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The Russian Empire, an autocratic state with strong remnants of feudal caste law, was based on a legal system that aimed to intimidate the citizenry in order to defend and preserve the existing anachronistic social order. Various specialized state institutions were responsible for the security of the regime and internal order, among which the Gendarmerie Corps played a central role. This Corps was established on September 9, 1867, and later the Bessarabia region's Government Gendarmerie Directorate was established. Immediately after its establishment, the Government Directorate of Gendarmes faced the spread in the region of Narodnikist ideas, the dominant current in the social-political and anti-government movement in the Russian Empire in the 60s-90s of the 19th century. The activity to combat the revolutionary trend in Bessarabia, especially the Narodnikist one, was based on two principles: the implementation of preventive measures against the revolutionary movement and the undertaking of follow-up actions aimed at annihilating concrete cases of anti-government activity. Of those duties, the simplest was the supervision of studious youth, whose number in Bessarabia was quite limited. According to the statistical data on the number of secondary school (high school) students, compiled by the Bessarabia Gendarmerie Directorate for the year 1881, their number was quite small, 2,788 people. The small number of intellectuals made it easier for the Bessarabian gendarmes, limited in quantity, to detect and supervise people who could possibly join the Narodnikist movement. The concerns of the gendarmes in combating the Narodnikist movement were complicated and difficult. Due to the lack of internal premises for development, it was focused on combating the activity of followers of revolutionary ideas among Bessarabian students in the main university centers of the empire, among which Zamfir Ralli-Arbore stood out. In Switzerland, Z. Ralli-Arbore organizes the clandestine transportation of anti-government literature to the Russian Empire, the activity that gave the Bessarabian gendarmes so much trouble. The burden of fighting the smuggling phenomenon fell to the Independent Border Guard Corps and police bodies, the gendarmes having the mission of coordinating the actions and taking over cases related to state security, the activity, which was quite inefficient. In addition to illegal literature, the smugglers successfully transported across the country's borders typographic characters, but also entire printing presses, passing them off as agricultural machines, which they officially sent from Romania to the Reni station. Despite these successes, the tsarist authorities and especially the gendarmerie were hardly able to cope with the phenomenon of smuggling, the rate of completion of investigations and convictions on this article being extremely low, reaching the figure of approximately 7% of the total number of apprehensions. The Directorate's major concern was also combating the activity of revolutionary circles and the individual actions of the representatives of the anti-government movement existing in the region. The first socialistic circle in Bessarabia was founded in 1874 by Nicolae Zubcu-Codreanu, who stirred up the studious youth of Chisinau. Under the influence of Norodnicist ideas, some of the studious Romanian youth practiced "walking into the people". Thus, Petru Braga, a student of the Theological Seminary in Chisinau "went to the people, being inspired by the populist movement, establishing a blacksmith's shop in his native village, Ulmu", followed by another student of the Seminary, Filip Codreanu, a relative of N. Zubcu-Codreanu and the father of the future academician of the Romanian Academy, Radu Codreanu, who went to Nisporeni as a teacher, under the influence of the same movement, for propaganda purposes. The Norodnicist movement in Bessarabia had an isolated character and was strictly supervised by the police and gendarmes, who played a secondary role to the police bodies. Due to the internal deficiencies characteristic of this state institution at the beginning of its activity, such as the lack of professionalism and highly qualified personnel, the Directorate was hardly able to face the situation, having the opportunity to stop the wave of revolutionary smuggling and the spread of revolutionary ideas among the population, especially among studious youth. This state of affairs was tolerable in times of peace and political calm, but could cause great problems in times of political crisis or war. The influence of Narodnikism in Bessarabia did not take on proportions not because of the effective activity of the gendarmes, but because of the internal degeneration of the movement. Norodnicist ideas

The article explores legal medieval iconography in its inextricable connection with the religious ideas of the time and ecclesiastical settings reflected in the canon law, theology, and hagiography. The first steps in this direction were taken only in the beginning of the 21st century, even though the iconic turn in historical research has been discussed for decades. Nevertheless, recent publications on legal medieval iconography still come from the pen of art historians, philologists, or literary critics, but not legal historians. As a result, the analysis of the content of these images is often replaced by mere descriptions. The author offers quite a different approach. Instead of studying miniatures and marginalia only as illustrations to the text to which they are formally attached, she attempts to relate the content of these images with medieval religious ideas. Such a turn of study necessitates references to ecclesiastical texts, and in each individual case, as the author accentuates, it requires a distinctly specific source. Thus, the analysis of the miniature from the “Coutumes de Toulouse” (end of the 13th c.) requires the reference to the Decretum of Gratian and the Liber sextus of Boniface VIII, according to which the artist interpreted the degradation of clerics. The marginalia from the “Coutumes de Bordeaux” (1438), which illustrates the death sentence imposed on thieves, recalls the doctrine of atonement developed by Anselm of Canterbury. The image of the Virgin Mary in the scene of fox Renard’s hanging from the Smithfield decretals (second half of the 14th c.) refers to the ideas of the parasudic procedure liberatus a suspendio, repeatedly described in Marian hagiography. The treatise of French theologian Jean Gerson “Requête pour les condamnés à mort” (end of the 14th c.) should be considered as a starting point for changing the iconography of the death penalty in the next century. In general, as the author concludes, the comparison of medieval legal images with the works of canonists, theologians and hagiographic writings allows not only to understand the deeper meaning inherent in miniatures, but also to clarify the dating of manuscripts, the principles of the artists’ work and their relations with clients. Статья посвящена проблеме современного изучения правовой средневековой иконографии. Автор отмечает, что первые шаги в этом направлении были сделаны лишь с началом XXI века, несмотря на то, что об иконографическом повороте в исторических исследованиях говорится на протяжении многих десятилетий и упоминается он уже в трудах Якоба Буркхардта, Аби Варбурга и Эрвина Панофского. Тем не менее, публикации последних лет, в которых рассматриваются иллюстрации правового содержания из средневековых юридических и иных кодексов, до сих пор выходят из-под пера искусствоведов, филологов или литературоведов, но отнюдь не историков права. Как следствие, во многих случаях анализ содержания данных изображений подменяется их описательностью. Автор статьи предлагает свой подход к данному материалу и настаивает на необходимости отказа от его изучения лишь в качестве иллюстраций к тексту того или иного письменного источника, к которому он формально прилагается. Один из вариантов изучения средневековых миниатюр и маргиналий видится автору в попытке связать их содержание с современными им религиозными представлениями людей Средневековья, отражение которых находится в сводах канонического права, авторских трактатах, популярной житийной литературе. В статье последовательно рассматривается несколько миниатюр и маргиналий, взятых как из правовых кодексов, так и из хронистики. Их сопоставление с трудами канонистов (Грациана и Бонифация VIII), теологов (Ансельма Кентерберийского и Жана Жерсона), агиографических сочинений (прежде всего марианского цикла) позволяет не только установить более точное время появления некоторых из этих изображений, но и понять, как именно работали художники, чьи заказы они исполняли, какие именно религиозные идеи нашли отражение в их иллюстрациях.

The relevance of the research issue is due to the following: an increase in the length of a person’s working life creates a socially and personally significant ‘second reality’ that comprises the individual’s ideas about oneself, about the profession, success, etc. Purpose: to study the subject’s ideas about one’s career. Hypotheses: 1) The subject’s ideas about their career (as the evolution of professional and working life) act as regulators of the dynamics of the processes of one’s age-related professional evolution. 2) Social experience and personal characteristics act as ‘internal conditions’ that determine the subject’s ideas about their career. Methods (tools): J. Rotter’s Locus of Control Scale (Level of Subjective Control) (in the adaptation of E. F. Bazhin, S. A. Golykina, A. M. Etkind) was used to determine the role of personal characteristics in the formation of ideas; the methodology ‘Dynamics of Professional Career’) (by V. A. Tolochek) was used to solve the direct research tasks. Participants: nurses (n1 = 99), students of a humanitarian university (n2 = 61) and of a technical university (n3 = 90), private security guards (n4 = 62), university teachers (n5 = 37) (Moscow, Volgograd, Samara, Krasnodar). Results: people’s ideas about professional and working life, about the evolution of their qualities aff ect the dynamics of ‘objective’ processes; social experience does not act as a factor that determines the degree of infl uence of external eff ects on human perceptions (including the conditions of professional self-realization in Russia and abroad). The main conclusions. It is necessary to purposefully form constructive ideas of a person about the real conditions of realization in the profession. A broad approach to the issue of human resource management as a ‘reverse economy’ is required (a set of tasks to reduce social costs, optimize the cost of education, training, staff rotation, health restoration, etc.). As a way to coordinate the results of individual studies, it is proposed to use the ‘vector of scientifi c concepts’ - the allocation of a continuum of connections between diff erent concepts of several disciplinary areas. Practical signifi cance. The results of the research can be used to correct particular and strategic tasks of human resource management.

The subject of study in this study is differences in ideas about love. Using the example of women from Russia, the hypothesis was tested that ideas about love change slightly over time depending on age. 94 women took part in the study. For comparison, the women were divided by age (the first group - mature women of the first stage (21-35 years old), the second group - mature women of the second stage (36-55 years old). The methods used were the questionnaire “Ideas about love" (Dzhidaryan I A., Belovol E.V., Maslova O.V., 2014) and the classic associative experiment (Vlasenkova I.N., 2009). A comparative analysis of the data obtained showed that ideas about love have statistically significantly more similarities than differences. In the ideas about love of mature women of the first and second stages, the hypothesis that the ideas about love of women of the first and second stages will not have significant differences was confirmed in the ideas of “love is a hindrance” and “love as self-giving.” The hypothesis that women belonging to the first group will have more specific concepts of love in their associations, while women of the second group will have more extensive concepts of what love is, was confirmed.

The article examines the pedagogical ideas of L. N. Tolstoy manifested in his correspondence with Russian women writers — Marko Vovchok, E. N. Akhmatova, S. I. Snessoreva, and E. I. Raevskaya. The pedagogical journal Yasnaya Polyana, published by Tolstoy in 1862, played a prominent role in popularizing his views on pedagogy and public education. The article analyzes unpublished letters of the writers to Tolstoy concerning the issues of education and children’s literature. It shows the use of foreign children’s books in classes with peasant children. The research demonstrates the influence of Tolstoy’s pedagogical ideas, expressed in the 1860s in the articles of the Yasnaya Polyana journal and the pedagogical work of the writer, on the women writers who devoted themselves to children’s literature, translations from foreign languages of books for children, and the cause of education and enlightenment of the people.

The paper examines the influence of L. N. Tolstoy’s thought on the literary and philosophical ideas of M. O. Gershenzon. The development of M. O. Gershenzon’s philosophical search relies on the philosophy of love of L. N. Tolstoy. The research traces the evolution of this search from the 1900s until the 1920s (the period of work on “The Triple Image of Perfection” and the book “Gulfstream”). The article highlights the influence of Tolstoy’s search for a new mode of narration (“without any form”) on literary criticism and humanitarian thought in the first quarter of the 20th century. The author concludes that the evolution of Tolstoy’s thought on the narrative technique influenced many areas of the intellectual culture of the 20th century. Tolstoy’s ideas significantly influenced M. O. Gershenzon, from early responses to the philosophy of love to reflection on the essence of literary form and “cohesion” as the base of the slow reading theory.

The research is based on a little-known essay by Evgeny Alexandrovich Bobrov (1867-1933), a philosopher and a remarkable representative of the Russian university professorship of the late XIX - first quarter of the XX centuries. The essay is based on a public report that Bobrov delivered at the celebrations at the Warsaw Imperial University dedicated to the centenary of Kant's death. In 1904, solemn meetings with speeches and philosophical discussions were held at Russian universities around this memorial date. The usual practice of that time was then to publish the texts of speeches in scientific journals and individual books, which provided access to the text to the general public. Thanks to this tradition, historians of philosophy have the opportunity to penetrate into the philosophical moods and thematic palette of that time around the name of Kant and his ideas. Our choice fell on the speech of E. A. Bobrov, because in his speech he shows for his listeners/readers a retrospective of the adaptation of Kant’s philosophy in the Russian universities community. Symbolically, the century after Kant’s death can rather be considered as the birth of Kantian in the Russian school of philosophy. The central part of our research is devoted to this retrospective, as it was analyzed by Russian philosophers in 1904. Who philosophers were considered supporters of Kant’s philosophy, and who stood in opposition. In the final part, we considered it appropriate to draw attention to the fact that Kantianism was actively developing in the next decade of 1904-1914. But the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 influenced the tone of philosophical discussions around Kant’s ideas. The topic of “overcoming Kantianism” becomes one of the directions in the criticism of Kant.

This article presents the results of a study devoted to studying the relevance of Peter Lesgaft’s ideas about physical education in a modern family. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that new technologies are currently being developed that create a risk of a sedentary lifestyle, especially in children. Therefore, the need for physical education in the family is of particular importance in modern society. The main provisions of the teachings of Peter Lesgaft, which have not lost their relevance today, can become a serious help in resolving this issue. The purpose of the study is to determine the conformity of the characteristics of a child’s physical education in a modern family with the ideas of Peter Lesgaft. The study was conducted using a questionnaire. The sample population of the study consisted of 96 people aged from 18 to 67 years, of which 88 were two-parent families and 8 were single-parent. The article presents the results of a survey of parents on the issues of physical education of their children, and interprets the results obtained through the prism of the teachings of Peter Lesgaft on this issue. The article concludes with generalized conclusions. It has been established that, in general, the ideas of Peter Lesgaft are relevant for the modern family, but at the same time they are not fully implemented: parents are aware of the importance of physical education classes with children to ensure their comprehensive development, more than half of families pay attention to physical exercises in the practice of raising children, there has been a tendency to increase the number of modern parents, compared with the previous generation, who are involved in physical education of the younger generation. At the same time, many families do not attach due importance to walks in the fresh air, playing outdoor games, and the need for daily physical education.

Studying stress factors of childbirth intentions is an important parameter in population development policy making. There is no data on the comparison of the relative importance of different types of determinants and stress inducing factors of parenting in the scientific literature.The aim. To study the factors determining the ideas about the stressfulness of the parental role among modern youth.Methods. The sample consisted of 364 students with no parenting experience. Three groups were identified, differing in their orientation towards having children: a group with a focus on single-child parenting (257 people); group with childfree focus (32 people); group with a focus on multi-child parenting (75 people). The following methods were used: socio-demographic questionnaire; “Parental Stress Scale” (J.O. Berry, W. Jones, 1995; adapted by Yu.V. Misiyuk, I.V. Tikhonova, 2022); “Intensive Parenting Attitudes Questionnaire (M. Liss, H.H. Schiffrin, V.H. Mackintosh, H. Miles-McLean, M.J. Erchull, 2013; adapted by Yu.V. Misiyuk, 2022); express version of the “World Assumptions Scale” (R. Yanoff-Bulman; modified by M.A. Padun, A.V. Kotelnikova; author’s semi-structured interview.Results. We analyzed the ideas about the stress that is associated with fulfilling the parental role. Parameters that potentially act as the factors determining the stressfulness of parenthood are considered. The specificity of ideas on parental stress and its determinants is analyzed in accordance with the dominant orientation towards childbearing.Conclusion. Ideas about the stressfulness of the parental role are determined by objective (age, status of personal relationships, education) and subjective (assessment of family relationship, attitudes towards the need to stimulate the child’s development, essentialism and satisfaction from raising children) factors, but subjective ones have the greatest weight. The specificity of the determination of ideas about parental stress depending on the orientation towards childbearing has been revealed.

Background. The relevance of the stated topic is determined by two circumstances: the need to determine the main directions of the theoretical and methodological reflection of modern social psychology and the task of explaining the socio-psychological aspects of cultural-historical theory. Objective. Consideration of the relationship between the main ideas of the cultural-historical theory of L.S. Vygotsky and the subject field of social psychology. Methods. The article uses methods of deductive (axiomatic and hypothetico-deductive) and comparative analyses. Results. The main theses of cultural-historical theory set the development and instantiation of the subject field of social psychology, starting with the well-known discussions of the 1920s. The main provisions can be identified as follows: the idea of the internalisation of social relations as a constructive mechanism of human socialisation; understanding the process of communication as instrumentally mediated by a system of signs which act as a means for a social subject to master his social behaviour; approval of the idea of human activity in interaction, the finite task of which is the formation of a common system of meanings. Using the example of similarities and differences in the historical views of L.S. Vygotsky and J.G. Mead, the authors analyse the possible range of understandings of interaction contextuality. It was the attention of cultural-historical theory to the analysis of interaction that largely determined the further interest of social psychology in the problem of “personality and/or situation”, the solution to which is still debatable. Conclusions. The determining role of L.S. Vygotsky’s position for universal social psychology as well as for Russian is associated with the unremitting attention of researchers to one of the fundamental problems in the analysis of man and society, namely, to the problem of human interaction with the surrounding socio-cultural environment. The requirement to consider the social context as a methodological imperative of modern social psychology sets the main direction for the further development of theoretical and methodological reflection. This main direction is the analysis of possible relationships between the social context and social changes, leading to the need for empirical development of two problems: the individual psychological foundations of social choice and a person’s ability to resist the power of the situation.

In recent years, there has been a steady increase in interest in the works of Fr. Sergius Bulgakov, both in the Russian-speaking and in the Western academia. As one would expect, this sometimes leads to Bulgakov being approached by theologians who defend opposing positions and are in polemics among themselves. One example of this state of affairs is, in particular, the polemics between two contemporary theologians working inter alia in the field of political theology — the Anglican theologian and founder of the Radical Orthodoxy movement John Milbank and the American Orthodox theologian Aristotle Papanikolaou. With regard to political theology, Milbank and Papanikolaou take opposite positions, parting ways in their attitude towards liberal democracy. If Milbank believes that Christianity is absolutely incompatible with the liberal state growing out of secular modernity, Papanikolaou in his turn supports a different view, defending the compatibility of Christianity (and Eastern Orthodoxy in particular) with liberal democracy and the rights and freedoms that go along with it. At the same time, what is of interest here, is that when constructing their own arguments, both theologians rely largely on Bulgakov’s works and appeal to his ideas. The purpose of this article is to acquaint the Russian-speaking reader with the polemics among two important contemporary theologians, in which a significant, although often not explicitly expressed place is given to Bulgakov. The article will analyze how both theologians read and interpret Bulgakov. I will show that both of their readings suffer from excessive polarization, since both read Bulgakov selectively, exposing him as a supporter of their respective positions. In fact, although Bulgakov supported the dignity of the individual asserted by liberalism and recognized individual freedom as the highest value, he believed that any political regimes are of relative, and not absolute, nature and serve only as historical means to achieve extra-historical ideals. In a similar ambivalent way Bulgakov also treated the separation of church and state, finding in such a separation both pros and cons.

The research is devoted to the study of the ethical origins and foundations of patriotism in the letters of the first Russian tsar John the Terrible to Prince Andrei Kurbsky. The epistolary legacy of the Russian sovereign, directed primarily to domestic and foreign policy opponents, reveals a synthesis of ethical and ideological-political overtones. John's argumentation system is based on the focus of consideration of the problem of evil and responsibility for it and is based on the Eastern Christian tradition, according to which the concepts of evil and sin are identical, and the most terrible sin is betrayal of God. It is shown that in addition to Byzantine sources, the paradigm of the ethical and political constructions of John the Terrible also includes Russian ones (“Teaching” of Vladimir Monomakh, “Enlightener” and the Epistles of Joseph Volotsky, “The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir”), which allows us to conclude that the concept of evil of the Russian Tsar acquires a patriotic sound due to inclusion of new components in the Byzantine scheme of ideas about true evil. According to John the Terrible, the most terrible sin is treason to God, the Motherland and the tsar. The study analyzes John the Terrible's philosophical understanding of the concepts of Homeland and sovereign, acting as microcosmic and macrocosmic models, often identified with each other. The concept of the Motherland in John IV's worldview is a combination of such images as the macrocosm (a living organism), the state (empire), the Orthodox island (“third Rome” and “Holy Russia”). The sovereign of all Russia, according to the medieval thinker, combines the signs of a human and a superpersonal (the vicar of God, responsible for all his people). The mission of the Russian tsar as one of the main forms of service and protection of the Motherland is seen by John in the fight against true evil.

This article attempts to introduce the literary heritage of A. E. Konkevich, who is known mostly as a naval officer and public figure, into scientific circulation. However, the author’s artistic marine painting is of interest both from a historical point of view and from a literary one. Naval officer Konkevich, who dreamed of the ideal structure of the Russian Navy, not only sets out his fantasies about the composition and localization of the fleet but also puts them into artistic form. The article examines Konkevich’ s novels “Cruiser ʽRussian Hope’,” “Fatal War 18?? Year,” “Black Sea Fleet in ???? Year,” representing a trilogy about naval wars. In these works, Konkevich reveals the discussions relevant to the second half of the 19th century about the organization of the Russian Navy. The writer in a fantastic form sets out the ways of development of the Russian navy and ways of reforming it, and reviving the strength of the Russian navy and army. The author creates expressive pictures of the battle and hyperbolically contrasts the moral strength and courage of Russian sailors with the technical capabilities of the enemy and the helplessness of his crew.

This article explores the embodiment and development of transcendentalist ideas from the 1830s to the 1850s in the works of Mexican-American border writers Mary Austin and Rudolfo Anaya, spanning the early and late 20th century. An analysis of the ideological and thematic content of their texts is conducted, highlighting key images and motifs. The study identifies the specific ways in which these authors perceive the relationship between humanity and nature, characterizing their views on social and personal harmony within the context of ethnocultural interaction. The research material includes popular sketches by Mary Austin (1868–1934) from the early 20th century, as well as the internationally renowned novels and essays of Rudolfo Anaya (1937–2020) from the latter third of the 20th century. The methodological foundation of this study is philosophical reflection, which enables the analysis of literary texts through the lens of philosophical concepts. The results indicate that transcendentalist ideas, rooted in the legacy of R. Emerson and H. Thoreau, are revitalized in the works of 20th-century Mexican-American border authors. In the prose of Mary Austin, a representative of early 20th-century Southwestern regional literature, there is a focus on the idyllic nature of human-nature relationships and the search for harmonious coexistence among members of society, which is envisioned through a pursuit of simplicity and “voluntary poverty.” Rudolfo Anaya’s transcendental vision of the world in his works from the latter third of the 20th century facilitates the transmission of an overarching theme of spiritual and moral self-improvement. According to the author, personal self-perfection is a crucial condition for achieving social harmony.

This article considers the change of Aleksei Gastev’s ideas on the scientific management of labour (SML) — one of the first scientific schools of management in the history of managerial thought of the Soviet period. This scientific school of management was created in the 1920s. This period is characterized by active industrial growth, which led to the migration of people from rural areas to the industrial centers of the country. Alexei Gastev, as an ideologist of the SML, proposed to solve this problem through the creation of a new culture. The following research aimis chosen in order to study this historical interval: to identify the specifics of the process of forming the new culture in the ideas of Aleksei Gastev in the socio-cultural context of the 1920s. The object of the study is materials containing Aleksei Gastev’s ideas on labour of scientific management in the period from 1920 to 1930, and the subject of the study is the process of changing of Aleksei Gastev’s ideas of scientific management labour. The article substantiates the connection between the socio-cultural situation of workers in the 1920s and the formation of the ideas of scientific management labour. The characteristic feature of the ideas of scientific management labour, aimed at the formation of the new culture of labour, is revealed. A characteristic of the practices of introducing the new culture of labour formed by self-colonization and discipline of the body is given.

Scientists’ misconduct in their research activities is an important problem for science in many countries, including Russia. It leads to negative consequences both for the quality of scientific knowledge obtained and for the reputation of researchers and scientific organizations. However, there is still a small number of empirical studies of this problem in Russia. This work is based on a survey method to explore the ideas of young scientists from all federal districts of Russia about research ethics and the situations of ethical dilemmas that they encounter in their work. In accordance with the chosen theoretical framework: ideas about ethics as an action that is situational by nature, determined by sustainable practices and patterns, the survey was conducted in two stages: an open question about situations of ethical choice in research activities, on the basis of which a detailed questionnaire was then created. As a result, it was revealed that the vast majority of young scientists are faced with situations of violation of ethical standards both in scientific publications and communications, and in the processes of organizing research work. Violations of research procedures, data manipulation, falsification of research results – this is a set of violations in the organization of research that almost three-quarters of respondents encountered themselves or heard about such situations from colleagues. However, there are gaps in consensus about the sources of knowledge about ethics and a lack of institutional practices to prevent violations such as the work of ethics committees or ethical standards.

The article considers the methodological foundations for the formation of universal educational actions as the basis for the creation of metasubject results of general secondary education and it examines the key ideas of cultural-historical and system-activity approaches that are fundamental in achieving the main results of school education. The authors substantiate the importance of implementing these ideas at the level of federal state educational standards in order to systematize, standardize and regulate the activities of teachers in a modern school. The article also reveals the interrelation of the currently existing methodology for the formation of universal educational actions with the ideas of the concept of the V.S. Mukhina's scientific school «Phenomenology of personality development and being». Here’s also substantiated the productivity of considering V.S. Mukhina's scientific ideas on the mental mechanisms of identification-isolation and factors determining the development of the personality, including: 1 – genotypic prerequisites, as methodological foundations for the formation of cognitive, communicative and regulatory universal educational actions; 2 – external conditions (the reality of the objective world, the reality of figurative and symbolic systems, natural reality, the reality of the socio-normative space); 3 – the internal position of the personality. The authors consider the interrelation of personal educational outcomes with universal educational activities as well. They also defend the idea that the prior purpose of education is personal development.

The relevance of the study is determined the following: increase in the duration of a person’s working life and the expansion of the articulate components of its quality create a socially and psychologically signifi cant “second reality”, by which we mean subjective ideas about one’s profession, about one’s career, and about their social success. The research purpose is to study the ideas of the professional activity subjects about the age-related evolution of their qualities. The article hypothesizes the following ideas: 1) The subjects’ ideas about their professional and working life act as conditions that aff ect the dynamics of their professional evolution. 2) Social experience acts as a factor that infl uences the subjects’ ideas about the age-related evolution of their qualities. Participants: nurses (N = 82), women aged from 21 to 67, Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 named after Professor S. V. Ochapovsky (Krasnodar). Methods (tools): the locus of subjective control was determined by means of the subjective control questionnaire (SCQ) (J. Rotter adapted by E. F. Bazhina, S. A. Golykina, A. M. Etkind); the original author’s methodology (“Dynamics of Professional Career Questionnaire”) (L. A. Sizova, V. A. Tolochek), which includes several groups of the most informative questions (previously tested and characterized by satisfactory reliability as the technique ‘items’): A) ideas about the dynamics of positive development, that is the development of professionally important qualities at the age of 20–65: 1) learning ability; 2) intuition in the professional sphere; 3) physical performance; 4) intellectual performance. B) ideas about the dynamics of the negative phenomena increase at the age of 20–65: 1) occupational destructions; 2) occupational diseases; 3) life crises. The third set of questions (C) is focused on the respondents’ refl ection on the role of various “factors” in their professional development. Such factors as parents, relatives, friends, family members, work groups, special circumstances, science, art, and religion are considered. The fourth block (D) took into account the socio-demographic and offi cial job-position characteristics of the respondents. Results: working hypotheses have been confi rmed. The research shows that: 1) the use of the original author’s methodology made it possible to identify important “nodes” in the studied connections and determinants, and to identify both typical and professionally specifi c features of the dynamics of the subjects’ age-related evolution; 2) when getting the task of presenting their integral working life, people adequately describe its overall dynamics. At the same time, the level of refl ection in the sample as a whole seems to be insuffi cient, adequate not in every aspect; 3) the subjects’ assessments (nurses of a large medical institution) of the role of external conditions, which optimize and/or aggravate the dynamics of evolution/involution of their qualities and functions, are liable to the powerful infl uence of indirect factors (media, etc.). This refl ects the relevant tasks of correcting negative distortions of social perception of fragments of social reality, as well as the real possibilities of managing people’s ideas about their professional career. Main conclusions: the issue of professional careers in the areas with a “fl at hierarchy” is of current importance and requires further study.

The review presents contradictory results from numerous clinical and epidemiological studies, giving reason to doubt the indisputability of ideas about the primary role of low-density lipoprotein (LP) cholesterol in atherogenesis and the efficacy of lipid-lowering therapy. The latter clearly demonstrates the absence of the expected clinical effect in reducing cholesterol levels after surgical correction of lipid metabolism (ileal bypass surgery) or a very modest effect when using drugs devoid of pleiotropic properties. This circumstance finds an explanation in the fact that, according to modern concepts, only modified LP are the molecular substrate of the pathophysiological process at all stages of atherosclerosis development. Native (intact) LP, the concentration of which in the blood does not correlate with the level of modified forms, are not included in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Consequently, the presence of native LP in the blood does not give a true picture of the activity of the atherosclerotic process. Based on the above, in the treatment of atherosclerosis, it should be considered justified not so much to further improve methods of lipid-lowering effects on the body, which do not have a sufficiently reliable evidence base of clinical effect, but to search for means that prevent the generation of atherogenic, modified LP. In this regard, taking into account the important role of systemic inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the synthesis and clinical use of safe anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as the development and implementation of methods aimed at eliminating the causes of systemic inflammation, should be considered promising.

International studies have recently witnessed a renaissance of interest in the study of decision-making patterns related to the influence of individual and group actors and the resulting need to understand their deep psychology, the nature of their incentives and motivations. Such studies update the application of behavioral and cognitive sciences in the field of international relations and foreign policy, and encourage the adaptation of the methodology of specialized disciplines to solve complex socio-political problems. The present paper is an attempt to inventory key research subject areas and related literature, as well as to demonstrate the application of existing theories to the analysis of current political issues.

The second part of the review presents current data on the treatment strategy for lupus nephritis, considering the morphological class of kidney damage, course and activity. Approaches to monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of treatment, the problems of achieving a complete and partial renal response are described. The characteristic of classical and innovative methods of therapy is given.

Background. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the second most common hematological malignancy without a trend towards a decrease in its incidence. 66 % of patients with CLL experience bone fractures as a result of osteoporosis in all age groups, and the detection frequency is no more than 15 %. Insufficient understanding of the osteoporosis pathogenesis in CLL leads to problems in diagnosis, prevention and therapy.The aim of the study. To analyze modern data on the features of the osteoporosis pathogenesis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Results and discussion. Osteoporosis is formed when osteoresorption prevails over osteosynthesis due to intercellular interactions of bone tissue and the immune system, dysregulation of intracellular signaling pathways RANKL/RANK/OPG, Wnt, FoxO, RUNX2, initiated by cytokines, growth factors, prostaglandins, and hormones. The degree of osteoresorption in CLL is associated with the severity of the clinical course, chemotherapy and hormonal deprivation. The osteoporosis pathogenesis in CLL is considered as part of a complex set of events, including, firstly, the interaction between leukemic cells (overexpression of PTHrP, RANKL) and bone cells (synthesis of growth factors), which forms a vicious circle of osteoresorption and tumor growth. Secondly, pro-inflammatory markers in CLL (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, transforming growth factor β, prostaglandin E2) limit osteoblast-induced osteosynthesis and stimulate the expansion of osteoclasts from monocytic suppressor cells of myeloid origin with or without the participation of the RANKL/RANK system. Thirdly, oxidative stress in CLL and impaired efficiency of antioxidant protection with the participation of fibroblast growth factor 23, transcription factor Nrf-2 with activation of JNK, ERK1/2, NF-κB, and also an increase in the RANKL/OPG ratio lead to inhibition of osteoblastogenesis.Conclusion. Analyzing and systematizing data on the osteoporosis pathogenesis in CLL are instrumental for the development of diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia that are much-needed in clinical practice and for the improvement of therapeutic tactics.

The article shows that during the era of the creation of the epic “War and Peace” L. N. Tolstoy shared the idea of individual immortality and interpreted it by I. G. Herder’s concept of palingenesis, i. e., as the rebirth of a person into a more perfect being in the next life. The hypothesis is substantiated by the perception of the philosophy of A. Schopenhauer in the 1869–1870s led to a change in Tolstoy’s ideas about the significance of human individuality, and this was reflected in the artistic solution of the image of Platon Karataev and the description of the religious faith acquired by Pierre Bezukhov. The influence of Schopenhauer is most clear in Tolstoy’s notes from February – July 1870, where the model of immortality as palingenesis appeared in Schopenhauer’s version, i. e., without the idea of the improvement of individuals in a chain of rebirths. The ideological revolution of the late 1870s led Tolstoy to completely abandon the concept of individual immortality in favor of “collective immortality,” immortality in a single humanity (in the treatise “What I Believe”). However, in subsequent treatises and especially in his diary, Tolstoy completely overcomes the influence of Schopenhauer and returns to the idea of individual immortality according to Herder’s model of palingenesis.

Background. Modern education is a complexly organized system that is influenced by two opposing forces: modernization as a result of scientific and technological progress, and the preservation of the basic foundations of pedagogical thought. Education system is constantly facing new challenges, the solution of which is usually sought in innovations. However, the fundamental principles of education and upbringing, which form Russian pedagogy as an independent science and discipline, remain a potential resource for solutions, including those to modern problems. One of these areas is the shortage of qualified teaching staff in the institutions of school education. The difficulties of professional adaptation faced by young teachers at the beginning of their professional development are one of the reasons for this problem. Objectives. The aim of this work is a theoretical analysis of K.D. Ushinsky's pedagogical ideas in the context of finding possible ways to overcome young specialists' problems of professional adaptation to pedagogical activity. Methods. The main methods used in the work are the theoretical analysis of K.D. Ushinsky's pedagogical works, as well as modeling of the teacher's professional self-awareness based on the synthesis of the elements identified during the analysis. Results. The article describes structural components of a teacher's professional self-awareness such as professional competences (knowledge in the field of didactics and psychology), a system of value orientations (humanism, traditionalism, and self-education). The main ideas of the implementation of pedagogical education, which contribute to the integration of a young specialist into the process of professional pedagogical activity, are presented. Conclusions. K.D. Ushinsky's pedagogical ideas can be applied to the development of a pedagogical model of integrative personality quality, which determines teachers' readiness to carry out professional activity in modern conditions of the educational process. A pedagogical technology, which has a positive impact on the process of young specialists' adaptation to pedagogical activity can be developed on the foundation of these ideas.

Background. The problem of human responsibility arises in a situation of crisis, value and meaning changes in society. The study is focused on identifying ideas about significant criteria and self-assessments of responsible behaviour in middle adolescents. Objectives. The aim of the study is to analyze the concept of responsibility in teenagers. Study Design. The study was carried out in the format of a written survey: identifying the characteristics of a responsible person, self-assessments in terms of significant parameters of responsibility; additionally, information was collected on the participation of adolescents in social practices within the framework of an educational institution. Study Participants. Adolescents aged 13–15 (n = 118, of which 48% are men, 51.6% are women), students of secondary schools took part in the research. Methods. The method of associations and testing was used: 1) a story-reasoning on the topic “A responsible person is…”; 2) modification of the technique “Responsibility as a systemic quality of personality” (Pryadein, 2014); 3) self-assessment on a 7-point scale of responsibility in studies, family, friendship, hobbies and activities. Results. The parameters of responsibility highly rated by adolescents are “Willingness to be responsible for the consequences of one's actions”, “Devotion”, “Development of the ability to empathize, sensitivity to someone else's pain and joy”. Differences between gender groups in the empathy, diligence, initiative, the ability to independently formulate moral duties were revealed. Among the spheres of responsibility manifestation, adolescents rate the educational sphere low, which reflects the educational model of moral education with an emphasis on the transfer of knowledge, rather than on the moral practice. Conclusions. Adolescents' ideas about responsibility are shifted to the area of understanding what responsible behaviour is, rather than to the awareness of their own responsible actions, which shows the separation of the modern education system from life practice. It is important to study the manifestation of responsible behaviour in individual actions and group interaction in social practices.

The article discusses the ideas, devoted to mathematics education, of Lev D. Kudryavtsev, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, professor-mathematician. These ideas are based on more than half a century of practical experience of L. D. Kudryavtsev at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology – he presented his vision of the problems of educating students, the unity of mathematics, as well as methods of teaching it in the collection of articles. The thoughts and ideas of L. D. Kudryavtsev are still relevant today, in the age of digital transformation of the education system and of the entire life of society.

The results of a study aimed at studying the ideas of growing up and the future in adolescents, boys and girls, are shown. The main purpose of the study was to identify the connection between life events that are significant for young people and their ideas about growing up, which is shown through the image of growing up in a feature film. The hypothesis was based on the assumption that the significance of life events in ideas about the future of boys/girls differs depending on the ideas of growing up based on the assessment of an artistic image. In total, the sample consisted of 1394 adolescents and young people aged 14 to 23 years (M=17; SD=2). Statistically significant differences were revealed in the ideas about the future of adolescents, boys and girls, with different types of ideas about growing up, revealed through an artistic image. Respondents who differ in the type of ideas about growing up show differences in the perspective of the future in relation to events related to "other people", "ideal objects" and the time period of the "open present". It was also found that there are differences in the significance of life events related to education, professional activity and communication among young people with different types of ideas about growing up based on an artistic image. These results may be useful for understanding the differences in the motivation of young people and for developing support and orientation programs in the process of growing up.

The article reveals the role of Professor Lev Lvovich Kanevsky in the study of the problems of investigation of crimes committed by minors and their prevention. Many of his proposals expressed more than 50 years ago are still relevant and are the subject of discussions on scientific forums, cause disputes when implemented in practice. Thus far, insufficient attention is still paid in practice to the study of the minor offender's personality, despite the great importance of such knowledge not only for the comprehensive investigation of crimes but also for their prevention in the future. There is no clear understanding of what and to what extent it is necessary to study about the adolescent's personality. Investigators are guided by the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, which sets the task, but does not specify the ways and limits of its solution in practice. The same problem arises with regard to the involvement of educators and psychologists in investigations with a minor suspect, accused, witness or victim. Which (familiar or unfamiliar) educators to invite, in which cases educators should be engaged, and in which – psychologists, as well as many other issues are among the problems that scientists suggest to solve in different ways, and in practice these issues are not even considered, since the main problem for investigators is the organization of any specialist's participation in the investigative action to comply with the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code. L.L. Kanevsky offered solutions to these and many other problems in his works. The disciples of Lev Lvovich continue to develop his ideas and study modern problems related to the investigation of crimes in w hich minors ar e participants.

The purpose of the study is to identify prospective directions for the development of criminalistic knowledge in the production of confrontations involving minors. Research objectives: 1) to review the scientific ideas of Professor L.L. Kanevsky; 2) to analyze modern legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the status of a minor; 3) to highlight the importance of criminalistic knowledge on the methodology and tactics of confrontation involving minors; 4) to justify the use of digital technologies in obtaining the testimony of a minor in order to ensure safety during confrontation; 5) to highlight the importance of international standards of juvenile criminal procedure. Research methods: dialectical, historical-legal, comparative-legal. The article substantiates the opinion on the need for further in-depth analysis of the system of tactical procedural decisions when interrogating a minor. The criteria for the variability of testimony and the conditions for the use of video and sound recordings in confrontation are defined; tactical solutions are proposed for remote (via videoconference) confrontation involving a minor.

The relevance of the research is due to the necessity to generalize the scientifi c research of K. F. Sedov in the context of formation of ontolinguistic, psycholinguistic and other areas of development of the Department of Speech Therapy and Psycholinguistics of Saratov State University, as well as in the aspect of implementing the research in the content of the technology of speech therapists’ professional training. Purpose: to summarize the scientifi c and methodological heritage of K. F. Sedov and the experience of its practical application in training the students majoring in ‘Speech Therapy’ qualifi cation at Saratov State University and in the research of teachers of the Department of Speech Therapy and Psycholinguistics. Methods (tools): comparative analysis of the data from scientifi c and bibliographic sources such as dissertations, monographs, articles, programs and educational materials of the Department of Speech Therapy and Psycholinguistics. Results. For the fi rst time, the analysis of the scientifi c heritage of K. F. Sedov was carried out from the point of view of its implementation and development in the content of the technology of professional training of speech therapists at the Department of Speech Therapy and Psycholinguistics, particularly, in the courses taught by the Department, in the works of teachers, and in the topics of graduation papers. The study has revealed the continuity of the conceptual approaches of Prof. K. F. Sedov in the methodological and practical activities of the Department, in the content of the technology of professional training of bachelors and masters majoring in Speech therapy. The study also presents the development of K. F. Sedov’s ideas in the scientifi c activities of teachers and students of the Department of Speech Therapy and Psycholinguistics in psycholinguistic, ontogenetic, speech genre and pragmasemiotic directions. The prospects for the development of scientifi c directions of the Department of Speech Therapy and Psycholinguistics in this perspective are outlined. They include further study of the peculiarities of speech and thinking activity of children with severe speech disorders (TNR), of the psycholinguistic foundations of speech therapy, of the peculiar use of psycholinguistic experiment in teaching speech therapy disciplines, as well as of the active inclusion of a speech genre approach in developing the professional competencies of speech therapists. Practical significance. The practical signifi cance of the research lies in the possibility of using the results of analytics in the development of the content of the technology of professional training of speech therapists in other universities.

Aim. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is by far the most common type of metabolic disorder in pregnant women, the consequences of which are significant for doctors of various specialties. Features of the course of GDM determine a whole range of completely new problems associated with the health of newborns. This was influenced, on the one hand, by the obesity pandemic, which provoked an exponential increase in the incidence of GDM, and insulin resistance, responsible for the earlier onset of GDM, and on the other hand, by the introduction into clinical practice of clear unified diagnostic criteria adopted by major international medical associations. As the prevalence of GDM continues to increase, the development of new prognostic and diagnostic tests for this pregnancy-associated condition is of great importance to improve outcomes for both mothers and children. Purpose. To study modern ideas about the pathogenesis of GDM. Material and methods. To write this review, a search was carried out for domestic and foreign publications in Russian and international search systems (PubMed, eLibrary, etc.) over the past 9 years. The review included articles from the peer-reviewed literature. Results. The review presents data on various mechanisms of GDM occurrence. Conclusion. Thus, GDM is a growing public health problem associated with rising obesity. To minimize complications for mother and baby, early diagnosis is essential. However, ideal screening for GDM has not yet been developed. The studies discussed in this review highlight the seriousness of GDM, including identifying and managing risk factors, accurately diagnosing and treating the disease to prevent associated complications.

In the modern world, education is of great importance, since it is the main source of social progress. Changing technologies in the socio-economic sphere directly affect the transformation of the education sector throughout the world. The presented article is theoretical in nature and is devotedto the scientific problem of the transformation of education in modern sociocultural conditions. The purpose of the research is to reveal the directions of transformation of education as basic guidelines for its quality in modern conditions. The research methods used are analysis, theoretical generalization, forecasting. The results of the research. The definition of “quality of education” has been revealed and the vectors of its development determined; the reasons that caused a serious transformation of the education sector in the world and in Russia have been argued. The drivers that determined the transformation of the educational institution at the present stage have been systematized. Key conclusions: the quality of education is understood as a characteristic of the education system, reflecting the degree of compliance of the actual achieved educational results with regulatory requirements, social and personal expectations; the reasons facilitating the transformation of the education sector at present are: growing globalization, general digitalization, robotization, etc.; The leading drivers determining the development of education include: external, industrial and internal ones.

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the lexeme ulan/krasny in Kalmyk and Russian lingocultures according to lexicographic and textual sources. Color is today an object of interdisciplinary study. One of the most important actively developing areas of Russian and Kalmyk studies is the study of color terms (linguocultural coloristics), which dictates the relevance of this study. Of particular interest is the analysis of color collocations and color symbolism. The purpose of the work is to identify the semantic subtleties of the lexical verbalization of the color red in the compared languages, similar and ethnospecific features. The object of the study is collocations with a color component, the subject is the semantics of color names. The article uses the following main research methods: observation, description, classification, systematization, comparison, continuous sampling method, etc. A fairly diverse illustrative material is presented. In the article, the authors come to the conclusion that the nominations of the color red in the Kalmyk and Russian languages have mainly positive connotations, revealing both similarities and differences. An updated understanding of the nature of the lexical explication of this color in two unrelated languages has been obtained. A more complete comparative description of the semantics of the analyzed lexemes and the color fragment of two linguistic pictures of the world is given.

The arrival of the new phenomenon “industrial ecosystem” to the field of production organisation makes investigating it particularly relevant. The paper focuses on describing its essence, indispensable structural elements, as well as delves into the practical significance allowing for the trends in Russia’s technological and ecological development. Methodologically, the paper is based on the concepts of industrial revolution, circular and digital economies. Methods of desk research and systematisation are used. According to the findings, the concept “industrial ecosystem” appeared within industrial ecology and represents a kind of a business ecosystem. In Kleiner’s systems concept, this type of ecosystem is considered as a total of an industrial cluster, a platform, a network, and an incubator. Comparative analysis of various forms of production organisation allows identifying industrial cluster as the most appropriate basis of the ecosystem. It is proved that the digital platform, the communication and logistics network, and the business incubator (technology park) are important for ensuring efficient operation of an industrial cluster. The paper validates the treatment of industrial ecosystems as a transitional form between natural (biological) and non-natural (business) ecosystems. The goal orientation of industrial ecosystem is handling both socioeconomic and environmental problems due to setting up closed-loop industrial cycles. The paper presents an original scheme of an ecosystem taking into account the principles of circular economy: industrial enterprise – circular industrial cluster – industrial ecosystem.

The aim of this article is to answer the question of whether, and if so to what extent, the package of initiatives announced by the European Commission in 2019, called the European Green Deal (EGD), represents a new approach to the mechanistic, sustainability and environmental paradigms. The former two paradigms have provided the ideological foundations for many past actions, including European Union policies, while the latter one is in its nature an intellectual construct proposed for enactment. This study is focused on the ideational dimension and consisted of comparing the EGD with the aforementioned paradigms in four aspects: a) the way it understands human's relationship with nature, b) the way it views civilisational development, c) its attitude towards knowledge, science and technology, and d) in the axiology adopted. The study is based on the literature on the subject and the 27 EU documents from 2019–2022 constituting the EGD, which were examined using a qualitative content analysis method. The study demonstrated that there has been a change in all analysed aspects of the EGD, with the areas where material interests play a role being the least susceptible to it.

The article reveals the correlation of terminal (development of abilities, need for knowledge, general culture) and instrumental (diploma, opportunity to make a career, prestige) meanings of education. It based on a comparative analysis of the ideas of higher education among students and other groups of young people in education. The methodological basis of the study is the concept of self-regulation of the life of young people. An analysis of the connections between the terminal and instrumental meanings of education and other elements of the socio-cultural mechanism of self-regulation of life activity (archetypes, mental traits, value orientations towards knowledge, habitual attitudes, subcultural meanings), belonging to the basic types of cultures made it possible to determine the trends in attitudes towards education of student and student youth. The tendency to instrumentalize the value attitude to the education of university students and young people in general is stable. It was revealed that the meanings of education correlate less significantly with archetypes and mentality. Subcultural meanings as properties of a generation, containing various kinds of “activities” and elements of demonstrative behavior, have significant connections with the instrumental meanings of education and, on the contrary, in some cases their denial – with the terminal ones. A similar paradoxical relationship between the terminal and instrumental meanings of the education of student youth is also recorded in correlations with the denial of belonging to the innovative and spiritual types of basic culture, which significantly distinguishes it from student youth. As sociocultural factors in the formation of ideas about the meanings of education of student youth, the type of settlement, the level of income, the level of education of parents are singled out. Ideas about the meanings of education of university students are considered in relation to the institutional regulation of higher education. It is concluded that the steady trend of instrumentalizing the attitude of student youth to education is consistent with such a direction of purposeful regulation of higher education as the practice orientation of educational programs. Education is understood as a means of increasing the manageability of one’s life, which means increasing the level of social certainty.

Objective: to consider the importance of studying the influence of ideas and ideology on economic development. Based on the concept of three fundamental conditions and two prerequisites necessary for the modern innovative development of the economy, the ideas are proposed that may be in demand for their implementation.Methods: the article uses historical and qualitative methods to analyze and hypothetically reconstruct the influence of ideas on economic development. The approaches of narrative economics are applied to the study of the economic policy justification.Results: it is shown that, under modern conditions, narratives widely spread in society are significant for promoting ideas regarding economic reform. Narratives are an evolutionarily established way of packaging ideas and broadcasting them in the society. To promote effective narratives, they must be consistent with historical experience, as well as associated with significant historical figures. The paper considers the seemingly paradoxical hypothesis that in modern conditions Lenin’s legacy can serve as a basis for the promotion of progressive ideas. Such ideas are primarily related to the modernization of the economy and social relations based on technological innovations, the development of entrepreneurship and market mechanisms, as well as the development of education and science.Scientific novelty: it consists in the application of the synthesis of institutional and narrative economics methodology to the study of the dissemination of ideas and related narratives and their impact on economic development.Practical significance: the provisions and conclusions of the article can be used for further analysis of the influence of ideas and ideology on the implementation of economic policy and institutional changes aimed at economy modernization.

Background. The work is aimed at comprehending the role of incentive norms in criminal-executive law from the point of view of their influence on the correction of convicts. The development of the idea of legal encouragement in both foreign and domestic legal thought is considered. Materials and methods. The author conducts a historical analysis of the evolution of philosophical and legal concepts related to the role of incentive norms in criminal-executive law, with the basic methods being comparative-legal, systemic analysis. The study turns to the theoretical foundations and reflection of ideas about legal encouragement in the works of leading thinkers from I. Bentham and C. Beccaria to modern scientists, revealing the importance of encouragement in the formation of lawful behavior. Results. The social significance and influence of the studied norms on the development of legal thought is emphasized, presenting an important step in understanding the goals and objectives of penal legislation, as well as the need for a balance between protective and encouraging norms. The importance of the application of encouraging norms in achieving the main goals and objectives of the criminal-executive legislation aimed at correction of convicts and prevention of committing new crimes is substantiated. Conclusions. The analysis shows that penitentiary incentive norms play a key role in penal enforcement law, because thanks to them convicts are motivated to active lawful behavior. It is revealed that penitentiary legal incentives need further improvement and modernization in order to expand the range of possibilities, improve their application in modern conditions, and adapt to the changing needs of society.

The article attempts to develop an analysis of the ideas that were developed about anti-fascism in Argentina in the 1920s. To do so, it studies a series of cultural magazines with a cos-mopolitan and/or left-wing ideological orientation (Nosotros, Los pensadores, Claridad, Valoraciones, Izquierda, Sagitario). The hypothesis is proposed that in a global context of circula-tion of ideas, the fascist political model is analyzed with curiosity, its anti-worker and authoritarian component is challenged, but it is recognized as a specific expression of Italian political life, of impossible development in Argentina. Unlike what would happen in the 1930s, anti-fascism was a non-central component of the national political debate during those years.

Law as a special kind of ideal being, generates its own system of ideas and meanings, the verbal representation of which involves not only directly nominative linguistic units, but also semantic tropes, namely, metaphor. Metaphor is a little-studied linguistic phenomenon in legal science, whose functioning in the language of law is denied by many researchers. However, metaphor is an integral component of the nature of law, realized in its various sources. Stemmed from the deep structures of language, metaphor allows appealing to a priori ideas of law of metaphysical level, not subject to rational argumentation, which becomes an integral part of the legal system, making the legal text understandable and accessible to the recipient. The relevance of the chosen topic is conditioned by the necessity to study the metaphorical meanings of legal language at the stage of creating law and interpreting legal realities. For this end the author uses the methods of semantic analysis, and, in general, raises interest in metaphor and metaphorical model in modern science, as well as functioning of metaphor in the legal space. The novelty of the idea underlying the paper lies in applying metaphorical models for legal texts interpretation. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to prove that metaphorical mechanisms are not alien to the language of law; metaphorical model is one of the most productive in the process of semantization of ideas of law. In the light of the above, application of linguistic tools, primarily, the methods of semantic analysis, to the study of legal language and the language of law, in particular, is relevant. Modern methodological tools of linguistics are able to supplement the traditional methods of legal argumentation and interpretation, actualizing their form and content. The main methods of the research are the linguistic-legal method, logical-linguistic method, methods of historical, contextual and motivational analysis. Frequency and universality of the mechanism of metaphorical modelling for the language of law, actualize new functions of metaphor.

Traditional medicine has always triggered genuine interest among researchers. It reflects not only medical practice, rational and irrational, but also prognostics of diseases, beliefs, conspiracy traditions, ritual magic, etc. Mythology occupies a significant place in ethnomedicine as well, affecting not only the cause-effect relationship between the occurrence of an ailment and abolition of it, but also the designation of some diseases, the nomination of which is motivated by the mythological perceptions of the people. Christianization of Karelians, which took place in the 13th century, had a major influence on the Karelian culture. Christian and pagan views became closely intertwined, making a dual impact on such cultural layer of the ethnic group as traditional medicine. The problematics of scientific research is determined by the lack of a complex analysis of the issue. The information about the ethnomedicine of the proper Karelians, Livvik Karelians and Ludikov Karelians was collected from published sources (Karelian speech samples, dialect dictionaries of the Karelian language, periodicals) and by the means of gathering materials from respondents living on the territory of the Republic of Karelia. The author addresses the religious and mythological ideas of the Karelians on the example of such diseases as smallpox, rubella, and chickenpox. The identification of an entire complex of common ideas about these diseases — their personification, family relationships, methods of treatment and nomination of diseases — became the main result of the research. Karelians believed that smallpox, measles, rubella and chickenpox are related, they are sisters. The reason of their invasion was seen in not honoring them or insulting them with an action or word. When patients with these diseases appeared in the house, various forms of coaxing were used towards them, and a solemn reception was held, aiming at propitiation of these ailments. In the treatment of smallpox, rubella and measles, the main emphasis was placed on the use of red matter in healing rituals, as this color was believed to have protective function. Probably, this method was based on the “like cures like” or “like repels like” principle, typical for Karelian folk medicine. Engaging the data on folk medicine of Vepsians and Russians showed the similarity of the religious and mythological ideas of these peoples with Karelians, which is explained by their long-term contact and interinfluence of cultures while living on the same territory.

This article discusses the results of a survey underlying a reconstruction of ideas about tact and tactlessness in Russian communicative culture. The author considers the concept of tact to be a communicative strategy within the cate­gory of politeness that is closely related to native speakers' notion about the boundaries of private space. Thus, tact is defined as a communicative strategy driven by the speaker's desire to avoid infringing on the private space of their interlocutor. Moreover, ideas about the boundaries of private space and tact are among the most significant elements in describing a national communicative culture. This study focuses on the tactless question as a typical way of violating private space boundaries. The survey questionnaire was based on interviewee behaviour observations, with one interviewee labelling the interviewer's questions tactless or indecent. It was established that the presence of an immediate addressee and a mass audience sets the parameters for eval­uating public statements in terms of their acceptability or face-threatening potential. This study aims to analyse the informants' assessment of 'tactless' questions proposed in the questionnaire as regards their appropriateness in public communication. The survey re­sults are divided into the following thematic blocks corresponding to communication risk zones: age, family and marriage, religion and sex. The quantitative findings provide infor­ma­tion on the social norms intuitively classified by Russian native speakers as preventing intru­sion into private space. They also give an insight into the effect of age characteristics on sta­tement evaluations. Informants' responses tend to exhibit ambiguity in assessments, high­ligh­ting the variability of contemporary perceptions regarding tact and tactlessness, thereby ref­lecting shifts in social norms.

This article endeavors to delineate the conceptual landscape occupied by the notions of prospective multipolarity within the strategic discourse of Soviet diplomacy during the latter phases of the Great Patriotic War. Particular emphasis is placed on the intellectual contributions of two prominent Soviet diplomats, M.M. Litvinov and I.M. Maisky. The author substantiates these insights by drawing upon both published and archival source materials, including the diaries and records maintained by officials within the Soviet Foreign Office, as well as documents emanating from the "Litvinov commission."While the diplomatic theories formulated by Litvinov and Maisky during the years 1943–1945 have been subject to analysis by Russian and international scholars, the majority of extant scholarship has traditionally focused on the content and nuances of their perspectives on specific international "questions." Departing from this convention, this article adopts a methodological approach that seeks to explore the underlying conceptual foundations upon which the ideas of Litvinov and Maisky were constructed. Additionally, the essay introduces a novel dimension by surveying the viewpoints of other Soviet diplomats (S.A. Lozovskii, B.E. Shtein, Ia.Z. Surits, E.V. Tarle), who have garnered relatively less scholarly attention.Of paramount interest is the manner in which Litvinov and Maisky envisaged the post-World War II international landscape, albeit without explicitly employing the term "multipolarity." The article addresses critical questions, such as their perception of the global scenario following WWII, their consideration of the inevitability of Soviet-American bipolarity, and the factors and circumstances that influenced their conceptualizations. The contemporary resurgence of discussions surrounding the trajectory of multipolarity in the twenty-first century underscores the pertinence of this historical inquiry.The article's key conclusion posits that the conceptual framework embraced by Soviet diplomats during 1943–1945 was not centered on notions of bipolarity or an imminent Cold War. While acknowledging the potential escalation of tensions between the USSR and Western nations led by the USA and Great Britain, they favored collaboration among the principal powers of the antiHitlerite coalition, grounded in an implicit understanding of their respective "spheres of influence." Although Soviet Foreign Office officials did not discount the possibility of the formation of a united Anglo-American front against the USSR, they believed that Soviet diplomacy should actively work to prevent such an outcome by capitalizing on the fissures between Washington and London.

This article uses ancient Greek epic poetry, tragedy, and lyrics to describe how the Greeks treated the Pelasgians in the Archaic and Classical periods and provides a glimpse into the role assigned to them by the Hellenic authors. The evolution of the ancient Greeks’ ideas about the Pelasgians in the Archaic and Classical periods is traced. The place of the ethnonym of the Pelasgians in ancient Greek culture is outlined. The references to the Pelasgians in epic literature are examined. The image of the Pelasgians in tragedy and lyrics is reconstructed. The method of comparative analysis was employed: a thorough review of epic poetry, tragedy, and lyrics allowed for a comparison of the specifics of how the Pelasgians were portrayed. Hypotheses are proposed for the differences in the portrayal of the Pelasgians. Homer’s influence on subsequent works is not evident. The study’s findings provide new perspectives on historiography and resolve the longstanding disputes surrounding the study of the Pelasgians.

There are discussed in the article the possibilities of using Text Mining methods in the practice of analyzing the information received on the base of open questionnaire questions. The paper presents an example of unigrams and bigrams analysis, as well as the search for latent topic using thematic modeling. Empirical materials present the data of survey conducted in 2022, in which 929 students of one Moscow economics university took part. In the open question of the questionnaire, it was proposed to define the mission of the university. Information made it possible to get the subjective interpretation of the main significancy of higher education in modern conditions. The frequency analysis of unigrams, supplemented by a qualitative analysis of respondents’ statements, allowed reflecting the vocabulary of student discourse about the mission of the university. The articulation of bigrams was carried out on the basis of several statistical metrics, which made it possible to rank phrases and highlight a key set of concepts. The procedure revealed that in the perception of students, the priorities of the university are aimed at the transferring of professional knowledge and skills, in a broad sense – the training of qualified specialists. The social functions of the university, focused on meeting the needs of society and the state, are less pronounced in the conceptual interpretations of the interviewed students. At the next stage of the study the task of articulation and research of latent topics was put forward. The specific feature of thematic modeling is that the words combined into one topic reflect the distribution of words identified by the program, but not a topic that is literally understandable to a person. Taking into account the specifics of the method used, the authors demonstrated the results of search analysis in the practice of processing an open question. As it turned out, the keywords concentrated in the core of the main topics are mainly related to meeting the needs of the students themselves, leaving on the periphery of the verbalized definitions any understanding of the importance of the university as a platform for innovation, scientific research, entrepreneurial and other initiatives for the benefit of society and the country. The results of the presented research can be useful in rethinking the research tools of sociologists in the context of the active development of digital technologies, which requires testing new methods, understanding their real capabilities and limitations in solving the tasks of sociological research.

The paper deals with the analysis of materials from the Vodoba II settlement that demonstrates a complicated process of development of Late Kargopol antiquities nearby Lake Beloye. The discovered pottery assemblages are syncretic. Several types of ceramics are distinguished: textile, brushed, smoothed with impressions of a comb stamp, ceramics of the Vyatka-Vetluga culture of the Ananyino cultural and historical area (ACHA) and hybrid. It is this combination in ceramic sets from ancient settlements that determines the specificity of Late Kargopol antiquities. Two major stages in the development of settlements in this region are identified: the first one corresponds to the first half of the I millennium BC, the second one is accompanied by the spread of the bearers of cultural traditions of the VyatkaVetluga culture ACHA and the development of hybrid shapes of pottery in the settlements (up to the 3rd century BC) in these areas in the middle of the I millennium BC. At the second stage Lake Beloye area settlements are included in a large "hybrid world" with ceramics of close types, having a certain originality in different regions, which is primarily associated with the traditions of pottery assemblages formation in the previous periods.

As Early Hungarian history is a resource-poor research area, archaeology, a field of science with rapidly increasing resource material, is of paramount importance. It is important to emphasize that in the case of archaeology, there is also a significant expansion in research methods, mainly thanks to the bioarchaeological studies that have started with great momentum. In recent years, the most significant archaeological results of Early Hungarian history were the explosive increase in the number of Subbotsi-type sites associated with Etelköz accommodations in the region of the Dniester River. There are now 10–12 sites along the central flow of the Dnieper River. The relations with the neighbouring areas, mainly with the northern, Slavic regions, and with the Byzantine culture in Crimea are well reflected here. In addition to the chronology of the material, its nature is also explicitly consistent with the image drawn by Muslim sources of the 9th-century ancestors of the Hungarians. Further to the east, the Volga elbow in Samara and the wider area of the Southern Urals remain the ones that show the most connections regarding Hungarian ethnic genesis. As a working hypothesis, we can say that the earliest archaeological traces of the ancestors of the Hungarians can be assumed east of the Ural Mountains, in the eastern neighbourhood of the Ural region of Chelyabinsk. A group of people here presumably set off westwards in the early 9th century. In a short time, this community appeared on the left bank of the Volga, and its accommodation area extended to the border of Volga Bulgaria. After that, part of it remained along the Kama River. The other group migrated westwards before the 830s, and settled in the northern foreland of the Black Sea.

Mostly center–periphery model of territorial development, long-standing domination of transfers in the structure of municipal budget revenues have formed the protracted, chronic nature of the socioeconomic problems. This necessitates refining goals, principles and content of municipal government, especially in the economic sphere. The paper aims to revise the propositions of the theories of local self-government against the backdrop of the emerging concept of well-being economy, which together constitute the methodological basis of the research. The study applies a suite of general scientific methods, including retrospective analysis and systematisation. Based on the review of pre-revolutionary works of Russian scientists and essayists for 1870–1917 devoted to zemstvo and town and city self-government, the paper deduces an image of well-being of a territory under local government. In particular, its well-being presupposes providing local internal and external amenities, care for food security, health, education, safety from various threats (fires, diseases, crime); organising the economic life of a territory through the municipalisation of socially important industries and services, generation of employment, as well as stimulation of economic activity through cooperation and issuing loans. Having compared the narratives of the well-being economy concept and the propositions of the theories of local self-government, the paper demonstrates that this concept can be implemented by means of local self-government, since their theoretical bases correspond to each other. The study concludes that there is a need to realise the potential of the local government system laid down by Alexander II, emperor of Russia. This requires making the interaction between residents and local government closer, disseminating knowledge about municipal government, and providing greater financial opportunities to local authorities so that they could concentrate on addressing local problems and expressing residents’ interests.

Introduction. The article deals with the conceptual ideas of V.P. Tugarinov about the unity of knowledge and values, which reflect the integrity of knowledge – evaluation – practice. Within the framework of these theoretical guidelines, the results of an empirical study of the human capital of students are presented.Methodology and sources. The methodological foundations of the study are formed as a synthesis of ideas around the essential characteristics of values expressed by V.P. Tugarinov, provisions of the theory of human capital by G. Becker and methodological guidelines for the strategies of the sociological study of values by V.A. Yadov.Results and discussion. The first result is that students recognize a significant connection between the knowledge, skills and abilities acquired at the university with their system of values, which confirms the hypothesis about the relationship between human capital and personality values. The second result is that students-programmers mainly fix the role and importance of knowledge gained in the study of subjects of the socio-humanitarian cycle, which, in their opinion, play the role of a leading principle in the formation of a system of values. Conclusion. The conducted research shows the relevance of the modern reading of the conceptual ideas of V.P. Tugarinov regarding the connections of knowledge with values and further with productive activity. In the study, such connections are identified and characterized in a number of areas and content elements, it becomes obvious that any cognitive activity stimulates and develops the value system of students.

Introduction. The cultural heritages of the Sakha (Yakut) and the Tuvan are distinguished by a similarity of basic worldview ideas pertaining to the structure of the Universe, multi-storeyedness of each of the Three Worlds, the pantheon of deities, etc. Goals. The article aims to interpret semantics of ethnic jewelry as a visual narrative articulating the ideas of individual soul in traditional Sakha and Tuvan cultures. To facilitate this, the paper shall summarize the available descriptions of these ideas from ethnographic material, identify some facts confirming jewelry used to serve as markers of soul, consider semantics of traditional jewelry signs. The study hypothesizes as follows: when it comes to soul visualizations, folklore sources manifest repeated indications localizing one of the three souls (aorta, blood, belt, etc.) ― hence, the other two must also have some certain locations and related beliefs, too. Methods. With due regard of the dynamics in religious and aesthetic preferences, the employed interdisciplinary and comparative historical approaches comprise the structural/functional, interpretative, and axiological methods. The method of mosaic reconstruction proves as instrumental in revealing jewelry symbolism. Results. The paper confirms adornments (jewelry pieces) act as means to visualize some valuable worldviews, ideas of human soul and its whereabouts, prestige and behavioral norms. The former are defined as utmost identity signs for an inhabitant of the Middle World that serve as markers and protective amulets for each of the three human souls, also viewed as mediators between the sacred and profane worlds, triggers in ritual communication, and social status indicators. Conclusions. Being a universal form, circle (silver disk, bead, infinity knot, and button) denotes the place and function of each soul. For instance, the air one of the Sakha and the middle one of the Tuvan are placed in the head and identified with head adornments (jewelry pieces). According to Sakha beliefs, the maternal soul is localized in the mediastinum (pulse and blood ― heart and liver), while Tuvans place soul one into the navel. Yakut women of fertile age tend to mark this soul with solar breast jewelry, with no identified symbolic parallels in the Tuvan costume. Yakuts believe the third earthly soul be indicated with a belt buckle and dwell in the navel, while the Tuvan tradition says the good soul dwells in the belt. So, the Yakut have retained somewhat more archaic version of the symbolic corpus. And the differences are largely determined by the late influence of Manchu-Chinese culture and Buddhism on worldviews of southern Tuvans.