations. The spread of the gray economy occurred on the basis of the destruction of existing distribution relations and the construction of new ones, which significantly violated the established balance of economic entities interests, the parity of its separate spheres development, and the motivation for effective management. Another meaningful aspect is that the gray sector of the economy in any country really exists; it quickly reacts to changes in the implementation of the state economic life. That is why it is extremely important when studying the problem of increasing the scale of the gray economy is the prompt and rapid accumulation of information dealing with changes in its basic indicators. Hiding of tax revenues is a crime, and tax minimization, that is, an attempt to reduce their amount, is completely legal and provides the work of a large number of specialists in the field of tax law and accounting. But on the other hand, for economic entities operating in Ukraine, the critical threat is not the fiscal capability, but the uncertainty in the legislation and the political and economic life of the country.

The article considers the market of narcotics as a part of the formal and informal economy. By narcotics, the author means psychoactive substances and plants containing them, which are banned, subject to control or non-prohibited, but have a psychophysical effect on human body. Drug-related psychoactive substances are classified according to the prohibition criterion and restrictions on a turnover with reference to the illegal (criminal) or shadow economy. The author considers the illegal drug market as a latent self-organizing system of socio-economic relations of criminal and shadow nature. Such market is oriented towards the turnover of potentially illegal or dangerous psychoactive substances, which are prohibited or restricted for use in non-medical purposes. The analysis of the state and development of the drug situation on the territory of the entities of the Ural Federal District confirms the relevance of the problem of drug abuse. In recent years, the primary incidence of drug addiction and harmful drug use among the adolescents aged 15–17 have grown. Synthetic narcotics and psychotropic substances of high narcogenicity dominate in the current drug market. Over the past 5 years, the average cost of a single dose of drug remains virtually unchanged. This reflects the conditional balance of purchasing power and competition in the drug market. The disparity in the volume of seized cannabis drugs and the number of cannabinoid users observed by medical institutions suggests a high level of latency in this category of drug users. To assess the degree of negative impact of the drug market, the author proposes to use a method of calculating the socioeconomic costs of the consequences of drug addiction. The methodology is supplemented with tools for determining the number of psychoactive substances consumers on the basis of the mass of these substances withdrawn from illicit trafficking, using the concentration and recalculation coefficients. The author develops a methodology for assessing the economic effect from medical and social rehabilitation of drug-dependant persons. This methodology allows to economically substantiate the development of the national rehabilitation system and determine the economic costs to be reduced from its implementation. As a result of approbation of the methodologies, the author has determined the limiting coefficient of latency of persons, consuming psychoactive substances for non-medical purposes. Furthermore, these methodologies have allowed to define the share of the persons, who successfully completed medical and social rehabilitation. The excess of this share demostrates the positive economic effect of rehabilitation programs. The proposed methods can be applied in economic calculations to justify the establishment and functioning of drug addiction medical and social rehabilitation centres in the subjects of the Federation and to assess their performance.

The article researches methods of measuring unobserved economy. The methods being analyzed are based on statistics of households, the method of factual employment, expert method, etc. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages and unfortunately cannot provide full characteristics of unobserved economy indicators. The author comes to the conclusion about the necessity to develop a common methodology for assessing shadow economy in order to come closer to the exact estimation of GDP and other macro-economic figures, to find the concealed share of the real sector of economy and to identify the scale of country 'shadowing'. True information about the shadow share of economy can help to take measures to normalize Russian economy.

The article gives an overview of the potential of using informal business networks in the service industry. The author introduces the concept of informal business networks potential in the service industry, identifies its characteristics and some peculiarities of potential assessment.

The socio-economic nature of the shadow economy is revealed. The shadow economy has both positive and negative signs for the society; the possibility for the population to survive in conditions of economic crisis, reducing transaction costs authors refer to positive signs, and the destructive economic development to negative. The common (prohibitions and restrictions) and partial (high tax burden and inefficient system of its administration; numerous bureaucratic procedures; mistrust to the government institutions and the judiciary; corruption in all levels of the governance, etc.) causes of the shadow economy in entrepreneurship are disclosed. It is argued that the shadow economy is neither a sector nor a certain part of the legal economy, it can be in any sector of the legal economy closely interlaced with it, and therefore its limits cannot be clearly identified (determine) in the formal economy. The shadow economy is not possible to determine especially in the information society. The categories of the shadow economy and its structuring are suggested. It has been researched the historical roots of the shadow economy spread in entrepreneurship, and lie in the shadow of public-private partnership which carries interests of "civil servant-entrepreneurs" and allows to manage state resources and control market. Therefore, the shadow policy creates favorable conditions for the entrepreneurs to work in the shadow. At the same time, access to the shadow entails stricter regulation by the state. It is proved that corruption is a part of the shadow economy, not an independent phenomenon, so they should be research comprehensively and systematically. Instead of overcoming the shadow economy and its component - corruption has been suggested to establish favorable business environment for their unfavorable existence, that is to carry out deshadowing of the economy.

The article examines the main indicators of the labor market in Russia given the global economic crisis. The main factors contributing to the slowdown in the growth rate of unemployment. Analyzed the degree of influence the diff erentiation of pay levels by type of economic activity to changes in the employment structure. Analyzed the level of employment in the informal sector of economy of Russia for 2007-2013 Studied the reasons for the growth of informal employment in Russia. As a result of the analysis the conclusion is made about the need to reduce informal employment.

The article deals with women's entrepreneurship as one of the most effective ways of women's employment. Many Russians are living below the poverty line, work in the informal sector of the economy, are not able to get a job in their specialty, to start their own business or to stand in the fiercely competitive environment. All they need legal, informational, financial support for self-realization, including by opening their own business and the development of his family business. InRussiathere are many structures and programs to support small and medium-sized businesses, but only few among them are those that aim to support women's entrepreneurship, which requires rethinking and finding new ways of its development.

Using the methodology of actor-network analysis the author identifies configuration and dynamics of informal social networks in the border region. The study is based on the example of mechanisms and practices of importing fruits and vegetables from Heihe to Blagoveshchensk and relationships methods in the «Chinese» market in Blagoveshchensk. It is shown that the mechanism of fruit and vegetables’ import to Blagoveshchensk is an informal social network with «Russian» and «Chinese» firms as actors. However, there are other actors involving in goods’ exchange and money flows: «Tajik», «Uzbek», «Azerbaijan» and «Armenian» companies. The analysis is performed for two periods of legislative regulation of foreign trade, each of which differs in the nature of links, number of actors and their positions. The study reveals the fact that social networks of import belong to networks of a higher order and they provide not only the city with fruit and vegetables, but also other regions (in particular, Yakutia). The paper shows that «Chinese» firms control flows of goods and money so they occupy the central position within identified social networks. These networks and control mechanisms keep up the stability of informal trade of migrants and failures of formal regulation

The article discusses the negative effects of informal sector in economic activity on the socio-economic development of the country. It is proven that despite the temporary effects of part-time employment of unskilled labor and a price advantage, enterprises of the informal sector cause much more devastating effects that are revealed in violation of the laws of competition, increasing the tax burden on formally employed individuals, and the unstimulating factors on economic growth. An integrated program, which might contribute to transfer the companies of the informal sector in the formal economy contribute is developed.

In the article the process of the harmonization of the analytical framework for quantity evaluation of the non-observed economy in the world is presented and new analytical framework for complex statistical assessment of the shadow economy is proposed.

The essence of the informal sector of the economy and the risk of its occurrence are discovered in the article. The volume of the informal sector of the economy in Ukraine is calculated. The role of the informal sector of the economy in narrowing the financial basis for ensuring the competitiveness of the national economy is opened.В статье раскрыта сущность неофициального сектора экономики и риски его возникновения. Рассчитаны объемы неофициального сектора экономики в Украине. Показана роль неофициального сектора экономики в сужении финансового базиса обеспечения конкурентоспособности национальной экономики.