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Aim. The aim of the work is to research the fauna of invertebrates in the Erebuni State Reserve. Material and Methods. As research material served invertebrates gathered in the Erebuni State Reserve. The work was carried out at the Scientific Centre for Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Armenia in the period 2019–2023. The material was from our own collections, as well as from collections of insects and mollusks of the Institute of Zoology. The identification and collection of insects and mollusks were done using standard methods. Results. An overview of some groups of invertebrates in the Erebuni State Reserve is here provided for the first time. As a result of the research, 35 species of Diptera, 15 species of Coleoptera, 44 species of Lepidoptera,10 species of aphids and 12 species of mollusks were identified. Some species are listed in the “Red Book” of Armenia and are under the protection of the state, and there are rare species and species found in the Republic of Armenia only in the reserve. 15 species of insects identified by us develop on 4 plant species included in the “Red Book” of Armenia. Conclusion. The Erebuni State Reserve is represented by a rather diverse and valuable fauna of invertebrates studied by us, including a number of rare and protected species. Species of invertebrates associated in their development with valuable wild, economically important and protected plants have been identified in the reserve. Identification of species diversity and trophic relationships of some groups of insects that develop on rare and protected plants of the reserve is relevant for natural areas under state protection, of which the Erebuni State Reserve is one.

Aim. The aim of the work is to study the fish helminth fauna of Lake Sevan basin.Material and Methods. Fish helminths and molluscs were collected from the Lake Sevan basin. A total of 214 specimens of fish were studied. The collection, cameral processing and determination of the material was carried out according to generally accepted methods. Statistical processing of the material was carried out using the BioStat 2009 computer program. 124 specimens of molluscs were examined from the littoral of the Lake Sevan. The collection and identification of molluscs was carried out according to generally accepted methods. The work was carried out at the Scientific Centre of Zoology and Hydroecology of NAS of the Republic of Armenia. Its own collections have been used as material.Results. Trematodes, cestodes, nematodes and acanthocephals were found аs a result of studies of fish from the Lake Sevan basin. The total infestation of the fish by helminths was 27.1 %. Six species of helminths have been identified, two of which are the first to be recorded in new hosts in Armenia. The higher infestations of fish were noted by metacercariae of the trematode Diplostomum sp. and plerocercoids of the cestode Ligula intestinalis. A brief analysis of the infestation of fish by the detected helminths is given.Conclusion. The species composition of the helminth fauna of fish in the Lake Sevan basin was studied. Pathogens of dangerous helminthiases causing the death of fish have been noted. Studies of the helminth fauna of fish in the Lake Sevan basin are relevant and will be continued. Most of the species of fish affected by helminths are of economic importance. Some species of the helminths which were found are very invasive and cause great damage to the fisheries of the republic.

Aim. The aim of the work is to study the biodiversity of certain invertebrates (Insecta, Molluska) of the Azat River gorge and their ecological and biological features.Material and Methods. Invertebrates collected in the Garni‐Goght‐ Geghard section of the Azat River gorge in the period from 2015 to 2021 served as study material.The work was carried out at the Scientific Center for Zoology and Hydroecology of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. Our own collections have been used as material, as well as collections of insects and mollusks of the Institute of Zoology.Results. As a result of studies of the species composition of invertebrates of the Azat River gorge (Geghard, Goght, Garni) we found: 25 species of horseflies (Tabanidae: Diptera), 24 species of phytophagous gall midges (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera); 13 aphid species (Aphididae: Hymenoptera); 17 pyralid moth species (Crambidaе: Lepidoptera) from 5 subfamilies (Crambinae, Evergestinae, Pyraustinae, Spilomerlinae, Glaphyriinae); 19 species of mollusks (Molluska): 3 species of freshwater mollusks from 3 families (Physidae, Planorbidae, Ancylidae), 16 species of terraneous mollusks from 10 families (Succineidae, Vertiginidae, Orculidae, Pupillidae Valloniidae, Enidae, Vitrinidae, Endodontidae, Limacidae, Helicida). The bioecological features of these insects and mollusks have been studied and distribution by biotopes, revealing changes in the species composition of some groups due to anthropogenic factors.Conclusion. As a result of the researches undertaken, a wide variety of invertebrates has been frevealed. They occupy all ecological niches and are found in all plant formations of the Azat River gorge. Most of the insect species are of economic importance. Research on invertebrates of the Azat river gorge is very promising. Works in this direction will be continued with the involvement of new research groups.

Aim. The work’s aim is to study the species composition of invertebrates (Insecta, Molluska) of the Tavush province of Armenia and changes of their ranges due to climatic conditions.Material and Methods. Our own collections of 2021–2022 from different areas of the Tavush province and the collections of invertebrates of the Scientific Centre of Zoology and Hydroecology served as study material. The collection and identification of dipterous insects and mollusks was carried out according to generally accepted methods. The work was performed at the Scientific Centre of Zoology and Hydroecology The scientific material is stored in the collection fund of the Scientific Centre.Results. As a result of our studies of invertebrate species composition, 28 species of horseflies (Tabanidae) are currently listed for the Tavush region: 27 species of phytophagous gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) and 10 species of mollusks. As a result of warming climate change new changes of locality have been registered for: 6 horsefly species S. (N.) caucasicus, Ch. (H.) f. flavipes, Ch. ludens, T. unifasciatus, T. indrae vappa, T. miki; 4 phytophagous gall midge species A. verbasci, D. tortrix, S. euphorbiae, R. terminalis; For one species of mollusk, H. buchi, there are new localities. All these species have expanded their habitat: in horseflies, changes in the range along vertical zonality are observed.Conclusions. As a result of this research, it was revealed that as a consequences of climate change, the ranges of some species of invertebrates – horseflies, gall midges‐phytophages and mollusks – have expanded compared to the data of previous years. All species in which there is a direct dependence of range change on climatic conditions can be further considered as bioindicators of climate change.

This study focuses on the beliefs and attitudes towards doping of Coaches and Athletes in Armenia, Georgia and Moldova, and on the similarities and differences between Armenia, Georgia and Moldova on these measures. In total, 270 coaches and 810 athletes were selected and completed the questionnaire. Self-completion questionnaires for coaches and athletes were developed in a first-phase Pilot study and approved by World Anti-Doping Agency. Overall, 14% of participants represented team sports disciplines and 86% represented individual sports disciplines. More than half of the athletes were international-level athletes. About 80% of coaches and athletes were males. Whilst there was some variation between the three countries in mean ages and experience of participants, none of these was statistically significant. Analyzing the results, we can conclude that the social and professional behavior of coaches may not be the reason that may push athletes to use the Prohibited substances. The great danger is the illiteracy of coaches in the anti-doping field. If we compare the results obtained in this study with previous data in other studies, it can be assumed that coaches' delusions are transmitted to athletes, which are formed as a result of receiving incorrect information from other coaches or the media. In some cases, such as in relation to the Prohibited List, this may lead to unforeseen consequences. The obtained results show that it mandatory to include the information in the educational programs for coaches, about the athletes’ duties, ways and means to control their behavior, revealing in detail the mechanisms of such control. A necessary condition for the new Educational program for coaches may also be the holding of education seminars and workshops for athletes with the obligatory presence of their coaches using “the coach and his athletes” formula.

Aim. The aim of this work is the study of the specifics of accumulation of heavy metals in the body of gastropod mollusks ‐ slugs (Molluska: Limacidae) on the southern slope of the Aragats mountain range, namely, conducting a quantitative analysis of heavy metals in the soil of different points of the Aragats mountain range and in the body of slugs (Vitrinoides monticola armeniaca; Deroceras caucasicum; Limax flavus), as well as the principles of biogenic migration of heavy metals according to the soil– plant–animal system (slugs) and determining the role of slugs in this migration in terrestrial ecosystems.Material and Methods. Slugs collected from different points of the southern slope of the Aragats mountain range served as material for this study. The content of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ca, Mo) in the body of the mollusks was determined by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method: AAS extraction & ISO‐8288. The features of the biological accumulation of heavy metals in the body of mollusks were also determined.Results. Gastropod mollusks (Molluska: Limacidae) actively accumulate heavy metals (especially Cu, Zn, Ca) in their bodies and play a certain role in their transfer through food chains. Slugs, living in upper soil horizons (mesofauna) and under stones and plant litter, actively respond to the slightest changes in the environment and are perspective objects allowing the detection of deviations in the functioning of soils and the natural complex as a whole.Conclusion. Slugs living in the soil are an important link of the biogenic migration of heavy metals. An inverse relationship was revealed between the total and removable number of heavy metals in migration through the system: soil–plant–organism.

Molecular genetic methods are an integral part of recent medicine. Polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing are widely used in many areas: diagnostics of infectious, inherited, oncological diseases, prenatal screening, study of polymorphisms that increase the risk of developing multifactorial diseases or promoting development physical qualities necessary to achieve success in sports and competitive activity. The growing demand for genotyping raises a number of ethical and social issues affecting the degree of usefulness of genotyping a healthy person and the scientific reliability of the data obtained using direct-to-consumer genetic testing.The review presents and systematizes the laboratory diagnostic methods used today to study nucleic acids that carry important information about human health and physical qualities.

It is no surprise that just like the previous years, this year as well China has expanded its military budget, put another ship to sea, demonstrated new weaponary at the military parade, etc. For the last two decades, all the combat arms of the Chinese army has been developing at a high rate. Many authors claim very specific reasons for the Chinese armaments especially highlighting the conflicts with its immediate neighbors. From a geopolitical point of view, an interesting balance of power is being formed in the East. It’s been several years now that there are some precise problems in China-Japan conflict related to the power over some islands. China actively builds artificial islands which can serve as military bases far away from its shores approximately at an operative depth. And this matter deeply concerns the Philippines and Vietnam. In this light, it would be very interesting to study the balance of forces in the region and to analyze the American military doctrine on the one hand and the Chinese specific military and military-political attempts to appose it on the other hand. It is common knowledge that in political and professional circles in the USA are concerned about the actions and capabilities of China and Russia, which can considerably restrict the US access to key regions of Eurasia: Today, China and Russia have great potential to influence on the traditional American Net-platform weaponary, Air Forces, Navy, command and control networks, and even the orbital groupings. The two countries mentioned above, which are perceived as potential adversaries in the USA, strive to reach the level of the American military by all possible means and develop powerful techonologies. Russia and especially China are designing powerful satellite systems, various long-range missiles, fighter jets, UAVs, etc. New Electronic Warfare (EW) systems are being developed, to suppress or weaken the command and management systems of the US or its allies. The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) of China also has the capacity to destroy settelites, disrupt extraterrestrial intelligence, wreck command and control networks, etc. According to experts, there is no guarantee that the armed forces of the USA can ensure reliable and secure communication and conncetion during conflicts on the theater of military operations, in particular on operational and strategic levels.

Католикосат Великого дома Киликийского играл важную роль в жизни армян Киликии. Историография Армении никогда не уделяла серьезного внимания изучению насильственного переселения католикосата и процесса «диаспоризации» Киликийского престола в 1920–1930‑х гг. В статье анализируется данный процесс, рассматриваются его реконструкция в новых условиях и становление в Антилиасе (Ливан). Не все беженцы, мигранты и национальные группы объединяются в диаспоральные сообщества, наиболее вероятным результатом как добровольного, так и вынужденного их расселения является ассимиляция с культурой принимающей страны. Группы беженцев или мигрантов превращаются в диаспору, когда они стремятся к сохранению национальной и культурной идентичности. В статье выделяются несколько факторов, при которых рассеянные группы людей становятся организованной диаспорой. Отмечено, что очень важной при этом оказывается роль национальных институтов, в частности, духовно-религиозных организаций. Актуальной проблемой является и понимание процесса диаспоризации церковной организации и ее роли в восстановлении армянских общин. Основой исследования послужили архивные источники (из Национального архива Армении и архивные документы Католикосата Киликийского), документальные материалы (официальный журнал святого престола Киликии), а также исследования и нарративы, связанные с этой темой. На основе анализа собранных данных обсуждаются следующие проблемы: вынужденная миграция католикосата Великого дома Киликийского и процесс его восстановления в новых условиях; Антилиас как новый духовный и религиозный центр в диаспоре после геноцида армян; роль Киликийского престола в процессе диаспоризации армянских беженцев в Сирии и Ливане; деятельность католикосата по сохранению национальной идентичности армянских общин на Ближнем Востоке после геноцида.

The article is about the generations of war and expounds on Hybrid wars. Its connection to the model of generational divisions is detailed. Today, as well, with the Cold War is over, the hyperactivity of the US in the military-political arena has brought forth a similar storm. The American war machine is in a victory march. At the same time a variety of ideas and theories of war are brought forth and being discussed. There are differing views on how generations of war should be classified. In my opinion, the main spheres of human development, such as that of commerce, economics, politics, science, education and culture, are the main determining factors. Taking into consideration the various factors, wars have been divided into the following six generations. Fifth generation warfare's necessity became apparent during fourth generation wars. The main elements in question were automated control systems and precision-guided armament. Along with new political, economic and social developments, these ensured new victories. Again, in this generation, armies chose to avoid operations that required large scale mobilization, and instead tried promptly sending small groups into battle, avoiding large-scale preparatio. The issues in the fields of war, as well as the issue of waves of communication, reached their peak. This generation, once and for all, confirmed the importance of force accumulation on any platform, anywhere in the world. Fifth generation wars brought armies to a point where they retired from classical combined arms warfare; Electro-Fire Battle is more commonly applied. Trenches and engineered structures are nearly extinct. This was yet another example of believing in the superiority of quality over quantity. The effects of information became a decisive factor. These were the wars of the digital media industry.

The review reveals the main topics described in the monograph "Religion in modern Russia: contexts and discussions", published in 2019. The review examines the role of religion in the modern social and political life of Russia, the development of relations between the religious organizations and Russian state and society, the special features of the inter-religious dialogue in Russia, as well as the theoretical framework for studying the relationship between religion and the public sphere in the modern world. Modern political science pays mounting attention to the socio-cultural dimension and cultural and civilizational aspects of politics, overcoming the paradigm of modernity and the idea of linearity of political processes. Religion begins to act as one of the most important factors influencing the sphere of politics. In the current situation, when political processes are inherently post-secular, while the methods of describing them are still secular, it becomes necessary to develop new theoretical and methodological tools for studying the relationship between religion and politics. The review touches upon a possible theoretical framework for describing the role of religion in contemporary politics. The authors also pay attention to the role of religion in the formation of group identity, the socially significant functions of religious organizations, the role of religion in transmitting the most important values to wide sections of society. The review pays special attention to the problems of interreligious relations, as well as the relationship between religion and politics in Russia, emphasizes the important role of religion in resolving a number of problems in Russian society, where, in the context of the historically established coexistence of various religions and confessions, building interreligious and interconfessional dialogue is particularly important.

To improve the effectiveness of the fight against doping, it is necessary to assess the areas of risk of doping in various sports disciplines. Objective: to conduct a survey of Armenian athletes, to assess the impact of social variables on their attitude to the usage of doping, to identify areas of risk that require attention, and to assess beliefs about and attitude towards doping in different regions of Armenia and different sports. Materials and methods: 614 elite athletes (mean age - 19,9±2,6 years) included in this study represent track and field and weightlifting athletics, wrestling, boxing and etc. Results: based on the obtained results the decision was made to organize the education seminars for sports journalists. Athletes are greatly influenced by performances in which incompetent sports journalists never admit that the use of banned substances is immoral under any circumstances and always supports athletes who blame others of people. The results shown that Armenian athletes believe that they need to achieve their personal best without causing harm to their health. Conclusions: overall, the application of the WADA Social Science Research Package has provided valuable data on the current anti-doping situation, and also provided concrete directions for future efforts to reduce risk factors for doping.

The article studies remains from the ancient monuments of Mastara and Vardbakh, located on the territory of the Aragatsotn and Shirak provinces of Armenia. In this work, the authors analyse possible reasons for the in-complete fusion of cranial sutures in two female individuals. The relevance of the work consists in it being carried out within the framework of integrative anthropology, incorporating two of its subdisciplines: physical anthropology and paleopathology. The authors studied the physical appearance of individuals from the point of view of paleoan-thropology and determined the main indicators characterising their physical development. Paleopathology, in turn, revealed traces of diseases found in the individuals. Bone remains from the above-mentioned burials were stu-died using X-ray diagnostic methods. In both examined cases, the skull and pelvis, as well as the near-epiphyseal part of the femur, tibia and other bones exhibit numerous, mainly lytic, lesions. A pressure increase is observed in both skulls. Both individuals exhibit unintended cradle deformation, occipital superstructures, periostitis, dege-nerative-dystrophic lesions of the osteoarticular apparatus, exostoses and periapical abscess. The intravital status of general health in the individuals can be characterised as dysfunctional. The changes in the individual from the Mastara (30–39 years old) in its shape and size are typical of early myeloma. In addition, Harris lines on the tibiae were identified in this individual. Lytic defects in the individual from the Vardbakh burial ground (40–49 years old) indicate metastatic carcinoma. The discovered remains suggest that the incomplete closure of the cranial sutures in the studied individuals could be caused by a malignant brain tumour.

After the Cold War, certain processes were still going on by inertia, including clashes of military systems. In particular, these models manifested themselves in Yugoslavia in 1999 and Iraq in 2003. Subsequently, these new military-science realities and technical solutions were found in conventional as well as non-conventional conflicts. The model of American air supremacy in the long-running Syrian war, as well as other conflicts, has clearly demonstrated its vitality. Here, let us attempt to clearly present what rules are in question with respect to this model.

The effect of international ethnic communities on international opportunity exploitation of Wenzhou industrial SMEs is examined. The following hypotheses are tested: the hypothesis on the connection between international ethnic ties and international opportunity exploitation; the hypothesis on the mitigation of “liability of foreignness” effects through the international ethnic ties; and finally, the hypothesis of the impact on export barriers. Results of the empirical study, in general, support the derived hypotheses.

In this article, we explore several ideas focusing on civic engagement. It is emphasized that today we are living in a period of major transformations in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, which puts people, activities and institutions to the test. According to the theories of representative democracy and participatory democracy, participation is associated with the understanding of democracy and the relationship between citizens and the state. At the same time, the term civic engagement includes several meanings such as participation, involvement, cooperation, responsibility, commitment etc. We conclude that civic engagement can manifest itself in various forms - individual volunteering, community involvement efforts, organizational involvement, which can include the direct approach to a problem through personal work, community activity or involvement in the work of representative democracy institutions. Civic engagement implies not only the wil­lingness to engage actively, but also the skills necessary to participate, to correlate the rights with the respective res­ponsibilities. ASPECTE TEORETICE ALE ANGAJAMENTULUI CIVICÎn prezentul articol sunt valorificate un șir de idei ce vizează angajamentul civic. Se subliniază faptul că azi trăim într-o perioadă a unor transformări majore în contextul pandemiei COVID-19, prin care se pun la proba încercării oamenii, acti­vi­tățile, instituțiile. Potrivit teoriilor democrației reprezentative și ale democrației participative, participarea este asociată cu înțelegerea democrației și a relației dintre cetățeni și stat. Totodată, însăși noțiunea de angajament civic include mai multe sensuri, precum: participare, implicare, cooperare, responsabilitate ș.a. Constatăm că angajamentul civic se poate manifesta prin diverse forme – de la voluntariat individual, eforturi de implicare comunitară, implicare organizațională, care pot include abordarea directă a unei probleme prin munca personală, activitatea comunitară sau prin implicarea în activitatea instituțiilor democrației reprezentative. Angajamentul civic vizează nu doar dorința de a se angaja activ, dar și capacitățile necesare pentru a participa, a corela drepturile cu responsabilitățile respective.

Newly excavated materials from the Zarni Er cave (village of Hakhpat) have allowed the anthropological composition of the Late Middle Age (XIV–XVI centuries) inhabitants of Armenia to be characterized for the first time. Two burials were discovered in the Zarni Er cave. In Burial 1, the skeletal remains of two individuals were recovered. They belonged to a subadult, whose age-at-death is estimated to be between 5–6 years, and to a middle-adult male. In Burial 2, the skeletal remains of two more individuals were discovered: those of a young adult female and of an adult male. The burials were found adjacent to a medieval wine press. On the basis of anthropological and paleopathological data, the physical features and disease pathology of the bones were analysed. The traces of unintentional head (occipital) deformation were found on the skulls, which is supposed to be associated with social-domestic conditions. Some crania are found to display traumatic lesions, with most such fractures being located on the front of the head and its sides (on the frontal and parietal bones). In addition, several well-healed fractures were observed, including facial and rib ones. A left fibula found in Burial 1 showed a healed fracture at its distal end. The degree of the muscular relief development points to a considerable physical activity associated with labour. Some signs of enthesopathy, which disorder had previously been noted in horse riders, were discovered at the proximal end of the individuals’ femora. In two skeletons, the femora featured strongly developed lineas aspera in conjunction with the pronounced areas of the insertion of all three gluteal muscles, in particular of the gluteus minimus and gluteus medius on the greater trochanter. Harris lines, or growth arrest lines, are clearly seen on the Х-ray images of the tibial bone diaphyses. Some skeletal and dental markers, such as the frequencies of alveolar bone disease, cribra orbitalia, periostitis and Schmorl’s nodes, might be indicative of relatively poor living conditions (inadequate diet, occurrence of subadult anaemia and infectious diseases, extremely hard physical labour) in the Lori province, most probably due to a dramatic worsening of the political situation in Armenia at that time. The remains are believed to be those of the adherents of an anti-feudal, heretical Christian sect — Tondrakians — that flourished in the medieval Armenia. It is likely that the Tondrakian followers took refuge from persecution in the Zarni Er cave. The Tondrakian movement primarily had a social character and was used as a tool for class warfare. Many regions of Armenia were undergoing peasant uprisings, which first began in the form of open social protests, eventually adopting religious aspects.

March 3, 2017 the Department of comparative politics, faculty of Humanities and social sciences held an international “Round-table” conference “The new US administration: perspectives for Russia”, which discussed issues related to the functioning of the new U.S. Administration after the election of Donald Trump.

The article is dedicated to the revelation of the role of values in Chinese foreign policy-making at the current stage. The article begins with an examination of the meaning of the concept of “value” in the context of foreign policy. In an effort to identify the fundamental values of Chinese foreign policy, the author poses the following questions: What is being regarded as the value basis for Chinese foreign policy? How are these values reflected in China's foreign policy? Where does the policy based on this value system lead? The study focuses on three groups of values: traditional Chinese, Marxist and liberal values. As a result, the study reveals the ways in which the above-mentioned groups of values affect modern Chinese foreign policy.

The results of an international expedition to the Republic of Armenia in the summer of 2013 are presented. An important result of field work is the discovery of several habitats of wheats Triticum araraticum Jakubz. and T. boeoticum Boiss.

Работа посвящена изучению основных показателей образа жизни больных раком в госпитальной популяции: питанию, здоровьесберегающему поведению, в том числе потреблению табака и алкоголя («до» и «после» начала заболевания), физической и медицинской активности и др.Было проведено качественное описательное исследование на основе индивидуального полуструктурированного интервью 411 больных с впервые установленным диагнозом рак. Локализации выбраны согласно рангу по многолетним эпидемиологическим исследованиям.Результаты исследования выявили, что питание больных не сбалансировано и не отвечает принятым стандартам, что можно объяснить наличием в рационе продуктов низкой стоимости. Разница в потреблении табака и алкоголя «до» и «после» начала заболевания практически не отмечается, что объясняется не только недостаточным уровнем знаний, но и менталитетом (в частности мужчин).Низкая обращаемость за медицинской помощью вызвана двумя основными причинами – недостаток финансов и личное отношение к обследованиям. Отличает больных также низкая физическая активность «до» начала заболевания. Преувеличена субъективная оценка собственного здоровья «до» заболевания.

Целью научного обзора является обобщение данных, полученных в результате ретро- и проспективного исследования (2005-2013гг.) о роли и месте различных факторов в развитии онкологических заболеваний (ОЗ) и смертности от них.Научный обзор основан на анализе 52 литературных источников и результатов собственных исследований, проведенных в Армении, касающихся влияния различных факторов на рост и распространенность ОЗ. Представлена эпидемиологическая ситуация по заболеваемости и смертности в динамике, роль социально-экономического состояния – образование и доходы, питание, потребление табака, доступность медицинской помощи. Проведена оценка распространенности ОЗ в зависимости от токсических веществ, способствующих развитию рака. Уделено внимание психо-эмоциональному состоянию больных, а также организации онкологической помощи населению.Выявлено несоответствие между образованием и уровнем доходов, образование не определяет высокий СЭС и здоровьесберегающее поведение. Продовольственная корзина не обеспечивает потребности ни в питании, ни в пользовании медицинских услуг. Принятые в зарубежной литературе понятия «рак бедности» и «рак богатства» не подтверждаются проведенными исследованиями. Имеет место связь между экологической обстановкой и заболеваемостью, особенно в регионах, «насыщенных» выбросами промышленных предприятий, содержащих канцероактивные и канцероопасные вещества. Высокая смертность и низкая выживаемость связана с недостаточной организацией онкологической помощи, и в первую очередь, с отсутствием профилактических осмотров и низким процентом выявления в I и II стадии рака. Вместе с этим определенную роль играет менталитет населения – небрежное отношение к собственному здоровью, самолечение, использование «народных средств».

Abstract. During attacks of familial mediterranean fever (FMF), multiple systemic events are triggered, most of which promote autoinflammatory reactions. A molecular pattern of immune abnormalities in FMF is yet unclear. There is an increasing evidence to suggest an involvement of the complement system, the major inflammatory mediator, in FMF pathogeneses. In present study, we examined functional activities of the alternative and the classical complement cascades, and some relationships between alterations in the functional activities of these cascades in FMF. To this purpose, we measured hemolytic activities of classic (CH50) and alternative complement pathways (AH50), and of the complement components C3 (C3H50), factor B (fBH50) and factor D (fDH50) in blood serum of twenty-eight colchicine-free FMF patients and twenty-five healthy subjects. According to the data obtained, a decrease in serum levels of AH50 and increase in CH50 and C3H50 were detected in FMF patients, as compared to normal values. No significant difference was detected between the affected persons and healthy subjects for fBH50 and fDH50. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between alterations in CH50 and C3H50 and a negative correlation between alterations in AH50 and CH50. From the data obtained, following conclusions have been made: 1) pathogenesis of FMF is characterized by a complement dysfunction, including hyperactivation of classical complement pathway and hypoactivation state of alternative pathway; 2) alterations in functional activities of classical and alternative complement activation pathways in FMF are interdependent; 3) the alternative pathway is suppressed on the initial stage of its activation; 4) high blood levels of C-reactive protein, serum amyloid P component, and circulating immune complexes, associated with FMF, might be responsible for hyperactivation of classical complement pathway in this disease.

C1q- and C3d-IC, were determined in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as compared to healthy subjects, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. According to the data obtained, the levels of both C1q- и C3d-IC were significantly increased in PTSD-patients versus healthy subjects, thus reflecting hyperactivation of classical complement pathway detected in this pathology. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was found between C1q- and C3d-IC levels in PTSD group. It was concluded that PTSD is characterized by altered mechanisms of IC recognition and elimination that may underly chronic activation of immune system and systemic inflammatory response associated with this disorder.

Despite being more than half of world population women still have a very modest role in political processes. This phenomenon is conditioned by a variety of structural, functional and socialpsychological factors which vary in different cultures and countries. Yet, according to feminist political scientists, the main problem underlies in the essence of politics and liberal democracy. For that reason, it is more than important to analyze and find the roots of connections between economic activity and political participation of women.