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Abstract. The purpose of the work is to develop a program for transliteration and refactoring of mechanically typed text “CotoGwa”. A literary analysis of the research problem is presented. The choice of ways, technologies and means of solving the task is substantiated. The functional and structural scheme of the program is substantiated. The process of developing a software product is highlighted. Comparative characteristics of analogues are carried out and their shortcomings are described. The advantages of the developed product are defined too. The software development model and used scientific research methods are justified. The practical application of the created product is described step by step. Testing and debugging of the program is described. Considering the implementation of the software, the architectural solutions and technologies used in the project were analyzed. The program takes into account the needs of users and can be easily extended to provide additional functionality thanks to the flexibility and extensive functionality of the C# programming language. In the future, the development of the program will include additional options to create even greater convenience and speed of use by users. Taking into account feedback from users can contribute to the further development of this software in the field of text printing. In general, the development makes it possible to efficiently and conveniently enter and edit text, reducing time spent on additional printing principles and facilitating routine tasks for users.

The principle of freedom of will has been and remains to this day one of the fundamental principles of the current national inheritance law. Special significance in civil legal capacity is the right of subjects of inheritance relations to freely exercise their property rights and to dispose of things. The testamentary refusal (legacy) imposes a duty on the heir to fulfil certain property obligations. Nevertheless, in modern realities of testamentary refusal enforcement, problems are not excluded at all, and therefore require their resolution. Purpose: to identify legal characteristics of testamentary refusal and actual problems arising in inheritance relations, as well as to determine the best ways to solve these problems and the main directions for further improvement of national legislation in this area. Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. Specific scientific methods are used: legal-dogmatic and the method of interpreting legal norms. Results: the study of the current legislation regulating the institute of testamentary refusal in the Russian Federation allows to consider its historical development, to determine the legal characteristics of its emergence and content, as well as current problems arising in law enforcement practice. It is established that the problem of fulfilling the obligation to grant the legatee the right to use residential premises is of particular importance. The authors propose the general directions of improving the national legislation in order to overcome the problems associated with the application of testamentary refusal.

Rice is an important food product for people. Milled white rice is mainly used or food purposes, but unpolished rice is also used. The cells of the aleurone layer and the embryo of the rice grain contain lipids, the presence of which strengthens the immune system and protects against heart disease and cancer, which has increased interest in them. The current paper has provided a review of the information on the study of quantitative trait loci connected with lipid content in rice grain. The study was conducted in China, Korea, and Japan from 1983 to 2021 using dihaploid lines from hybrids among rice varieties with contrasting lipid content. There was identified a correlation with QTL on 12 rice chromosomes with the help of a microsatellite marker map. Hu et al. (2004) found three QTLs for oil content located on chromosomes 1, 2, and 5. Yu et al. (2009) found four QTLs on chromosomes 3, 5, 6, and 8. Qin et al. (2010) mapped eight QTLs to chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9. Kim et al. (2013) found a significant QTL, qRLC5, on chromosome 5. Yun et al. (2014) found that high lipid content was determined by three QTL on chromosomes 2, 3 and 6. Ying et al. (2012) identified 29 QTL on 10 chromosomes, several for seven fatty acids. Zhou and his colleagues (2021) conducted a genomic study of oil composition and concentration in different groups of 533 cultivated rice varieties and identified 99 QTL, 94 of which were associated with oil composition and five of them with oil concentration. These QTLs will allow developing pyramids of favorable alleles to improve rice quality using marker-assisted breeding.

The subject of the research is the right to inherit digital information.The purpose of the research is to substantiate the need to conduct legal regulation of the consequences of the death of a person in the context of inheritance of digital data.The research is based on the analysis of sources of Russian and foreign law, as well as practical materials of Russian and foreign law in the sphere of rights and freedoms. The methodological basis of the research was formed by general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, modelling) and private-scientific methods of cognition (comparativelegal, formal-logical).Main results. There are some approaches to the correlation of rights and freedoms realized in real and virtual space. The first approach considers digital or virtual rights and freedoms as a new legal phenomenon that requires separate legal regulation. The second approach assesses digital or virtual rights and freedoms as a manifestation of the features of those rights and freedoms that already exist outside the digital world. Although the first approach is more popular, the second approach is more correct because digital rights and freedoms either add a new territory of rights and freedoms or affect the mechanism of realization, but do not create a fundamentally new legal phenomenon.Because the death of a person does not automatically have consequences for the digital space, it is necessary to create a legal mechanism for recognising digital death, which will allow an individual who died in reality to become so for the virtual space. For the realisation of these powers it is not necessary to create completely new legal categories, it is enough to take into account the peculiarities of the realisation of offline rights and freedoms in virtual space.Conclusions. It seems more correct to move away from the concept of separating offline and online rights and to focus on the point-by-point introduction of digital rights and freedoms into existing legislation. Such an approach will not only ensure faster regulation of digital rights and freedoms, but will also make it possible to base legal regulation on provisions that have already had experience of implementation, and therefore identify possible gaps, problems, etc.

The institution of procedural costs in Russia since the adoption of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation has been subject to minor changes, which may indicate either that it is perfect or the legislator has forgotten about it. In the meantime, some issues that arise periodically for law enforcement officials (for example, the recovery of procedural costs from the heir of a deceased accused) remain without the necessary attention of the legislator or the highest judicial authority. Given that the decision on the distribution of procedural costs is mandatory in the operative part of any judgement, special attention should be paid to the institution of procedural costs. Purpose: to review trends in the development of norms on procedural costs in the legislation not only of the Russian Federation, but also of foreign countries with similar legal systems. The paper aims to formulate proposals to improve the national legislation on the basis of the analysis of the legislation of the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The methodological basis of the study is the comparative law method. General scientific methods of analysis are used, as well as the methods of legal interpretation and logicallegal. Results: the conducted research allows to identify differences in approaches to solving general issues of legal regulation of procedural costs in the legislation of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. The use of the comparative law method in studying the theoretical and practical aspects of the institution of procedural costs in the legislation of different countries leads to the conclusion that specific provisions on procedural costs should be established, resulting from overcoming the opposition to criminal prosecution, as well as the decision on the fate of procedural costs in accepting the inheritance by heirs of a dec eased accused.

The development of digital technologies permeates almost all areas of public relations. At the same time, certain areas remain more conservative, and legal regulation also lags behind the pace of general digitalization. This situation is especially clearly visible in the field of inheritance of digital assets. The subject of this article is to explore the opportunities and risks associated with inheriting NFTs. The purpose of the article is to determine algorithms for inheriting NFTs in the context of insufficient legal regulation of this procedure in the Russian Federation. The work uses methods of both empirical (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, systematization) and theoretical (methods of constructing and studying the object of study and methods of constructing and justifying theoretical knowledge) levels. When transferring a token, a unique record is transferred, and the previous owner of the NFT loses the token after it is transferred. This makes NFTs similar to material objects and necessitates separate legal regulation of the rights associated with NFTs. An NFT is inherited, not a digital object such as art. The main problem with inheriting NFTs is that these objects are intangible. They cannot be physically materialized, stored, for example, in a safe deposit box, or transferred physically. Therefore, if the owners do not have specific heirs, it will even be difficult to include NFT in the inheritance or find out about the token. Inheriting an NFT requires that the will name the NFT and include an explanation of where the NFT is held. The testator’s password must also be available. There may be problems associated with the compulsory share in the inheritance, related both to access and to the assessment and dynamically changing value of the NFT. Also, the valuation of the NFT will influence the amount of the state fee for issuing a certificate of inheritance. The practical implementation of NFT inheritance is facilitated by the development of appropriate digital technologies that optimize procedural aspects.

A hybridological study of biotypes of species close to Elymus caninus: E. prokudinii, E. viridiglumis, E. goloskokovii, as well as a number of morphologically deviant biotypes in Russia and Kazakhstan, was carried out. The objectives were to study the levels of reproductive relationships and the degree of integration of the species E. goloskokovii, E. prokudinii, and E. viridiglumis into the E. caninus complex. Our estimates of the seed fertility of natural parental biotypes were within 60–90 %. Among the combinations of crossing in F1, the highest seed setting was found in the hybrids formed by parental pairs from close habitats, regardless of the taxonomic rank of biotypes. The highest fertility values (55.6 and 46.1 %) were found in combinations involving E. caninus, E. viridiglumis and E. goloskokovii. It has been concluded that the biotypes of these species included in sexual hybridization form a single recombination gene pool, within which slight differences in reproductive compatibility are observed. The nature of the inheritance of the diagnostic features of lemmas“presence of trichomes” and“length of awns”, according to the digenic and monogenic type, respectively, is shown. The high seed fertility of the created hybrids and the presence of intermediate forms in the F2 generation according to distinctive features indicate the possibility of interspecific introgression when species grow together in natural populations. Thus, the assessment of the inheritance of diagnostic characters makes it possible to classify E. goloskokovii, E. prokudinii, and E. viridiglumis as intraspecific taxa of E. caninus s. l. Data were obtained on the morphological and reproductive properties of interspecific hybrids with the participation of the species E. mutabilis as a possible donor in the speciation of taxa close to E. caninus. In cross combinations of E. caninus × E. mutabilis and E. mutabilis × E. caninus, lower values of seed fertility of hybrids in the F1 and F2 generations were noted compared to hybrids between the species E. caninus, E. goloskokovii, E. prokudinii and E. viridiglumis. Nevertheless, on the basis of chorological and morphological criteria, we concluded that E. caninus and E. mutabilis are independent species.

The subject. Compliance with the term for the implementation of the inheritance rights for persons wishing to become successors of a deceased citizen is an important condition for acquiring rights to hereditary property. Nevertheless, frequently, owing to various reasons, citizens from among the heirs cannot comply with the procedure established by law, which, in most cases, engenders the need referring to the court with a inquire about extension of the deadline to recognize the right to inherited property. The court will be able to satisfy the stated requirements if there is a valid reason, which prevented the heir from exercising his right.The purpose of the article.The authorsdare to determine whether a disease, including a new coronavirus infection COVID-19, can be considered as a respectful reason for a recovery period for acceptance of the inheritance. The established objective has determined the need to solve the following tasks: (1) to analyze the legal reasoning of the disputed issue in the doctrine; (2) to study jurisprudence on the subject of the study; (3) to assess how fully the rules of Article 1155 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are applicable in relation to the citizens from whom it is potentially impossible to get out of a diseased state; (4) to offer our own perspective on the issue.Research methods are systematic approach and formal legal analysis of doctrinal sources and the existing Russian legislation and law application practice.The main results of a study. It is shown that not every painful condition can be regarded as a valid reason for restoring the term of inheritance acceptance under Article 1155 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The existing science means do not allow us to formulate a final conclusion on the issue under study. Therefore, taking into account the evaluative nature of the rule applied, only the law enforcement body is able to make a decision, fully analyzing the relevant circumstances.Conclusions.When considering cases on the restoration of the term of acceptance of inheritance due to illness, the courts need to take into account a combination of factors: the nature of the disease, its duration, treatment conditions, prognosis of the disease, the degree of social adaptation of the heir. The rules of Article 1155 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation regarding the establishment of a six-month period for applying to the court need to be revised. Their use is unjustified, and compliance is impossible in the event that a person's exit from a painful state is not expected, while due to the course of the disease, the heir is unable to declare his rights.

The current confrontation between Russia-China and the West requires a study of civilizational differences that determine national identities and attitudes towards social-economic values. This confrontation has deep cultural roots; thus, the Russian-Western intense rivalry in the 18th - 19th centuries was based on different perceptions of social reality, different value orientations and priorities in economy, politics and other spheres. Sociologists and social philosophers have studied factors that determined civilizational differences between non-Western and Western societies, namely the Russian world and the Anglo-Saxon world for decades, emphasizing their confessional differences, fundamentally divergent geopolitical interests, opposite political systems and so on. In the social-economic perspective, property rights are a significant basis of civilizational differences. The West has always considered its clear stand on property rights as the only possible. However, this position can be based on either economic considerations or moral criteria. Such differences are reflected in inheritance systems, although sociologists rarely focus on them. The division between heirs in equal parts complies with the moral standards of our society and is known as the path of ‘communal good’. Another way is to transfer the greater part of property to one member of the family in order to avoid its fragmentation, which is reasonable in the economic perspective but not always morally acceptable; this is the path known as ‘rational evil’. Thus, inheritance systems are among the most crucial civilizational differences between Russia and the West. The civilizational analysis is fundamentally important under the current confrontation between the West and Russia- China, and the position on private property and inheritance system determines civilizational differences. In Western Europe, the right of primogeniture was in force for a long time, and its cruel laws dictated that all real estate and most of the other property was inherited by the eldest son. This rule contributed to the earlу development of capitalism based on wage labor. On the contrary, in Russia, China and many other non-Western countries, the inheritance was divided among all children. Although it was disadvantageous for the social-economic development, it did not contradict conventional moral standards and did not destroy family relationships. In post-industrial societies, the institutional context has radically changed and the division of property among relatives does not

In the conducted studies, as a result of the hybridisation of Triticum spelta L. × Triticum compactum Host. several new forms were obtained that differ in morphobiological and economically valuable traits. The research aims to expand the genetic diversity of spelt wheat and to obtain new introgressive forms with a high level of manifestation of economically valuable traits. The following methods were used: field, laboratory, hydrological analysis, and statistical analysis. As a result of the research, new source material was obtained and valuable genotypes with a unique combination of genetic material of the source species were identified. An intermediate type of inheritance of plant morphology traits (plant height, ear length and density, grain weight per ear) in F1 hybrids was established. In F2 hybrids, a split of 3:1, indicates the dominant monogenic nature of inheritance. The shape of the ear is inherited monogenically by the type of incomplete dominance. The analysis of transgressive variability in F3-4 hybrids Triticum spelta L. × Triticum compactum Host. shows that the highest proportion of positive transgressions was recorded for the number of spikelets (28.1-28.5%) and grains (23.4-51.0%) in the ear and grain weight per spikelet (20.3-32.1%). The analysis of stability and adaptability indices allowed us to distinguish line 201, characterised by high stability (S2 di=0.027), homeostasis (Hom=193.3) and breeding value (Sc=3.9), and line 206, combining high yield (5.11 t/ha) with high homeostasis (Hom=182.3) and breeding value (Sc=3.9). The introgressive hybridisation with Triticum compactum Host. identified new genetic sources characterised by the presence of deficient traits for breeding and of great practical importance for further breeding and genetic improvement of spelt, as they can enrich the existing gene pool of the crop

The main reserve for improving of pea grain production is the development of new highly productive varieties. In this case, intraspecific hybridization is the main tool, but the patterns of inheritance by hybrids of several economically valuable traits are still insufficiently studied. The purpose of the current work was to establish the inheritance nature of productivity traits in pea hybrids. The trials were carried out in 2020–2022. The objects of the study were 8 pea hybrid combinations F1 and F2. The estimation of the collection and hybrid material was carried out in accordance with the Methodology of the State Variety Testing (2019). Segregation analysis in F1 pea hybrids has revealed different types of inheritance of the studied quantitative traits, from hybrid depression to overdominance. According to ‘plant height’, the dominance degree (hp) varied from 0 to 3.00. According to ‘number of pods per plant’ it varied from –0.50 to 3.00. According to ‘number of beans per pod’ it varied from 1.67 to 4.00. According to ‘1000-seed weight’ it varied from 0.20 to 0.44. Hybridological analysis of F2 pea plants based on ‘plant height’ in 4 hybrid combinations has revealed incomplete negative dominance (hp from –0.20 to –0.43), in 4 hybrid combinations it was incomplete dominance (hp from 0.60 to 0.69). According to ‘number of pods per plant’, two hybrid combinations have shown complete dominance (hp = 1.00), one hybrid combination has shown incomplete dominance (hp = 0.35), five hybrid combinations have shown incomplete negative dominance (hp from –0.50 to –0, 71). The trait ‘1000-seed weight’ in all hybrid combinations was inherited according to the type of incomplete dominance (hp from 0.10 to 0.16). According to ‘number of beans per pod’, four hybrid combinations have shown incomplete dominance (hp from 0.67 to 0.83); one hybrid combination has shown incomplete negative dominance (hp = –0.50); three hybrid combinations have shown complete negative dominance (hp = –1.00).

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The article is aimed at clarifying the essence of the heirs' obligation to reimburse the funeral expenses of the testator and the specifics of its fulfilment. It has been noted that the specified obligation is not an element of the inheritance, and therefore the provisions of Articles 1281 and 1282 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, that define the claims of the testator's creditor against the heirs and the obligation of the heirs to satisfy the creditor's claims, are not applied in its fulfilment. It has been concluded that payment for the funeral of the testator gives rise to a non-contractual binding legal relationship in which the creditor is the person who incurred the relevant expenses, and the debtor is the heir, provided that he or she accepts the inheritance. Such an obligation arises only if the creditor has paid his or her own funds for the funeral of the deceased and if these costs are reasonable. Payment of funeral expenses by one of the heirs is not a ground for increasing the size of the inheritance share of that heir. They can only raise the issue of partial reimbursement of the expenses. It has been noted that the amount of reimbursement to cover the funeral expenses of the testator depends on the legal status of the creditor. If the costs were incurred by a person who is not one of the heirs, including the executor of the will, the funds paid are reimbursed to him or her in full. Heirs, on the other hand, bear these costs in the amount equal to their share in the inheritance. In addition, the heirs must reimburse the funeral expenses of the testator, regardless of the share value of the inherited property. The legislation contains an evaluative category of “reasonable expenses”, which is determined by two criteria: the amount and the necessity of the expenses. The costs for a funeral reception held after the burial should be attributed to the burial costs, the obligation to reimburse which is imposed on the heirs under Article 1232 of the Civil Code of Ukraine. An obligation relationship arises only if the creditor has paid his or her own funds for the funeral of the person who died. In this regard, a person is not entitled to reimbursement for the state financial assistance received for the funeral, as well as for the funds spent on the funeral, which are due to the testator. It has been emphasised that there is a need to improve the procedure for issuing a notary's permission to receive a part of the testator's deposit in a bank (financial institution), primarily for reimbursement of the expenses incurred by a person for the testator's burial.

The current paper has presented the study results of the hybrid population of the second generation ‘Khao Hlan On × Kontakt’. The variety ‘Khao Hlan On’ is late-maturing, small-grained, fast-growing, of tall height, resistant to lodging, the variety ‘Kontakt’ is early-maturing, medium-grained, of low height, resistant to lodging. The purpose of the study was to analyze the inheritance of the main quantitative traits in the rice hybrid F2 ‘Khao Hlan On × Kontakt’ and select the best forms for breeding. In the course of genetic analysis, there have been determined the features of traits’ inheritance that affect productivity; there have been selected the best plants with an average height, with vertical panicles and mean grain weight. The study was carried out on the fields of the EP “Proletarskoe” (the Rostov Region) in 2022. For all the studied traits, there have been established the monogenic differences between the parental varieties. According to plant height, there was a partial domination of the lower values of the trait (hp = –0.22). According to panicle length, there was a partial negative dominance of the trait (hp = –0.35). According to the trait ‘number of spikelets per panicle’, there was a partial dominance of a smaller value of the trait (hp = –0.19). According to 1000-grain weight, there was a partial negative dominance (hp = –0.26). There have been selected the best morphotype F2 forms, which according to our earlier study, differed in optimal plant height, panicle length, number of spikelets per panicle, and 1000-grain weight.

The hereditary fund is a new and not fully explored form of a legal entity. Having appeared in 2018 as a bright prospect of existence in the national legal field of trusts, the inheritance fund very quickly showed all its few pluses and numerous minuses, reflecting the haste of its introduction into the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. It is worth emphasizing that the development of national inheritance law is necessary. The desire to use foreign experience in this development is reasonable and justified. However, the blind copying of trust legislation, together with the use of an inappropriate form of a Russian legal entity, namely a «fund» became a determining factor for turning a promising civil law institution into a non-working mechanism. The hereditary fund, having become the fundamental and first personal fund in the Russian Federation, after a reasonable, but not eliminating all the shortcomings of the reform in July 2021 after the entry into force of the Federal Law of July 1, 2021 № 287 «third of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation» on March 1, 2022, is now more likely a sub-institution or one of the varieties of personal funds. This article provides a detailed analysis and a scientific and legal assessment of the existence of personal and hereditary funds. The author’s position is formulated on the reasonableness of using the term «fund» when introducing trust law into the national legal field. The author defines the prospects for the existence of hereditary funds, both formal legal and practical, and also formulates proposals for improving legislation in order to increase its prestige and the interest in it of owners of large capitals in Russia.

This article analyzes the actual problems of inheritance by will in Russia and abroad. The problems of interpretation of the provisions of the legislation of the Russian Federation on inheritance are presented, the practical problems most often encountered in judicial practice are reflected. The development of legislation in the field of inheritance is analyzed. On the basis of the study, the authors propose measures aimed at improving the institution of inheritance by will.

The current paper has presented the study results of the second-generation hybrid population of ‘Bakhus x Kontakt’ combination. The variety ‘Bakhus’ is large-kernelled, vigorously growing, tall, unresistant to lodging, the variety ‘Kontakt is short, resistant to lodging, medium-kernelled. The purpose of the study was to analyze the inheritance of a number of quantitative traits in the F2 rice hybrid ‘Bakhus x Kontakt’ and select the best plants for the further breeding process. In the process of hybridological analysis, there have been established the patterns of inheritance of the main quantitative traits affecting productivity, there have been identified the best undersized forms, in which there were formed compact erect panicles and large kernels, and there has been selected the source material for breeding work. The study was carried out on the plots of OP «Proletarskoe» in the Rostov region in 2019–2021. The crossing was carried out in 2019, F1 was reproduced in 2020, F2 rice plants were grown in 2021. There has been found that according to ‘plant height’ there was a partial dominance of lower trait values and allelic differences in parental varieties for one pair of genes. There was no dominance according to ‘panicle length’; there were found digenic differences in the initial varieties. According to the trait ‘number of spikelets in a panicle’, there was a dominance of large values and positive transgression. According to spikelet length in F2 hybrids, there was a wide variation of the trait within the variability of parental varieties from 6.8 to 11.0 mm. there was no dominance. There was noted a digenic splitting in a ratio of 1:4:6:4:1. According to 1000-kernel weight, there has been identified a monohybrid splitting of 3:1. There were selected the best morphotype F2 forms, which differed in optimal plant height, long panicles, their increased kernel percentage and 1000-kernel weight.

Analysis of the effectiveness of evaluating inline and inter-line variants of combinations by type and finding their best variants in practical selective breeding is a relevant task that allows obtaining offspring of the desired quality. The purpose of this study is to figure out the specific features of the body structure of the firstborn cows of the Ukrainian blackspotted dairy breed of the western inbred type, depending on their origin, as well as to establish the type of inheritance of these indicators in line crosses based on the results of the evaluation by type. The study found the types of selection through genealogical analysis of pedigrees, linear evaluation of cows by type according to two evaluation systems – linear description of individual articles of the exterior on a 9-point scale and evaluation of complexes of exterior features of the animal type on a 100-point scale, obtained results were evaluated according to Student’s t-test. Using the scheme, it was found that the firstborn cows obtained as a result of the inline selection are characterized by optimal scores by type. However, animals from the Valianta 1650414 line received the highest ratings for linear traits of height at the withers, width of chest and rear, body depth. The study analysed the evaluation of firstborn cows by type, obtained in the interline selection, and it was found that the indicators of linear evaluation by type of cross lines correspond to and prevail over the average values for the breed. Cross cows ♂Valianta 1650414 x ♀Eleveishna 1491007 received the highest score for milk type on a 100-point scale. It was proved that most of the evaluated traits in line crosses were inherited according to the intermediate type. However, in the cross ♂Chifa 1427381 x ♀Eleveishna 1491007, the evaluation of individual traits (height, chest width, angle of withers, rear attachment, and depth of udder) statistically probably exceeded the values of the corresponding evaluations of the firstborns of the paternal and maternal lines, and the dominance of the maternal line was observed in the cross-breed cows ♂Chifa 1427381 x ♀Valianta 1650414 according to the value of the assessment of individual udder traits. The obtained results will allow performing optimal selection of parent pairs from animals evaluated by type for selection and breeding work with cattle herds to consolidate them by type

The article applied an object-oriented approach to analyze complex mechanical and technological objects based on an example of frame 3D textile structure development for objects from composite materials. Based on the research, the principle of global class inheritance of objects was analyzed and summarized using the object-oriented approach for the mechanical-technological structure of 3D fabrics using mechanical technology of sewing, weaving, knitting, and knitting productions. The design scheme of a generalized topology of object-oriented design for mechanical and technological systems of 3D fabrics of sewing, knitting, weaving, and weaving productions was developed. Methods and equipment for manufacturing mechanical-technological frame structures of 3D objects from textile materials were presented. Novel concepts of object = 3D micro-model, object = 2D mini-model, and object = 3D macro-model for frame 3D textile structures were introduced. Principles of inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism were applied to applicable models. For anisotropic textile 2D models, typical diagrams are given in polar coordinates for dynamic modulus of elasticity and logarithmic damping decrement.

Background. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) is a vegetable and medicinal crop new for Russia. Its high heat demand is the main factor limiting the possibilities of its cultivation in a temperate continental climate. Evaluation and selection of more cold-resistant accessions is required for breeding new cultivars and expanding production. Previously obtained data attest to a possibility of assessing cold hardiness in the mature male gametophyte phase in vitro.Materials and methods. Eight bitter melon accessions, including parent forms, F1 hybrids and cv. ‘Gosha’, were grown in the unheated film greenhouse of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Novosibirsk (54°49’ N, 83°06’ E) for evaluation and selection for cold resistance. The ratio of pollen germination in vitro on a 15% polyethylene glycol solution with a molecular weight of 6000 (PEG 6000) with the addition of boric acid (0.006%) at a temperature of 10°C for 24 h to the same indicator at 25°C / 3 h (in %) was used as a criterion of cold resistance.Results. The cultivar ‘Gosha’, the accession Okinawa green from Japan, and the F1 hybrid (Feng Guang × Okinawa green) had the highest cold resistance, with the values of 59.7; 53.8 and 48.2%, respectively. The inheritance of cold resistance in F1 , assessed by the pollen germination index, depending on the crossing combination, changed from intermediate in two hybrids [F1 Feng Guang × Gosha) and F1 Feng Guang × Okinawa green)] to overdominant (positive heterosis) in the hybrid F1 (Feng Guang × Okinawa white).

The article is devoted to clarifying the essence of the phenomenon of dormant inheritance in inheritance law. It has been concluded that the right of ownership of the inherited property is acquired by the heir retrospectively from the time the inheritance was opened, regardless of the legal regime of the inherited property. However, until the moment of state registration of the right of ownership, the heir is limited in his/her ability to dispose of the inherited real estate, in particular by alienating it. However, this limitation does not at all indicate that the heir has not acquired the right of ownership of the inherited property. The heir can transfer the inherited property to management, enter into an agreement on changing the size of shares in the inheritance. It is emphasized that a necessary condition for the emergence of the right of ownership of the inheritance is its acceptance by the heir in the manner and terms determined by civil legislation. The theory of splitting the ownership of inherited property is analyzed, according to which the emergence of the right of ownership of hereditary movable property is associated with the time of the opening of the inheritance, and for immovable property – with the date of state registration of rights to it. The contentiousness of the theory of splitting the ownership of inherited property is substantiated due to its inconsistency with the construction of universal legal succession. The phenomenon of dormant inheritance characterizes the actual state of the objects of inheritance from the time of the opening of the inheritance to the moment of its acceptance by the heir. Legally, such an interval of the state of statelessness of property does not exist, taking into account the rule of retroactive acceptance of inheritance established in the law. Thus, according to part 5 of article 1268 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, regardless of the time of acceptance of the inheritance, it belongs to the heir from the time of opening the inheritance, that is, from the moment of the death of the testator or his/her declaration as deceased. It is emphasized that the provision on retroactive acceptance of inheritance is a legal fiction.

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the main food crop on a global scale, in the growth and stabilisation of yields, of which varietal resources are a significant factor. In practical breeding work, an essential role is played by a variety of thoroughly investigated source material. The purpose of this study was to determine hypothetical and true heterosis and establish the nature of inheritance of the number of grains from the main ear in hybrids of soft winter wheat. In 2018-2020, 45 combinations of cross-breeding of soft winter wheat varieties obtained from hybridisation of different growing season periods were investigated in the experimental field of the Research and Production Centre of the Belotserkovskyi National Agrarian University. Generally accepted methods were used to determine the hypothetical and true heterosis and the degree of phenotypic dominance by the number of grains in the main ear. Studies indicate that the number of grains in the ear of the main stem of the parent components of hybridisation is determined by genotype and considerably depends on the hydrothermal conditions of the year. The author of this paper established the influence of maternal cytoplasm on the manifestation of the trait under study. Thus, when used in hybridisation of early-maturing varieties with the mother form, the largest average number of grains in the main ear for hybrids (63.3 pcs.) was formed in 2019. At the same time, for the use of medium-early, medium maturing, and medium-late varieties in hybridisation, the maximum number of grains (64.8 pcs.) was marked in 2018. Therewith, all hybrids formed the minimum number of grains in 2020. The obtained experimental data indicate the influence of parental genotypes and year conditions on heterosis indicators and the degree of phenotypic dominance in first-generation hybrids. It is determined that the most common type of inheritance (85.6%) of the number of grains from the main ear is positive overdomination. Practical value for the selection of soft winter wheat are the selected cross-breeding combinations: Myronivska early / Zolotokolosa, Myronivska early / Cherniava, Bilotserkivska semi-dwarf / Cherniava, Bilotserkivska semi-dwarf / Antonivka, Kolchuha / Antonivka, Zolotokolosa / Charniava, Zolotokolosa / Yednist, Cherniava / Vidrada, Cherniava / Stolychna, Shchedra Nyva / Dobirna, Antonivka / Stolychna, Dobirna / Pyvna, which significantly exceeded the average number of grains from the main ear for F1 in the changing fields under hydrothermal conditions the years of research

Background. Microsatellite (SSR) markers are an effective tool for certifying collections of plant genetic resources, as well as for identifying genes that determine valuable biological and agronomic traits. The knowledge of their polymorphism is important for characterizing genetic diversity within the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) collection. The present study was aimed at analyzing nucleotide polymorphism of SSR-markers linked with the genes for fertility restoration (Rf1) and downy mildew resistance (Pl5/Pl8). Materials and methods. The material included 84 self-pollinated lines of VIR sunflower genetic collection, F1 and F2 hybrids from crosses between fertile lines VIR 365 and RIL130, and offspring from test crosses. Polymorphism of SSR markers ORS224, ORS511, ORS799 and НА4011 was studied by means of PCR analysis. To determine the microsatellite structure and variability, the amplified fragments were cloned and sequenced. Results. The unique alleles which differed from the typical ones (characteristic for most genotypes) were revealed in the ORS224 marker locus of four lines, and the unique alleles in the ORS511 locus were observed in 10 lines. The ORS511 unique allele of line VIR 365 included two 161 and 240 bp fragments, while line RIL130 was characterized by a typical 159 bp fragment. The profiles of typical and unique markers were inherited as allelic variants of the same locus in F2 of (VIR 365 × RIL130) and a population from VIR 111A × (VIR 365 × RIL130). The nucleotide sequences of unique alleles differed from typical allelic variants in the length and number of repeat units (GA in ORS224 and AT/GT in ORS511), and also by the presence of indels and nucleotide substitutions. Differences in length of НА4011 marker 240 and 200 bp allele variants were caused by 80, 47 and 44 bp indels. Conclusions. A number of lines in the VIR sunflower genetic collection are marked by the unique alleles of microsatellite loci ORS224 and ORS511, which differ from the frequently occurring variants in the length and number of repeat units, as well as in the presence of indels and nucleotide substitutions. Polymorphism of allele variants of HA4011 microsatellite is associated with the presence of indels of 80, 47 and 4 bp.

Rice can form not only white-color kernels, but also of red, brown and black colors. In black-color rice kernels, the pericarp contains anthocyanin, which has antioxidant activity and therefore has a positive effect on human health. The purpose of the current study was to develop rice samples with black pericarp. The paper has presented the study results of the hybrid population ‘Mavr × Kontakt’ of the second generation. The variety ‘Mavr’ has a black pericarp, the variety ‘Kontakt’ has a white one. In the process of hybridological analysis there have been identified the patterns of inheritance of the main quantitative traits affecting productivity; there have been identified the best samples, in which formed compact erect panicles and black kernels; there has been selected the initial material for breeding work. The study was carried out in 2020 on the plots of the ES “Proletarskoye” in the Rostov region. There was established that the color of pericarp was inherited according to the type of complementary interaction of two genes. There was found an overdominance and interaction of two pairs of genes of different strengths according to ‘plant height’. There was also seen partial positive dominance, transgressions, and digenic differences of the initial varieties according to ‘panicle length’. According to the traits ‘number of spikelets per panicle’, there was identified overdominance of large values and positive transgression. There were found the forms with well-kerneled panicles. The trait ‘1000 kernel weight’ was characterized by negative dominance and dihybrid cleavage of 9:6:1. There have been selected the best morphotype F2 forms with black pericarp, which possessed optimal plant height, long panicles, larger kernel size, and an average 1000 kernel weight.

Background. Modern production of sunflower seeds is currently based on the cultivation of high-yielding heterotic F1 hybrids from crossbreeding of lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) of PET1-type and fertility restorer lines. The paternal parent serves as a donor of the nuclear Rf1 gene functional allele, which is responsible for pollen fertility restoration in F1 plants. The detection of carriers of the Rf1 locus recessive and dominant alleles using diagnostic molecular markers accelerates breeding of female and male parental lines for creating hybrids.Materials and methods. The material for the study included 75 lines of various origins from the VIR sunflower genetic collection as well as hybrids from crosses of VIR 116A sterile line with fertile lines differing in the type of cytoplasm (fertile or sterile) and the presence of molecular markers, most of which were linked to the Rf1 locus. For marker validation, two different approaches were used: either by analyzing associations between the ability of a line to restore pollen fertility and the presence of molecular markers in its genotype, or by estimating recombination frequency between the Rf1 locus and marker loci in four segregating hybrid populations.Results. According to the obtained results, no markers demonstrated 100% efficiency in the analysis of the sample of genotypes. The ORS511 marker was most frequently observed among the lines presumably carrying the dominant allele Rf1. Pollen fertility of F1 hybrids from interline crossings was 89-99%. The segregation for fertility/sterility in F2 fitted the theoretical ratio of 3:1 expected in case of the monogenic control of the trait. The markers HRG01, HRG02 and ORS511 were linked to the fertility restoration trait, with recombination rates between Rf1 locus and markers varying in different cross combinations. The analysis of VIR 116А × VIR 740 and VIR 116А × RIL 130 hybrids showed that among the marker loci studied, the ORS511 was closest to the Rf1 locus Rf1 (recombination frequency of 2.2 and 3.3%, respectively). The recombination rate between the Rf1 and ORS511 loci equaled 7.5% in the cross VIR 116А × VIR 210 and 8.9% in VIR 116 × VIR 195.Conclusion. The markers ORS511, HRG01 and HRG02 are the most efficient for the identification of alleles of the Rf1 gene and for the marker assisted selection in hybrid populations produced involving sunflower lines from the VIR collection.

Introduction and purpose: Muscle weakness in newborns, infants and young children can be caused by disorders of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a group of rare genetic diseases whose symptoms resemble the clinical picture of autoimmune myasthenia gravis. There are many mutations that can disrupt the neuromuscular transmission leading to pathology. The diagnosis of CMS is based on genetic testing. The aim of this study is to draw clinicians' attention to the symptoms and present current forms of CMS diagnosis and management. State of knowledge: An increasing number of genetic changes are associated with CMS pathology. They are divided, depending on the location in the NMJ of the encoded protein, into presynaptic, synaptic and postsynaptic. The most common disorder is the mutation of CHRNE, which is responsible for the expression of one of the subunits in the structure of the acetylcholine receptor. Regardless of the type of disease, the characteristic symptom is uncommon fatigue of skeletal muscles. It may present as ptosis of one or both eyelids or gait disturbance. The interview, laboratory tests and EMG are helpful in the diagnosis, but genetic tests play a key role. They can target specific mutations or cover the entire genome comprehensively. Currently used drugs alleviate the course of CMS by increasing the release of acetylcholine or increasing the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. Conclusion: Because of its rarity and variability, many CMS patients may be misdiagnosed. It is important to implement extensive genetic diagnostics and early implementation of treatment. There is a need for long-term studies of CMS cases and implementation of therapies targeted at specific mutations.

The approach aims at familiarizing readers with knowledge of the European Certificate of Heir. As part of our scientific approach, we have sought to shed more light on the article chosen by setting out the elements of law in matters of inheritance at both national and European level. Here, in the context of globalization and the dynamics of private international law relations, particularly in inheritance matters, it is absolutely necessary to develop a legislative framework at European level capable of regulating a legal document with the value and skills of an inheritance certificate. The purpose of the certificate is that it can be used by heirs, binders having direct rights to the inheritance and by executors or managers of inheritance assets who must prove their status in another Member State or exercise this right of inheritance. heir or binder and / or the functions of executor or administrator of the estate. Can be used to prove the status and / or rights of each heir or, where applicable, of each attaché mentioned in the certificate and of the respective shares of the inheritance; the attribution of one or more assets forming part of the inheritance patrimony to the heir / heir or, where applicable, to said link (s) in the certificate; the functions of the person mentioned in the certificate as executor or as administrator of the estate. The results of this research can be used in scientific work.

Rice is an important food for humans. In the world, for food purposes white-grain rice varieties are mainly used, but there are varieties in which kernel pericarp is of red, brown, purple or black color. Such rice is more beneficial for health promotion. The current paper has presented the results of genetic analysis of the inheritance of a number of variable quantitative traits in rice hybrid populations of the first and third generations obtained by the hybridization of the varieties ‘Kuboyar’ and ‘Gagat’. The variety ‘Kuboyar’ is medium-sized, with a compact erect panicle, an oval caryopsis and white pericarp. The variety ‘Gagat’ is tall, with a long drooping panicle, a long kernel and black pericarp. The work was carried out on the territory of the OP ‘Proletarskoe’ of the Rostov region in 2018–2020. The analysis of the inheritance of some quantitative traits that have a direct impact on the rice productivity made it possible to establish new inheritance regularities. According to the trait ‘plant height’ there has been identified partial dominance of the largest values of the trait in the hybrids F2 and F3. Allelic differences of 3 pairs of genes were identified in parental forms. The trait ‘panicle length’ showed overdominance of the trait in F2, it was absent in F3, and there were digenic differences in parental forms. The trait ‘number of spikelets per panicle’ demonstrated overdominance of large values and positive transgression. According to the trait ‘1000-grain weight’, the hybrids of both generations were split by the digenic scheme in a ratio of 1:4:6:4:1. There was no dominance in the trait ‘kernel length’; the initial varieties had differences in 2 pairs of genes. According to the trait ‘kernel width’, there was identified incomplete dominance of smaller values, and there was monohybrid split. There have been selected the best plants F3 with a black pericarp, average values of the traits ‘plant height’, ‘panicle length’, ‘1000-grain weight’ and an increased number of grains per panicle for the further breeding process.

In connection with the special nature of intellectual rights to the results of creative activity and objects equated to them, there are certain features of their transition in the order of inheritance, as well as registration of the rights of heirs, not reflected in the norms of part three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Section V of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is devoted to detailed regulation of general provisions on inheritance, grounds for inheritance, inheritance, and inheritance of certain types of property. Special rules on the inheritance of exclusive rights to various results of intellectual activity are included in the relevant chapters of Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as regulated by other normative legal acts adopted in accordance with it. The article examines the peculiarities of inheritance of exclusive rights arising in relation to various results of intellectual activity - objects of copyright and related rights, patent law and the means of individualization of goods, works, services and enterprises that are granted legal protection equated to them. Personal non-property rights are inextricably linked with the personality of the rightholder, which is why they are inalienable and ineffable in other ways. The transfer of these rights to other persons, including, by way of inheritance, is not allowed. The question of how to confirm the testator's exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity and objects equated to them was also investigated. The legal regime specified in Art. 1225 of the Civil Code of the RF objects is significantly different, therefore, the composition of documents confirming the existence of rights to them has sig-niicant differences as well. The procedure for the transfer of certain intellectual rights by inheritance and its design is closely related to the problem of confirming the existence of these rights in a particular person. Therefore, when entering into the composition of the inheritance of intellectual rights, obtaining a certificate of the right to inheritance, as a rule, is necessary. It was concluded that the existence of rules on the inheritance of intellectual property rights in Chapter 65 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the inheritance of certain types of property would make the procedure for registering the rights of heirs of exclusive rights much simpler.

Rice is a very moisture-loving crop, therefore it suffers greatly from drought. However, in the world in recent years, there is an increasing shortage of fresh water, which makes the use of upland rice relevant. Therefore, rice varieties with a reduced demand for water supply, developed as a result of breeding work, are more profitable for agricultural producers than agrotechnical or reclamation measures. It is much cheaper to produce such rice with periodic irrigation. The purpose of the current study was to analyze genetically the main quantitative traits of the rice hybrid ‘Kontro x Kuboyar’ with the selection of the best forms for subsequent breeding for drought resistance. The study was carried out in 2019–2020 on the rice plots of the special subdivision ‘Proletarskoye’ belonging to of the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in the Rostov Region. In the course of the study there has been made a genetic analysis of a number of quantitative traits that determine rice productivity. The character of traits’ inheritance in the second and third generations was identical. The inheritance of the trait ‘panicle length’ was characterized by partial negative dominance and monogenic differences in parental varieties. The trait ‘number of spikelets per panicle’ was inherited according to the type of negative dominance of smaller values of the trait and was determined by the interaction of two pairs of genes. The trait ‘1000-kernel weight’ was identified by the partial dominance of large values of the trait and monogenic differences in the parental varieties. The traits ‘kernel length’ and ‘kernel width’ were split according to the monohybrid scheme 1:2:1, and there was no dominance. From the third generation, the best early-maturing forms with optimal values of the traits ‘plant height’, ‘panicle length’, ‘1000-kernel weight’ and ‘the best kernel percentage per panicle’ were selected for the subsequent breeding of drought-resistant rice varieties.

Rice is a valuable agricultural crop that is used as food for more than half of the world's population. The development of highly productive varieties and hybrids with high product quality assumes the utilization of new initial material from different countries in the breeding process. The purpose of the current research was to conduct an ecological testing of the rice varieties from Uganda in the Proletarsky district of the Rostov region in Russia and use them in the breeding process. There were studied the Ugandan rice samples ‘Nerica 1’, ‘Nerica 4’, ‘Komboka’, ‘Wita 9’, ‘Namche 1’, ‘Namche 2’, ‘Namche 3’, ‘Namche 4’, ‘Namche 5’, ‘Namche 6’ (NaCRRI) in comparison with the Russian variety ‘Komandor’ (FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”). The study of the Ugandan rice varieties according to a number of economically valuable traits and biological properties showed that the vegetation period from soil flooding to rice maturing took 100–113 days, the standard variety ‘Komandor’ needed 83 days. The varieties ‘Komboka’ and ‘Wita 9’ did not bear blossom. All samples had a short habit, with 63-95 cm of plant height. The long drooping panicles of 18.5–22.3 cm carried from 122 to 213 seeds. The caryopses were elongated, the length of the caryopses varied from 9.0 to 9.5 mm, and the width ranged from 2.7 to 3.1 mm. 1000 seed weight varied from 26 to 34 g, number of seeds per panicle ranged from 122 to 213 pieces. Genetic analysis of the second generation hybrids ‘Kontakt × Nerica 1’ and ‘Boyarin × Nerica 4’ showed different types of traits’ inheritance, from negative dominance (vegetation period) through the absence of dominance (caryopses size) to overdominance (plant height, seed weight per panicle and number of seeds per panicle).

In 2017-2020 in the conditions of Kirov region there were studied 143 varieties, 115 perspective lines and 28 hybrids of the first generation of spring soft wheat according to the degree of resistance to septoria tritici blotch against the background of the natural development of infection. It has been established that development of the disease significantly increased with a decrease in air temperature during the «seedling-tillering» phase (r = -0.83…-0.96) and an increase in the amount of precipitation during «shooting» phase (r = +0.87…+0.90). Resistance to septoria tritici blotch was shown by 16.1 % collection samples. A significant (r = -0.83) decrease in yield by an average of 19 % in susceptible samples compared to resistant ones was revealed. The greatest breeding and immunological value were represented by the varieties of Russian selection: Tobolskaya, Tyumenskaya 29, Moskovskaya 35 and МIS, among which the early variety MIS was tolerant to septoria tritici blotch. Thirteen lines resistant to septoria tritici blotch were identified from the new breeding material. The varieties selected for resistance to septoria tritici blotch were used in hybridization. In F1 hybrids domination and overdomination in the inheritance of resistance to septoria tritici blotch prevailed, as well as weight of 1000 grains and yield per 1 m2. Among them, 8 hybrids F1 with the highest values of the dominance indices were identified. It has been established, that inheritance of resistance to septoria tritici blotch, weight of 1000 grains and yield of hybrids F1 occurs both in the maternal and paternal lines. The greatest immunological effect was obtained when using the varieties Daria (Russia) and Epos (Germany). The most productive hybrids were the variety Daria, taken as both a maternal and paternal form, as well as when using the Egisar 29 (Russia) variety as a maternal form.

The article considers the legal nature of the legal precedent that has become relevant recently - the transfer of maintenance obligations by inheritance. As a general rule, enshrined in the civil law doctrine of our country, property rights and obligations are not part of the inheritance, if they are inextricably linked with the personality of the testator, and also if their transfer in the order of inheritance is not allowed by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation or other federal laws. In particular, the inheritance does not include the right to alimony and maintenance obligations. However, the judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, which has arisen since 2013, suggests the opposite: the monetary obligation in question was recognized as a debt unrelated to the person, and therefore, according to the court, the obligation to pay it must pass to the heir of the debtor, which the latter subject to acceptance of the inheritance, he is obliged to repay within the limits of the value of the inherited property transferred to him. The article expresses the author's reasoned opinion on the controversy of such a position.

Rice is an important agricultural crop. It can grow not only when the flooded soil, but in the conditions of periodic irrigation, both artificial and natural (rain). The production of such rice is much cheaper. In addition, there is a shortage of fresh water in the world, which makes the use of upland rice relevant. The purpose of the current work was to develop the productive drought-resistant rice lines based on the “Kontro x Kuboyar” hybrid. The main tasks were to hybridize the varieties, to analyze genetically a number of quantitative traits and to select the best plants that could form compact full-grained panicles for further breeding work and testing for drought resistance. There has been conducted a genetic analysis of varying quantitative traits affecting the rice productivity. The parental forms did not differ in plant height. Along the panicle length there was a partial negative dominance and monogenic differences between the hybridized varieties. According to the number of spikelets per panicle there has been identified a negative dominance of lower values and the interaction of two pairs of genes. According to 1000 grain weight, there was a partial dominance of large values of the trait and monogenic differences in the original parental forms. Splitting along the length and width of the caryopsis was in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1, which indicated monogenic differences between the parental varieties. There have been selected the best recombinant rice forms, combining a compact panicle with a large number of grains, and there has been developed the initial material for practical breeding. The study was carried out in 2019 on the plots of the Separate Subdivision “Proletarskoye” of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” in the Rostov Region.

Rice can form not only white, but also red, brown and black kernels. In black rice, pericarp kernels contain anthocyanin, which has an antioxidant effect and is beneficial to human health. The current paper is devoted to the development of new rice lines with black pericarp based on the hybrid Svetly × Mavr. The purpose of the work is to develop new forms of rice with anthocyanin pericarp by a hybridization of varieties with white and black kernels, a genetic analysis of a number of quantitative traits and by a selection of the best variants with compact vertical black-kernel panicles to use them in future breeding work. There has been conducted a genetic analysis of varying quantitative traits affecting the rice productivity. The cleavage by a pericarp color was carried out according to the type of recessive epistasis in a ratio of 9 : 3 : 4. The black color of the pericarp was formed in the presence of two dominant genes Pb and Pp in the genotype, the brown color was due to the Pb gene, the white color was due to the rest combinations of genes. The traits “plant height” and “number of spikelets per panicle” of the hybrids F2 and F3 were inherited by the type of superdomination of large values of the trait controlled by two loci, the interaction of which resulted in transgressive forms. According to the traits “panicle length” and “1000 kernel weight”, there has been identified intermediate monogenic inheritance and two-peaked characteristic frequency distribution curves. There have been identified rice forms with black pericarp color, combining the optimal values of the traits “plant height”, increased “panicle length”, “number of spikelets per panicle” and “1000 kernel weight”. On its basis there has been also developed an initial material for practical breeding. The study was carried out in 2018–2020 on the fields of the EP “Proletarskoye” of the Rostov region.

The article describes genetic factors associated with toe walking in children. Association of gait abnormality with variants in genes listed below is shown: PMP22 (peripheral myelin protein 22), EGR2 (early growth response protein 2), AIFM1 (apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 1), MORC2 (member of the Microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 2), DHTKD1 (dehydrogenase E1 and transketolase domain containing 1), GDAP1 (ganglioside induced differentiation associated protein 1), KIF1B (kinesin family member 1B), FGD4 (FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain containing 4), SBF2 (SET binding factor 2), SH3TC2 (SH3 domain and tetratricopeptide repeats 2), NAGLU (N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase), NEFL (neurofilament light) и PRX (periaxin). Genetic testing of patients with toe walking is crucial for accurate diagnostics of this pathology as well as clinical examination.

Research subject. The Prikolyma terrain located in the Northeastern part ofRussia constitutes a long-lived Precambrian thrust-faulted structure hosting numerous Cu, Pb and Zn deposits of different types.Materials and methods. The mineralization of the terrain was examined during a course of research and exploration works over the 2007–2012. The rock geochemistry was studied using ICP-OES analysis at the Stuart Geochemistry and Essay laboratory (Moscow). The microprobe analysis of minerals was carried out at the facilities of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Magadan) using a Camebax X-ray microanalyzer. The isotopic ratios of sulphur in sulphides were measured using a Finnigan MAT 253 isotope mass spectrometer.Results. The porphyry-copper deposit Nevidimka is represented by skarns and sulphide-quartz stockworks embedded in porphyry granites. The vein deposits Opyt and Glukhoye constitute sulphide-carbonate-quartz veins, the composition of which corresponds to copper-polymetallic ores of the peripheral parts of the copper-porphyry formation. These deposits feature a similar geochemistry and composition of sulphides and sulphur isotopes, which is characteristic of the Riphean complexes of the Prikolyma terrain. The stratiform Pb-Zn veins Nadezhda-3 and Khaya enclosed in Proterozoic dolomites represent parallel-bedding disseminated sulphides. The composition of these ores indicates their diagenetic origin. Tne stratiform copper deposit Oroyok is embedded in Proterozoic shales and can be referred to sediment-hosted copper deposits of a transgressive type.Conclusions. The diversity of Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization types in the Prikolyma terrain is established to have resulted from multiple cyclic changes of the geodynamic ore formation regime. During each such cycle, syngenetic mineralization was followed first by epigenetic and then by vein mineralization. The mobile, thrust-faulted structure caused repeated rejuvenation of ores, which inherited the geochemical features of hosting rocks.

This article describes a version of the modernization of the software (SOFTWARE), which allows to create monthly production plans and shipping program for shops of the main production, which used some of the mechanisms of object-oriented programming. The result of this work was the unification of the same actions in the formation of monthly plans for different shops within the framework of this SOFTWARE, the use of the same objects in different parts of the SOFTWARE with rapid adaptation to specific requirements in this place, the possibility of using the obtained objects in the newly developed provision by various departments of development.

The article is aimed at analyzing the global experience in the organization and development of family businesses in the modern economic environment. The global experience in the development of family businesses is considered. It is defined that in Ukraine family businesses are not considered promising, they operate with little or no external support, in the conditions of «independent swimming», there is neither legislative, nor economic substantiation for an efficient development of a family-run business, even though it has significant success in European countries, does exist for a long time and passes on the inheritance to more than one generation. Both the positive and the negative features of family businesses are defined. It is noted that the family businesses are able to maintain high «buoyancy» in an aggressive environment and successfully compete, in most cases family relationships also allow to be stronger. A family can combine their properties by forming start-up and investment capital, which is important in the initial and the breakthrough stages of business development. The world’s largest family businesses are considered. It is determined that nowadays they are the mainstay and driving force of the economy.

Purpose. To reveal the nature of the inheritance of apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower and the type of interaction of genes causing different colors. Methods. Field experiment, genetic analysis. The statistical validity of the results was evaluated using Pearson’s criterion. Results. We conducted crosses of the ‘KG13’ line as the source of the sign of apricot color with sunflower lines that had yellow, orange and lemon colors of the ray flowers. In the first generation, from crossing the ‘KG13’ line with five lines, which had a yellow color, only a yellow color of ray flowers was observed. In the second generation, a 3 : 1 split was observed: three-quarters with yellow flowers and one with apricot flowers. Line ‘KG13’ was crossed with three lines (‘HA298’, ‘SL2966’, ‘LD72/3’), which had an orange color of flowers. In the first generation, orange flowers were observed; in the second gene­ration, splitting was recorded: three-quarters of offsprings with orange-colored flowers and one-quarter with apricot flowers. The line ‘KG13’ was crossed with ‘KG107’ and ‘ZL678’, which had lemon-colored flowers. The resulting plants of the first generation had a yellow coloration of ray flowers. In the second generation, five classes of plants by coloration of ray flowers were obtained: yellow, orange, apricot, lemon, lemon-apricot in the ratio 6 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. According to these data, the genes of lemon and apricot color have a complementary effect, the homozygous state of orange allele is epistatic to the recessive homozygote of the lemon-colored gene. The ‘KG108’ line with a combination of genes responsible for apricot and light yellow color has its own light apricot color and in crossings with a yellow colored line in the second generation gives splitting in the ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Conclusions. It was revealed that the apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower line ‘KG13’ is due to the homozygous state of the allele of the same gene whose second allele causes an orange color in the lines ‘NA298’, ‘SL2966’ and ‘LD72/3’. The complementary action of alleles responsible for apricot and lemon, as well as apricot and light yellow coloration of ray flowers was determined. A case of epistasis of homozygotes along the allele controlling the orange color over the recessive homozygote of the gene, which is controlled by the lemon color in the crossing combination ‘ZL678’ / ‘KG13’, was revealed.

Rice can form not only white, but also red, brown and black kernels. In black rice pericarp contains anthocyanin pigment, which has antioxidant activity and is beneficial to human health. The article is devoted to the development of new rice lines with black pericarp on the basis of the hybrid ‘Svetly × Mavr’. The purpose of the work is to develop rice new lines with black seed vessel on the genetic background of the variety ‘Svetly’. There has been carried out a genetic analysis of varying quantitative traits that affect rice productivity. Cleavage by pericarp color occurred according to the dihybrid scheme according to the type of recessive epistasis in the ratio 9:3:4. The black color of the pericarp was formed with the presence of two dominant Pb and Pp genes in the genotype, the brown one was determined by the Pb gene, and the white one was determined by the other combinations of genes. Inheritance of plant height occurred according to the overdominance of large values of the trait. Parental forms differed in the allelic state of two pairs of genes. Along the panicle length, there has been determined partial negative dominance and monogenic differences of the hybridized varieties. According to ‘number of spikelets per panicle’, there has been identified an overdominance of a larger value of the trait and the interaction of two pairs of genes. According to ‘1000-kernel weight’, there has been established partial dominance of large values of the trait and monogenic differences of the initial parental forms. There have been selected the best recombinant forms combining a compact erect panicle and grains with a black seed vessel, and there has been developed starting material for practical breeding. The study was carried out on the fields of the Experimental Station “Proletarskaya” of the Rostov Region in 2018.

The effects of genotype-environment interaction of nine spring soft wheat varieties and seven hybrid populations F1 - F4 formed using these varieties were determined under the conditions of the Kirov region. The significant influence of environmental conditions on all studied traits was established. The contribution of the “year” factor to the number of grains per head in varieties and hybrids was 10.9 and 13.9%, respectively; to the mass of 1000 grains – 5.8 and 19.5%; to the yield – 47.3 and 41.1%. The genetic component made a significant contribution to the mass of 1000 grains in varieties and hybrids (81.5 and 58.8%), as well as to the number of grains in varieties (38.4%). There was a higher varietal specificity in the manifestation of traits in parental varieties compared to the hybrids. The analysis was done for two component traits of head productivity in a series of generations against the background of the action of various lim-factors, the shifts in their average values and the influence on yield were predicted and determined. The indicator of phenotypic domination (hp) in the first generation was determined according to the number of grains per head (hp = -5.00...+ 7.82) and 1000 grains mass (hp = + 0.23...+ 12.00), the combinations with a high level of heterosis were picked out (Baganskaya 95 x Novosibirskaya 44 and Baganskaya 95 x Aktjube 3). The calculation of the breeding differential and the effectiveness of the selections in contrasting environmental conditions of the second (2016) and third (2017) hybrid generations was carried out. Under the conditions of 2018, the yield of the initial populations varied within 219.0...789.6 g/m2, while the figures for the selected progenies were 317.0...647.6 g/m2. The average yield increase of the progenies that had been selected in the dry year was 56.8 g/m2 in relation to the initial populations (11.1%); the increase of the progenies, selected in the conditions of excess moisture was 10.8 g/m2 (3.0%). The correlation analysis revealed the average positive relationship between the first-generation hp indicator and the selection differential in subsequent generations according to the «1000 grains mass» (r = 0.18...0.63) and «number of grains per head» (r = 0.35...0.37) traits. The correlation was weak between the level of heterosis and the selection reaction (r = -0.12…0.27). The selection of genotypes with a high level of selection differential according to the number of grains per head was more effective than the selection according to the mass of 1000 grains. The correlation coefficient between the degree of phenotypic dominance of traits in the first generation and average values of traits in the F2-F4 generations varied within r = 0.35...0.68 (significant values at 5% level r = 0.75).

This study is developed based on documents included in prestigious collections of documents: Documenta Romaniae Historica. A. Moldova; Documents on the history of Romania. A. Moldova; Documents on the history of Moldova in the XVIII century; Moldova in the era of feudalism, etc. Thus, aspects of the origin and the area of spread of secular land ownership in Iasi County were investigated. These properties belonged to the well-known and influential boyar clans: Ciogolea, Chiritsa, Paleologul, Prajescu, Baciok and Buhush. Following the investigations, we state that the property owned by the above-mentioned families was acquired in various ways: by inheritance, in the form of donation, through exchange and purchase/sale. Most of the land in villages and parts of villages in Iasi belonged to Chiritsa and Paleologul boyar families (about 17) and to Prajescu (about 10). The property of Ciogolea, Chiritsa, Paleologul, Prajescu, Baciok and Buhus clans was spread along both sides of the river Prut, as well as its right and left tributaries.

Мета. Установити успадкування елементів продуктивності головного колоса гібридами першого покоління пшениці м’якої озимої, отриманих від схрещування сортів, які є носіями пшенично-житніх транслокацій (ПЖТ) 1ВL/1RS і 1AL/1RS. Методи. Фенологічні, біометричні та статистичні. Результати. Відзначено диференціацію елементів структури врожаю між гібридами F1. У 2016 р. за результатами аналізу довжини головного колоса гібридів F1 наддомінування виявили у 26,7% із них, частково позитивне домінування – у 10,0%; за кількістю зерен: наддомінування – у 13,3%, частково позитивне домінування – у 10,0%; за масою зерен із головного колоса: наддомінування – у 16,7%, часткове позитивне домінування – у 3,3%. У 2017 р. за довжиною головного колоса наддомінування визначено в 36,7% гібридів першого покоління, часткове позитивне – у 10%; за кількістю зерен: наддомінування – у 46,7%, часткове позитивне домінування – у 6,7%; за масою зерен із головного колоса: наддомінування – у 40,0%, часткове позитивне домінування – у 10%. Селекційно найціннішою за поєднанням дов­жини головного колоса та маси зерен із нього є пряма комбінація схрещування ‘Колумбія’ / ‘Експромт’ (1AL.1RS / 1AL.1RS), у якої виявлено гетерозис у 2016 і 2017 рр.; за поєднанням кількості й маси зерен із головного колоса – ‘Світанок Миронівський’ / ‘Легенда Миронівська’ (1BL.1RS / 1BL.1RS). Поєднання двох транслокацій у пшеничному генотипі може виступати як допоміжний генетичний фон, який підвищує адаптивні властивості генотипу до стресових умов довкілля та забезпечує високий і сталий рівень зернової продуктивності. Висновки. Виявлено різний ступінь успадкування елементів зернової продукції в гібридів пшениці F1. Виділено гібридні комбінації F1, які забезпечили наддомінування та часткове позитивне домінування довжини, кількості та маси зерен головного колоса від схрещування сортів-носіїв ПЖТ. Селекційно найціннішими генотипами за поєднанням довжини головного колоса і маси зерен із нього є ‘Колумбія’ / ‘Експромт’ (1AL.1RS / 1AL.1RS), а кількості та маси зерен із головного колоса – ‘Світанок Миронівський’ / ‘Легенда Миронівська’ (1BL.1RS / 1BL.1RS).

Background. Leaf rust (causal agent: Puccinia triticina Erikss.) is a serious disease of bread wheat in all crop-growing regions. An environmentally safe and economically profitable method to protect plants is cultivation of resistant varieties. Their development requires searching for the forms carrying new genes of resistance. Despite the fact that more than 70 Lr genes have been described, only two (Lr39(41) and Lr47) are effective in the seedling stage over all the territory of the Russian Federation. Thus, expanding the set of effective leaf rust resistance genes is a high-priority task. An important source of such genes are wild relatives of Triticum aestivum L., including Aegilops L. species. Knowing genetic control of resistance in newly identified forms will help to avoid the transfer of the same alien resistance genes onto bread wheat. Materials and methods. Inheritance of effective juvenile leaf rust resistance was studied in 6 accessions of Ae. speltoides Tausch from the VIR collection. Crossings were carried out in the field of Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories of VIR (St. Petersburg). Genetic control of resistance to the disease was analyzed in the following accessions of Ae. speltoides: k-1000 (Turkey), k-1015 (Afghanistan), k-1593 (Iraq), k-2279 (Iran), k-2753 and k-2819 (unknown origin). Results and conclusions. The analysis of segregation for seedling resistance to leaf rust in F2 и F3 from the crosses between the 6 studied accessions and the susceptible Ae. speltoides accession k-1596 showed that each of them possessed one dominant resistance gene. The absence of susceptible plants in hybrid populations from the crosses between resistant accessions testified to a tight linkage or, more likely, the identity of their genes associated with resistance. The identified resistance gene cannot be identical to Lr28, Lr35, Lr36 and Lr51, earlier introgressed into the T. aestivum genome from Ae. speltoides. Before the introgression of the newly identified gene, it is necessary to study its identity to Lr47 using the phytopathological test; the use of molecular markers for this purpose is little informative.

A comprehensive study of the Prunus avium (L.) L. gene pool has identified sources of important breeding traits which can be recommended for the use in programs aimed at breeding new varieties and clonal rootstocks of sweet cherry. Of special importance are the sources of such useful breeding traits as large fruit size (e.g., varieties 'Valerii Chkalov', 'Hedelfingen', 'Krupnoplodnaya', 'Emperor Francis', 'Donchanka', 'Amulet', 'Aleksandriya', 'Vasilisa', 'Yaroslavna', 'Bigarreau Burlat', etc.); self-fertility ('Whiis Gold', 'Camelia', 'Lapins', 'Sweetheart', 'Skeena', 'Staccato', 'Shelen', 'Stella', 'Newstar', 'Sunburst', 'Summit', 'John Innes 2420'), resistance to coccomicosis ('Valerii Chkalov', Trieste der Markt', 'Drogans Gelbe', 'Bigarreau Gaucher', 'Napoleon', 'Tatarskaya chernaya', 'Emperor Francis', 'Skeena', 'Amulet', 'Hedelfingen', 'Generalskaya', 'Euphoria', etc.), and resistance to fruit cracking ('Alaya', 'Amazonka', 'Amulet', 'Viola', 'Donetskaya krasavitsa', 'Donetskiyi velikan', 'Donchanka', 'Hedelfingen', 'Contrastnaya', 'Merton Bigarreau', 'Proshalnaya', 'Sweetheart', etc.) Some genotypes have been identified as complex sources of valuable traits. For instance, these are varieties 'Lapins', 'Skeena', 'Sweetheart', 'Hedelfingen', 'Emperor Francis', 'Valerii Chkalov', 'Drogans Gelbe' and some others. The genealogical analysis of sweet cherry genotypes made it possible to identify the varieties 'Lapins', 'Skeena', 'Sweetheart' and 'Krupnoplodnaya' as complex donors combining sets of such important breeding traits as productivity, late maturity of fruits, large fruit size, high quality taste of fruit and selffertility. The varieties 'Bigarreau Burlat', 'Bigarreau de Germersdorf', 'Valerii Chkalov', 'Stella', 'Van', 'Vittoria', 'Drogans Gelbe', Daybera black' are regarded as "hidden" donors, as the transferred traits do not manifest themselves in the phenotype, but can be traced in their progeny.

Background. In Russia, wheat breeding should also focus on creation of earlier-maturing varieties with an optimal duration of the vegetation period reflecting territorial environmental features. It is very important to overcome the negative correlation between the early maturity and productivity of wheat. The present work was aimed at analyzing special features of genetic and physiological mechanisms of early maturity in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and at determining possibilities of creating recombinants with high development rate and plant productivity.Materials and methods. The study employed such ultra-early spring wheat accessions as 'Rico' (k-65588), 'Foton' (k-55696), 'Fori' lines (kk-65589 ... 65596) selected from F4 hybrids of 'Foton' x 'Rico', and 'Rifor' lines selected from F6-7 hybrids of 'Rico' x 'Forlani Roberto' (k-42641). Genetics of the development rate was studied using hybridological analysis and 'Triple Dirk' near isogenic lines. Photoperiodic sensitivity was evaluated under 18-hour (natural day) and at 12-hour (short day) conditions. Vernalization was performed within 30 days at 3°C.Results and conclusion. The ultra-early maturing accessions of spring wheat 'Rico', 'Foton', as well as 'Fori', 'Rifor 1', 'Rifor 6' and 'Rifor 7' lines had the shortest vegetation period in comparison with varieties from the VIR collection of plant genetic resources. These accessions had weak photoperiodic sensitivity and were insensitive to vernalization. The lines did not change their characteristics in different ecological conditions. Besides the Eps gene, Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, Ppd-D1 and Ppd-B1 determined the rate of development of the ultra-early varieties 'Rico', 'Foton' and 'Fori'. Possibly, the Eps gene that controls ultra-earliness per se, is a set of polygenes (modifiers) with a low effect. No transgressive segregations in comparison with 'Rico' were recorded for the hybrids of the ultra-early 'Rico' with nine wheat varieties. A perspective cultivar 'Erythrospermum 25513' was created at the Chelyabinsk ARI with participation of 'Fori 7' line. 'Forlani Roberto' is a late variety, it responds to vernalization and photoperiod, and in good conditions its productive spike has 5-6 grains in the spikelet. The spring type of 'Forlani Roberto' is determined by the dominant gene Vrn-B1. The spikelet multi-seededness in productive 'Rifor' hybrids is determined by two or three genes and their expression depends on the environment. The selected ultra-early 'Rifor' lines have the number of grains per spike 1,5-2 times higher than in the parent line Rico, but the mass of grain per spike is below that of standard varieties. The yield per 1 m2 of Rifor 1, Rifor 8, Rifor 6 and Rifor 7 lines reached 81, 82, 84 and 94%, respectively, in comparison with the standard variety 'Leningradskaya 97'. Therefore, a possibility of creating wheat recombinants that combine ultra-earliness and high spike productivity is demonstrated.

The article considers the legal nature of the legal precedent that has become relevant recently - the transfer of maintenance obligations by inheritance. As a general rule, enshrined in the civil law doctrine of our country, property rights and obligations are not part of the inheritance, if they are inextricably linked with the personality of the testator, and also if their transfer in the order of inheritance is not allowed by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation or other federal laws. In particular, the inheritance does not include the right to alimony and maintenance obligations. However, the judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, which has arisen since 2013, suggests the opposite: the monetary obligation in question was recognized as a debt unrelated to the person, and therefore, according to the court, the obligation to pay it must pass to the heir of the debtor, which the latter subject to acceptance of the inheritance, he is obliged to repay within the limits of the value of the inherited property transferred to him. The article expresses the author's reasoned opinion on the controversy of such a position.