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Anesthesiologist daily encounters the need for maintaining an airway patency. This manuscript is devoted to the development of this technique from ancient times to the present. Three areas including tracheostomy, endoscopy and tracheal intubation are comprehensively described.

It was reviewed a history of diagnosis and treatment of suppurative mediastinitis from ancient times to our time depending on inflammation type, localization and clinical features. An important role of national surgical school in the development of surgical treatment was emphasized.

Antonio di Paolo Benivieni (1443-1502) is one of the greatest physicians of Renaissance unfairly forgotten at the present time. Benivieni, in his major work of all his life «De abditis nonnullis ac mirandis morborum et sanationum causis», presents not only description of pathologic alterations (including the first in history description of carcinoma of pyloric part of stomach, mesenterial occlusion, fibrinogenous pericarditis) discovered at dissection but he tries to analyze and compare pathologic anatomic and clinical data. The treatise itself is the first in history pathologic anatomic work.

Objective: Introduction: The issue of the interdisciplinary use of knowledge has always been topical. Knowledge obtained in one area of science can be effective in solving problems of another discipline. The aim of the work is to show the possibility of using indicators of the carious process as markers of biology., Patients and Methods: Materials and methods: The material based on anthropological collections of Poltava Museum of Local History and Poltava National Pedagogical University of V.G. Korolenko for the disease of dental caries. The method was a comparative analysis of caries in dentistry and indicators of variability in biology., Conclusion: Conclusions: Medical indicators taken for a period of a century or more can be represented as indicators of the variability of the human population (for example, the reaction rates in biology). The dynamics of such a representation indicates changes in the range of reaction rates in different environmental conditions. Comparing data from historical sources on living conditions of the population, one can judge the strength of the response of the individual and the population as a whole to certain environmental factors. Interpolation of indicators in the future may indicate a change in the rate of response to the currently acting stimulus in the future.

The article provides information on the mean age of death (MAD) those professionally involved in literary work (22 028 men and women 4 651) assigned to one of three categories: novelists, poets and writers-poets. Women any of the investigated categories authentically lived longer than men (p<0,02). Analysis of dynamics of mean age of death (MAD), starting from the 15th century BC to the end of the 20th century, showed that this ratio gradually increased but uneven among fiction writers and novelists, poets of both sexes, however, remained unchanged at poets and poetesses have declined. Among men the very old (90+ years) were 5,38 % and 3,01 % writers-poets, whereas among women - 12,35 and 8,96 %, respectively. Centenarians have surpassed 1,62 % of women novelists and 0,61 % poets, then among men - 0,31 % and 0,49 % of writers, novelists and poets, respectively. The frequency of violent deaths (homicide, suicide, accidents) is also varied and was highest among poets, novelists, poets have minimum-novelists occupied an intermediate position for these indicators. Histogram of MAD had 2 peakes type, characteristic for heterogeneous populations, with a sample of «writers» heterogeneity was weakly expressed, however in a sample of «poets» was very noticeable. Suggests that MAD, longevity, as well as the frequency of violent deaths are related to processes associated with creativity.

The history of skin grafting from the beginning of the Common Era to the XIX centuy is analysed with reference to the contribution made by diferent scientists who performed a search (first intuitive, then theoretically substantiated) for the methods to correct soft tissue defects in different parts of the human body).

It is shown that major achievements in the history of biomedicine, obtained in experiments on animals: the discovery of blood circulation, the achievements of microbiology and development of the concept of immunity, the discovery of reflex and the doctrine of higher nervous activity, achievements of genetics, formation of modeling methods on animals and drug testing. It is stressed that the benefits for science and medicine, obtained through experimentation on animals, does not relieve scientists from responsibility.

V.Kh.Vasilenko paid much attention to the development of philosophical aspects of the concept of disease and left the rich intellectual legacy and a number of advisory instructions that allow the main challenge in modern medicine (the definition of the notion of disease) to be addressed. One of his principal messages is the necessity of generalization and synthesis of facts. Following Vasilenko's instructions, Part 1 of this review is devoted to systematization of modern views of general features of pathogenesis of internal diseases for obtaining a deeper insight into the essence of the disease.

The article provides an overview of the available literature on problems of infant nutrition, and shows the historical development of the principles of infant feeding. It discusses in greater detail the use of goat milk as a basis for infant nutrition. It notes the need for a comparative analysis of breast milk substitutes, and for clinical studies evaluating the value of goat milk in infant nutrition.

The Ayurveda medicine as one the three traditional systems of healing developed during millennia at the Hindustan subcontinent (the ancient India). Nowadays, Ayurveda medicine is widely used in many countries. The present day researchers mark out and analyze several periods in its history.

In this pape different aspects of problem of obesity are analysed.

The changes in the sea level relative to the position of the Serapeo Temple in Pozzuoly (Italia) over a period of 2100 years are discussed in the context of the well known periods of climate cooling off (Neoglacial, Little Ace Period) and climate warming (Middle Ages Optimum, Modern climate warming). It is noted that the rate of sea level lifting relative to the position of the Serapeo Temple in the modern phase of climate warming, which began the end of the 18th Century is approximately two times higher than in the previous phase of climate warming in the period from the fifth to the mid-tenth century A.D. This indicates that not only the natural cyclic component contributes to the mechanisms of Modern Climate warming but also the anthropogenic component of approximately equivalent power, which results from the waste of CO2 caused by the burning of fossilized fuels.

The historical approach is applied ever often to investigate various problems of medicine. The specificity of methodological approach to the history of psychiatry is related with the necessity to implement the historic methods of study not only medicine but other disciplines (non-medical ones included) and the needs of society the progress of medicine depended. The study of problem in this context demands the implementation of the interdisciplinary system to provide the complimentary methodological approach to more comprehensive understanding of historical patterns of development of science and its perspectives. A good example of such a system is synergetics which provide the possibility to evaluate different characteristics and patterns of non-linear historical process. The main target of this approach is to reveal the unobvious patterns, to determine the interdependent algorithms and tendencies escaping from the attention of disciplinary-specific approach to the history of medicine.

Evolution of TB programs indicates the importance of analysis of existing experience and reasons of failure in planning of TB strategy for future. In spite of existing scientific researches in the field of history of fight against TB in Georgia, it turned out that the question is not mastered perfectly, various periods are not sorted out and the comparative analysis is not made. On account of this, a request was raised to elaborate a new periodization. The aim of our research is to work out a new variant of periodization of history of fight against TB in Georgia. Epidemic, literary and the official statistical data were worked out by the methods of historical analysis and standardization. According to the research, it turned out that the correlation exists between social -political state and the spreading of TB, which was reflected in our "step" pattern. It means to serve as criteria of spreading of tuberculosis and TB strategy. Concerning these criteria a new variant of periodization was elaborated and the separate stages were compared. It gives us opportunity to determine effective methods and measures and they should be envisaged in the condition of realisation DOTS strategy in Georgia.

The paper have deal with the historical aspects of establishment and development of a social works in Russia. The brief information on normative and legislative bases in the field of medico-social care on a population, on professional background, education and functional requirement are given as well.

Training in history of medicine is carried out at St. Petersburg I. P. Pavlov State Medical University in the context of all forms of human society: "nonprogressive", "cyclic development", and "progressive". Each topic is presented in logical sequence with consideration for factors of mutual effect and mutual contributions of medicine of different regions, including Russia. Major attention is paid to the key points in development of medicine, its regularities, and basic characteristics.

Within the framework of scientific arrangements devoted to the 275th Anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Second Congress of Biophysicists of Russia was held in Moscow from 23 to 27 August 1999 on the basis of the Lomonosov State University. More than 600 scientists from Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States took part in the Congress. Below we present abridged a report of the Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Prof. G.R. Ivanitskii. This report opened the Congress.