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In modern medical science great attention is paid to the clarification of the molecular mechanisms, which are the basis of adaptation to environmental factors of unusual origin and/or extraordinary strength. The aim of the study is to determine the features of a group of genes with low expression level, associated with hypoxia in the pancreas of Wistar rats under conditions of intermittent hypoxia. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 10 white, sexually mature Wistar rats, which were divided into 2 groups (5 animals in each). Animals of group 1 were part of the control (intact) group. The animals of the 2nd group were subjected to hypoxic training according to the following scheme: for 15 days, 6 hours daily, namely on days 1–5 they simulated an ascent to a height of one to five kilometers above sea level under the conditions of a barometer, and the last 10 days 6 km above the sea level. To analyze gene expression, we used the polymerase chain reaction method with real-time reverse transcription (PCR) CFX-96 Touch™ (Bio-Rad, USA) and the RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array Rat Hypoxia Signaling Pathway kit (QIAGEN, Germany), where 84 genes were the subject of research in experimental animals. Results. According to the results of the PCR study of genes in the pancreas samples of intact animals and animals exposed to hypoxic training, it was established that out of 84 genes associated with hypoxia, a group of 5 genes with a low expression level (∆∆Ct < 30) was found. This pattern includes Bhlhe40 genes, Ctsa, Hif1a, Lox, and Slc16a3, the expression of which is statistically reduced. Thus, compared to the level of their expression in intact animals, the expression of Bhlhe40 decreased by 2.59 times, Ctsa by 6.02 times, Hif1a by 3.85 times, Lox by 3.01 times, and Slc16a3 by 2.40 times. Conclusions. Intermittent hypoxia reduces the expression of the Bhlhe40 gene by 2.59 times, which can be considered as an element of adaptation of cells to a low level of oxygen and modulation of genetic programs. The decrease in Ctsa gene expression by 6.02, Hif1a by 3.85, and Lox by 3.01 times during intermittent hypoxia demonstrates, that these effects can be used as sanogenic factors in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The 2.40-fold decreased expression level of Slc16a3 is probably an element of metabolic adaptation and adaptation of the metabolic pathway of cells to hypoxia conditions.

Bacterial stress adaptive response is formed due to changes in the cell gene expression profile in response to alterations in environmental conditions through the functioning of regulatory networks. The mutual influence of network signaling molecules represented by cells’ natural metabolites, including indole and second messengers (p)ppGpp and cAMP, is hitherto not well understood, being the aim of this study. E. coli parent strain BW25141 ((p)ppGpp+) and deletion knockout BW25141ΔrelAΔspoT which is unable to synthesize (p)ppGpp ((p)ppGpp0) were cultivated in M9 medium supplemented with different glucose concentrations (5.6 and 22.2 mM) in the presence of tryptophan as a substrate for indole synthesis and in its absence. The glucose content was determined with the glucose oxidase method; the indole content, by means of HPLC; and the cAMP concentration, by ELISA. The onset of an increase in initially low intracellular cAMP content coincided with the depletion of glucose in the medium. Maximum cAMP accumulation in the cells was proportional to the concentration of initially added glucose. At the same time, the (p)ppGpp0 mutant showed a decrease in maximum cAMP levels compared to the (p)ppGpp+ parent, which was the most pronounced in the medium with 22.2 mM glucose. So, (p)ppGpp was able to positively regulate cAMP formation. The promoter of the tryptophanase operon responsible for indole biosynthesis is known to be under the positive control of catabolic repression. Therefore, in the cells of the (p)ppGpp+ strain grown in the tryptophan-free medium that were characterized by a low rate of spontaneous indole formation, its synthesis significantly increased in response to the rising cAMP level just after glucose depletion. However, this was not observed in the (p)ppGpp0 mutant cells with reduced cAMP accumulation. When tryptophan was added to the medium, both of these strains demonstrated high indole production, which was accompanied by a decrease in cAMP accumulation compared to the tryptophan-free control. Thus, under glucose depletion, (p)ppGpp can positively regulate the accumulation of both cAMP and indole, while the latter, in its turn, has a negative effect on cAMP formation.

Background and Objectives: The development and functioning of all living beings ends with the inevitable aging process, as a result of which the activity of all organs and the body as a whole is suppressed, which leads to imminent death. Protein glycation is considered to be one of the causes of aging. This process takes place throughout life, but it intensifies with age. Protein glycation is a reaction of covalent coupling of free amino groups of proteins and reducing carbohydrates, which proceeds without the participation of enzymes and leads to disruption of protein functions. This process is unregulated, as it occurs without the participation of biological catalysts. As a result of glycation of proteins in humans, inflammatory processes occur in the body and a number of diseases such as heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, cataract, glycemia, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes mellitus, etc. develop. In the tasks of medical diagnostics, methods of monitoring the state of proteins in the human body are necessary. In this regard, the work is devoted to the study of the processes of interaction of human serum albumin globules (HSA) with globules of human glycated serum albumin (gHSA). Materials and Methods: In conducting a study of the spectral-kinetic characteristics of the eosin luminescent probe in solutions of glycated and non-glycated HSA, as well as in a mixture of glycated and non–glycated HSA, an exponential dependence of the second order was used to approximate the dependencies of DF (delayed fluorescence) and PHOS (phosphorescence), and an anisotropy equation was used to assume the formation of the gHSA-HSA complex. Results: It has been found that the intensity and kinetics of quenching of delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence of the eosin fluorescent probe associated with proteins are sensitive to the ratio of glycated and non-glycated proteins in solution. To explain the increase in the intensity and lifetime of eosin phosphorescence during the transition from a solution of HSA to a mixture of HSA and gHSA, it is assumed that the globules of HSA and gHSA form a complex of the composition of gHSA-HSA, as a result of diffusion encounters. The rotational mobility of this complex is much less than the separate globules of HSA and gHSA. The formation of the complex is confirmed by an increase in the anisotropy of delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence of eosin in a mixture of HSA and gHSA. Conclusion: The obtained results of the work can be used to diagnose the presence of a complex of glycated with non-glycated proteins in human blood plasma.

Because COVID-19 has been recognised as one of the most important pandemics in the history of humankind, in recent years many scientists have investigated the effect of the disease on various aspects of mental and physical human health. This article presents a literature review regarding the effect of SARS CoV-2 infection on the symptoms, diagnostics, and treatment of diabetes. It discusses the effect of infection with virus SARS-CoV-2 on the course of type 1 and type 2 diabetes as well as the frequency of occurrence of the disease in patients affected by COVID-19. Moreover, it presents information on the pharmacotherapy and way of providing services by doctors during the pandemic. According to the literature, infection with virus SARS CoV-2 causes a general inflammation of the organisms and numerous metabolic and hormonal disturbances, and therefore affects the course of diabetes. It may lead not only to serious metabolic complications in the course of early diabetes, but also to the development of the disease. It was determined that infection with COVID-19 in diabetes patients (mainly type 2) increases the risk of complications (such as acute respiratory failure, multi-organ failure, and death).

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) according to various sources is from 4 to 12% of all cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Its uniqueness lies in the simultaneous combination of autoantibodies to β-cells (characteristic of T1DM) and the possibility of treatment with oral hypoglycemic drugs (characteristic of T2DM) for at least 6 months. This is based on the pathogenesis common for T1DM and T2DM — the presence of an autoimmune reaction with the simultaneous involvement of adaptive and innate immunity, as well as, to a lesser extent, insulin resistance and a number of components of the metabolic syndrome. LADA has more in common with T1DM — the same stages in the development of the disease, from genetic predisposition to the undoubted development of insulin dependence, the difference lies in the duration of each of the periods and the age of manifestation. LADA is characterized by an older age of manifestation of 30–35 years and a slower rate of destruction of β-cells. This article presents data on the diagnosis, progress of LADA, its similarities and differences with other types of DM, and immunological features. The article also analyzes the modern approach to the treatment of patients with LADA and promising methods of treatment. The search for information was processing in published sources attached to the search engines PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, eLibrary.ru over the past 10 years. The following medical subject headings were used: latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, immunology, pancreas, genetic, treatment in various combinations using OR and AND logical operators.

Background and Objectives: The reproductive system of women is a subject of diverse multidisciplinary research worldwide. These are oncological diseases, infertility of an unspecified nature, ovarian cryopreservation to preserve fertility, improvement of early diagnosis of diseases, etc. Elucidation of the mechanisms of diffusion of tissue water and hyperosmotic agents in luteal phase ovarian tissues controlled by аngiogenic growth factors can bring us closer to understanding biophysical processes in general. Materials and Methods. The work used spectroscopy of diffuse reflection, a free diffusion model and the modified Bouguer–Lambert–Beer law. Results. The diffusion coefficient of 40% glucose/tissue water intothe ovariantissue ofthe luteal phase D andthe diffusion time τ have been determined, which was D = (8.6 ± 1.4)·107 cm2 /s and τ = 50.4 ± 1.7 min with a samplethickness of(0.8 ± 0.1)mm. The efficiency of optical clearing of cat ovariantissues with 40% glucose immersion has been determined. Conclusions. Studies have shown that 40%-glucose is an effective optical clearing agent for topical use in differentiating normal and pathological ovarian tissues and in clinical applications.

Innate immune cells (monocytes/macrophages, NK) can also develop immune memory, which means that these cells are trained after their first encounter with pathogens so that they exhibit a nonspecific immunological response to the same or another pathogen. Bacilli Calmette–Gu rin (BCG) induces nonspecific innate memory (trained immunity) in innate immune cells. We examined nonspecific innate memory in macrophages of BALB/c mice in response to mycobacteria with or without the RD1 region in the genome. Mice were immunized with BCG vaccine, and peritoneal macrophages were isolated on day 7, and then stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, CFP-10, or ESAT-6. In addition, mice were immunized with Mycobacterium tuberculosis uro-BCG vaccine (RD1-) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv (RD1+) subcutaneously or intravenously; peritoneal macrophages were isolated and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide on day 4. Alveolar macrophages were obtained from lung explants of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv mice, were expanded to confluence 70-80% and further stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Lactate, cytokines, and glucose levels were examined in conditioned macrophage medium. Peritoneal macrophages from mice primed with BCG vaccine were shown to increase IL-1b, TNFa, and lactate production in response to CFP-6 and ESAT-10 (p < 0.05). Of note is the fact that lipopolysaccharide also increased production of IL-1b, TNFa, and also increased glucose uptake by peritoneal macrophages primed with BCG vaccine (p < 0.05). Peritoneal macrophages primed with Uro-BCG were shown to increase spontaneous production of IL-1b and decrease spontaneous production of TNFa (p < 0.05). When macrophages were primed by subcutaneous or intravenous administration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv differentially affected cytokine production, by decreasing IL-1b production and increasing TNFa and IL-10, was observed. In response to lipopolysaccharide, peritoneal macrophages increased IL-1b, TNFa, IL-10 production and glucose consumption (p < 0.05). The mode of priming of macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv also led to multidirectional levels of cytokine production. Alveolar macrophages were shown to retain trained immunity, as they produced elevated levels of IL-1b, TNFa, and IL-10 (p < 0.05). Thus, mouse macrophages formed a trained immunity phenotype in response to different types of mycobacteria, which persists for a long time after primary contact with the pathogen, particularly in alveolar macrophages.

Carbohydrate compounds are widely used as fillers and stabilisers in biological products. When present, these compounds guarantee that the active pharmaceutical ingredient will remain stable during production, transportation, and storage. At the same time, pharmacopoeias standardise the excipient content and require that excipients should be quantified for assessing the quality of biological products.The aim of the study was to identify promising methods for the development of quantification procedures for carbohydrate compounds in biological products.The authors analysed regulatory documents for biological products approved in the Russian Federation. The most widely used excipients, both individually and in combinations, are polyols (sorbitol and mannitol), monosaccarides (glucose), and disaccharides (trehalose, sucrose, lactose, and maltose). Using literature data, the authors reviewed the methods used for quantifying polyols, monosaccharides, and disaccharides to assess the quality of biological products. Quantitative determination of carbohydrate stabilisers employs titrimetric, spectrophotometric, enzymatic, and chromatographic methods. This review presents an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. It highlights the advantages of ionic HPLC with amperometric detection and hydrophilic HPLC with refractometric and evaporative light scattering detection, which are sufficiently selective and can identify substances without prior derivatisation. In conclusion, ionic and hydrophilic HPLC methods are a promising base for the development of quantification procedures for carbohydrate stabilisers.

The article presents a review of the main circadian mechanisms regulating carbohydrate metabolism and their role in maintenance of energy homeostasis; the molecular genetic structure of the circadian system is also discussed. The role of adipose tissue and other organs and systems in the maintenance of circadian rhythm of carbohydrate metabolism, both in health and in obesity and diabetes, is highlighted. Particular attention is paid to diurnal rhythms of endocrine factors responsible for metabolic patterns of hormones such as cortisol, growth hormone and melatonin. Gender differences in the circadian regulation of energy and carbohydrate metabolism are also discussed, as well as their changes in different age periods. Article provides detailed review of the mechanisms of glucose utilization, reactivity of the pancreatic islets and peripheral insulin sensitivity shifts at different time periods of the day in people with normal body weight, android and gynoid types of obesity, both in women and men. Protective factors of energy metabolism circadian regulation structure preventing the development of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in individuals with so-called “metabolically healthy” obesity type are discussed. Article provides a review of various pathways of circadian rhythm disturbances, mechanisms of their development, as well as exogenous and endogenous factors leading to carbohydrate metabolic circadian rhythm misalignment, such as shift work, untiming of natural and artificial lighting, jet lags, sleep disorders. Represented data contribute to a new look at the pathogenesis of obesity and carbohydrate metabolism disorders in various types of obesity in men and women, that provides basis for searching for new effective methods of prevention and treatment of these conditions, elaboration of evidence-based diets and physical activity recommendations, as well as approaches to their medical treatment.

Particular attention in the study of comorbid conditions is paid to viral diseases, in particular, those caused by the pandemic influenza virus type A subtype H1N1, as one of the most pathogenic and contagious. Investigation of the effect of this virus in the development of diabetes mellitus will make it possible to more effectively carry out preclinical studies to find the most effective methods of treating a viral infection against the background of a pre-existing somatic pathology. Purpose of the study was to evaluate the pancreatic toxicity effect of exposure to influenza A/H1N1-California virus in the development of streptozotocin diabetes in DBA/2 and BALB/c mice. Material and methods. Groups of mice DBA/2 (n = 36) and BALB/c (n = 58) were formed: infected with influenza A/H1N1-California virus (at different doses); with the introduction of a solution of streptozotocin at a dose of 150 mg / kg; with the combined use of agents. Life expectancy, blood glucose and insulin level, pathomorphological changes in the pancreas were assessed. Results and discussion. The death of animals was observed only in mice of the DBA/2 line: with the introduction of streptozotocin – 12.5 %, with intranasal infection with the virus (at a dose of 5.7 lg TCID50) – 80 %, with combined exposure – 78 %. A comparative study of mice of the DBA/2 and BALB/c lines showed the possibility of using mice of both lines to study the combined effect of influenza A/H1N1 virus and experimental diabetes, taking into account the dose of infection. Infection of BALB/c mice caused the formation of morphological changes only in the exocrine part of the pancreas. In mice of both lines, after the administration of streptozotocin, persistent hyperglycemia was formed, and pathomorphological changes in the pancreas were recorded mainly in the endocrine part. Similar changes in the pancreas, but more severe, involving the exocrine zone, were found during subsequent infection: in mice of the DBA/2 line in the form of a focal disorder of the acinar structure with degeneration of acinocytes and a compensatory regenerative reaction of cells in intact areas; in mice of the BALB/c line in the form of more significant damage to the ductal system than in DBA/2 with the formation of powerful periductal fibrosis and mononuclear infiltrates. Conclusions. A comparative study showed that DBA/2 mice had more pronounced changes in both the exocrine and endocrine apparatus of the pancreas when infected with influenza A/H1N1-California virus and experimental diabetes mellitus.

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the actual performance morfokonstitutsii, the study of carbohydrate metabolism in patients with diabetes and control individuals with different versions of the distribution of subcutaneous fat. Based on these studies seem possible to isolate and characterize the type of morfokonstitutsii associated with the distribution of subcutaneous fat, characteristic of patients with diabetes mellitus and to assess the relationship of the type morfokonstitutsii, as well as the extent and nature of the deposits of fat from the singularities of carbohydrate metabolism.To identify the incidence and clinical features of diabetes mellitus and other disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in patients with alimentary obesity, also established the influence of the degree and nature of obesity on the features of carbohydrate metabolism and the clinical picture of disease in the subjects of the Azerbaijan population.

Background. Memory CD4+ T cells proliferation is the basis for accelerated secondary immune response. The characteristics of memory CD4+ T cells providing their faster division compared to naive CD4+ T lymphocytes are poorly understood. T cells proliferative ability is determined by their metabolism. The metabolic features of proliferating memory CD4+ T cells remain elusive. The aim. To compare the metabolic features of naive and memory CD4+ T cells in quiescence and during proliferation. Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. Dividing cells were identified by CD71 expression. Cellular glucose and fatty acid uptake was assessed using fluorescent glucose (2-NBDG) and palmitate (BODIPY-FL-C16) analogs, respectively. Glutamine transporter expression was analyzed by staining the cells with anti-ASCT2 antibodies. Mitochondrial mass and membrane potential were measured using MitoTracker Green and MitoTracker Orange, respectively. Results. Quiescent memory CD4+ T cells exhibited elevated levels of glucose and palmitate uptake when compared to naive CD4 + T lymphocytes (p < 0.001). Both subsets had increased substrate consumption when proceeding to proliferation (p < 0.001). When dividing, naive CD4+ T cells consumed more glucose and palmitate than memory CD4+ T cell (p < 0.001). Proliferation caused an increase in mitochondrial mass in naive (p < 0.001) and memory CD4+ T lymphocytes (p < 0.05). In memory CD4+ T cells, unlike naive CD4+ T lymphocytes, an increase in mitochondrial mass wasn’t accompanied by an increase in membrane potential. Conclusion. In memory CD4 + T cells, compared to naive CD4+ T lymphocytes, the metabolic change induced by proliferation is moderate and affects the mitochondrial activity to a lesser extent. Lower bioenergetic expenses of memory CD4+ T cells can contribute to their rapid proliferation during secondary immune response.

DES is normally made up of two or more components, all of which are linked together by H-bonds. Abbott and colleagues were the ones who first proposed the concept of DES. As a mixture of two or more components forming an eutectic, the melting point of this eutectic mixture is lower than the individual components of that mixture. The usage of a totally enormous within the freezing point, as well as the capacity to exist in liquid state temperatures is below 150oC. DES, as a new type of green solvent, has certain - reputed properties, such as “high viscosity, high thermal stability and low vapor pressure”. L-lysine-glucose-malonic acid, L-lysine-fructose-malonic acid and L-lysine-fructose-ZnCl2 are three types of ternary deep eutectic solvents (TDESs) that we created in this study. They exist as a clear liquid for more than two weeks at room temperature. Its physical properties, such as “conductivity, density, viscosity pH and thermal properties as the thermal decomposition temperature” of these TDES were studied. The FTIR Spectra of those TDESs have been analyzed to apprehend the interaction of H bonds and three components.

The present work focuses on developing a model of the duodenum considering motility, biochemical reactions occurring under effects produced by secreted digestive juices, and absorption of reaction products in normal conditions and in case of functional disorders. Analysis of literature sources allowed identifying basic bile components and pancreatic and intestinal juice enzymes influencing fats, proteins and carbohydrates that enter the duodenum. The paper provides a simplified scheme showing how food components are transformed allowing for the neural-humoral mechanism of digestion regulation. Chyme that enters the duodenum is considered a homogenous mixture, which changes its composition during chemical reactions. Mathematical tasking includes mass and momentum conservation equations for a multi-component viscous fluid. The secretion of digestive juices and absorption of components resulting from chemical reactions are described with mass effluents in a pipe in the wall layer. The peristaltic law of the duodenum wall movement was applied to describe the tract motility; the movement characteristics do not depend on the composition of the mixture. Numeric experiments produced necessary results to describe the hydrolysis of the 5 % starch solution under exposure to pancreatic amylase. Obviously, not all the amount of starch enters a chemical reaction and this is well in line with experimental data. The paper provides data on concentration fields for the components of glucose, amylase, and starch at different moments in time and the fluid velocity field. The next stage in the model development is expected to consider absorption of food components, functional disorders of secretion / absorption and intestinal motility as well as influence exerted by neural and humoral mechanisms. In future, the developed model can be applied to predict areas with elevated risks of developing functional disorders, ulcer formation, and other defects of the intestinal mucosa. This will help a physician to prescribe personified therapy and diet.

Introduction. Pancreatic resection is a common surgical treatment option for chronic pancreatic diseases. Diabetes mellitus, which develops as a result of surgical interventions on the pancreas, belongs to a specific type – pancreatogenic. To assess the state of carbohydrate metabolism in patients after surgery in the volume of pancreatoduodenal resection (PDR), a retrospective single-stage single-center study was performed.Aim. Assessment of the state of carbohydrate metabolism in patients after surgery in the volume of PDR.Materials and methods. In Botkin City Clinical Hospital 70 case histories of patients who underwent PDR were selected. The reason for the PDR was pancreatic head cancer (55 people), chronic pancreatitis (7 people), chronic calculous pancreatitis (8 people). Data on age, gender, date of surgery, glycemia levels before and after surgery, as well as C-peptide, insulin, and HbA1c were analyzed.Results. Out of 70 people in the initial group, diabetes mellitus was diagnosed before surgery in 8 people or in 11.5% of the entire sample. Indicators of carbohydrate metabolism did not differ significantly from each other. However, the level of C-peptide decreased in all patients, while in the group of patients with malignant tumors of the pancreas, despite the decrease in C-peptide, the level of fasting glycemia also decreased.Conclusion. If before the operation diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 11.5% of patients, then after the operation the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was established in 23.6%. Late detection of diabetes mellitus worsens not only the quality of life of patients, but also the overall prognosis, morbidity, and tolerability of chemotherapy. Obviously, the postoperative monitoring algorithm should include regular monitoring of glycemia, glycated hemoglobin at least once a year with normoglycemia in order to early diagnose carbohydrate metabolism disorders and prescribe therapy.

The article presents the results of identifying the effect of feeding different doses of winter rye grain extrudate on the digestibility of diet feeds and the biochemical composition of rumen fluid and blood of replacement heifers. The research was carried out at the Sokolovo dairy complex (Perm Krai). The objects of the study were replacement heifers of Holstein blackand-white breed aged 12-15 months. The concentrate part in the diet of heifers of the experimental groups consisted from winter rye grain extrudate: in the first group by 12.5 %, in the second – by 25.0 %, in the third – by 50.0 %. As the result of the research, it was revealed that the replacement heifers of the first, second and third experimental groups showed great results compared to the heifers of the control group in the digestibility of the dry matter of the diet feed by 0.63 %, 0.99 and 1.77 % (p ˂ 0.05, in the second experimental group by 1.22 mg% (4.77 %) p˂0.05, in the third – by 1.70 mg% (9.42 %) p˂0.01 less, compared to the control. The level of urea in the blood of heifers of the experimental groups was lower, compared with the control, in the first ‒ by 0.34 mmol/l (by 6.65 %), in the second by 0.46 mmol/l (9.21 %) and in the third – by 0.58 mmol/l (14.90 %) p˂0.05.

Signaling molecules such as indole (product of tryptophan catabolism) and (p)ppGpp (stringent response regulator) are involved in regulation of physiological processes in bacterial cells aimed to adapt to antibiotics and stresses. However, question of existence of relationship between the stringent response and indole signaling requires more detailed investigation.The aim. To study effect of stringent response regulator (p)ppGpp on indole production in Escherichia coli depending on glucose content.Materials and methods. In this work, we studied the dynamics of indole accumulation in batch cultures of parent E. coli BW25141 ((p)ppGpp+ strain) and deletion mutant BW25141∆relA∆spoT ((p)ppGpp0 strain) in glucose-mineral tryptophan-free M9 medium, as well as with 2 mM tryptophan addition. In order to study effect of starvation stress on bacterial cell ability to synthesize indole, we used a model of growth limitation by carbon substrate at two glucose concentrations, 0.1 % and 0.4 %.Results. We have shown here that (p)ppGpp absence in E. coli cells reduces their ability to produce indole in the tryptophan-free medium and significantly slows down the rate of its accumulation in the tryptophan-containing one. Low glucose concentration (0.1 %) leads to decrease in indole production by (p)ppGpp+ cells in the tryptophan-free medium. The presence of indole synthesis precursor, tryptophan, in growth medium, on the contrary, increases the production of indole at lower glucose concentration in both (p)ppGpp+ and (p)ppGpp0 strains demonstrating direct dependence of delay time for onset of indole formation on glucose content, which is more pronounced in the culture of deletion mutant unable of synthesizing (p) ppGpp. The data obtained can be interpreted as result of complex regulatory effect of catabolic repression and the stringent response caused by alarmone (p)ppGpp action on expression level of tnaCAB operon responsible for indole biosynthesis.

BACKGROUND: An increase with age in the blood glucose level of permanent residents of the Arctic region is a risk factor for metabolic changes, including diabetes mellitus (DM), the frequency and prevalence of which is often accompanied by an increase in body weight and obesity. However, at the moment, there is no clear idea of the age range in the structure of metabolic changes in northerners, and the influence of gender on the content of glucose, its metabolites, pancreatic hormones and the nature of the relationship between them in adults requires clarification.AIMS: To assess the values of the parameters of carbohydrate metabolism, pancreatic hormones, body mass index and the nature of the relationships between them in residents of the Arctic region who were born and permanently residing in the Nenets (NAO), Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) and Mezen District of the Arkhangelsk Region, taking into account gender and age.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the blood serum healthy residents of the NAO, YaNAO and the Mezensky district of the Arkhangelsk region of mature age, born and permanently residing in the Arctic region, randomly selected after a medical examination and questioning, which depending on gender and age were divided into groups: women 21–35, 36–45, 46–55 years old and men 22–35, 36–45, 46–60 years old. The blood serum was determined by the content of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide was determined, measured height and weight.RESULTS: The study involved 1146 people of mature age (women 21–35 (221), 36–45 (222) and 46–55 (371), men 22–35 (105), 36–45 (84), 46–60 (143) years). Regardless of gender, the content of glucose (Glu) significantly increases with age, the peak of which occurs in women aged 46–55 years and in men aged 46–60 years. Age-related changes in the content of lactate (Lac) and pyruvate (Pir) were not found, but in men aged 36–45 years, the level of Lac was higher than in women, and the content of Pir, on the contrary, in all age groups, regardless of gender, was shifted to the lower limit of normal and below it. Against the background of an increase in Glu in women aged 46–55 years the level of insulin was significantly increased, and in men aged 46–60 years, the level of proinsulin was significantly increased. The value of the HOMA index, regardless of gender, exceeded the norm, and the value of the Caro index was below the critical level, which indicates hidden disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.CONCLUSIONS: In permanent residents of the Arctic region (NAO, YaNAO, Mezensk district of the Arkhangelsk region) of mature age, sex differences were established in the content of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and in the regulation of insulin-stimulated glycolysis by pancreatic hormones, as well as an excess of the BMI norm in 50,9, 67,0, 75,0% of women and 52,1, 66,6, 63,7% males.

Aim of the study was to investigate the role of C-reactive protein as an indicator of multimorbidity in patients with arterial hypertension.Material and methods. A retrospective archival study of the data of 1958 patients with arterial hypertension who were examined and treated at the clinic of the Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine (Novosibirsk) was carried out. 2 groups of patients were allocated depending on the concentration of C-reactive protein in the blood serum: normal and elevated (> 5 mg/l). A comparative analysis of the severity of polymorbidity, as well as clinical, laboratory and biochemical parameters in the selected groups were carried out.Results. It has been established that patients with arterial hypertension with elevated values of C-reactive protein had higher rates of transnosological and transsystemic polymorbidity, accompanied by changes in lipid, carbohydrate and purine metabolism (a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, an increase in the concentration of glucose and uric acid in blood serum, an increase in the index atherogenicity), as well as an increase in the content of fibrinogen in the blood serum.Conclusions. The concentration of C-reactive protein in the blood serum can serve as a biochemical marker of polymorbidity in patients with arterial hypertension.

Background. During the implementation of the project "Physiological activity of uric acid", our group discovered four variants of the combination of levels of uricemia and uricosuria in patients with chronic pyelonephritis in the remission phase, which are accompanied by characteristic constellations of parameters of the autonomic nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, the levels of which correlate with uricemia and/or uricosuria. The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between parameters of exchange of uric acid and other metabolites. Materials and methods. Under an observations were 34 males (23-70 years) and 10 females (33-76 years) with chronic pyelonephritis in the phase of remission. The object of the study was serum and urine levels of uric acid as well as calcium, magnesium, phosphates, chloride, sodium, potassium, creatinine, urea and glucose. Results. Among all registered parameters, 12 were identified as characteristic of the four variants of uric acid metabolism. The discriminant model includes, in addition to uricosuria and uricemia by definition, blood levels of creatinine, urea, glucose, phosphates, magnesium, and potassium, creatinineuria as well as body mass index, electrokinetic index and sex index. According to the results of the canonical correlation analysis, it was established that balneotherapy-induced concomitant changes in uricosuria and uricemia positively determine changes in diuresis and excretion of urea, magnesium, sodium, phosphates, calcium, potassium and chloride, as well as calciumemia and magnesiumemia. Conclusion. The uric acid molecule, as a structural analog of methylxanthines and adenosine, exerts the metabolic effects, probably, as the consequences of its neuro-endocrine effects.

Introduction. Currently, few epidemiological data on a relation between impaired purine and carbohydrate metabolism and testosterone deficiency in overweight men due to adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome (MS) are available.Aim: to study relationships between disturbances in carbohydrate and purine metabolism and testosterone level in men with adipose tissue excess and MS.Materials and Methods. There were enrolled 64 overweight men to the study. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the body mass index (BMI): group 1 – with overweight (n = 24), group 2 – with the first degree of obesity (n = 21), group 3 – with the second and third degree of obesity (n = 19). A correlation analysis was carried out between the data on carbohydrate and purine metabolism related to testosterone level and body composition, as well as additionally assessing the level of inter-group difference.Results. A relationship between the parameters of carbohydrate and purine metabolism and the level of total testosterone has been established along with overdeveloped adipose tissue. A weak negative correlation was found across the sample between testosterone and glucose, insulin, and the НОМА-IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) index. i.e., the higher the glucose level, the higher НОМА-IR index, and the lower the testosterone level. In addition, it was found that along with increasing BMI it was paralleled with higher insulin level. The number of patients with fasting blood glucose levels above 5.6 mmol/L and insulin resistance also increased. In the group with I degree of obesity, a negative correlation was found between the levels of total testosterone and uric acid.Conclusion. Thus, the thesis is confirmed that the more significant the violation of carbohydrate and purine metabolism, the more profound could be androgenic deficiency. Thus, it is obvious that normalization of body composition and removal of excessive adipose tissue would provide a more effective solution in choosing a strategy to treat androgen deficiency and disorders of carbohydrate and purine metabolism in overweight men.

Plant sugar transporters play an essential role in the organism’s productivity by carrying out carbohydrate transportation from source cells in the leaves to sink cells in the cortex. In addition, they aid in the regulation of a substantial part of the exchange of nutrients with microorganisms in the rhizosphere (bacteria and fungi), an activity essential to the formation of symbiotic relationships. This review pays special attention to carbohydrate nutrition during the development of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), a symbiosis of plants with fungi from the Glomeromycotina subdivision. This relationship results in the host plant receiving micronutrients from the mycosymbiont, mainly phosphorus, and the fungus receiving carbon assimilation products in return. While the efficient nutrient transport pathways in AM symbiosis are yet to be discovered, SWEET sugar transporters are one of the three key families of plant carbohydrate transporters. Specific AM symbiosis transporters can be identified among the SWEET proteins. The survey provides data on the study history, structure and localization, phylogeny and functions of the SWEET proteins. A high variability of both the SWEET proteins themselves and their functions is noted along with the fact that the same proteins may perform different functions in different plants. A special role is given to the SWEET transporters in AM development. SWEET transporters can also play a key role in abiotic stress tolerance, thus allowing plants to adapt to adverse environmental conditions. The development of knowledge about symbiotic systems will contribute to the creation of microbial preparations for use in agriculture in the Russian Federation.

Diabetes mellitus, associated with insulin deficiency and high blood glucose, is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. Continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels can help prevent heart disease, kidney failure, or blindness. In this regard, fast, pricese and economical identification of blood glucose levels is necessary. Therefore, the manufacture of an economical, easy-to-use, exact, portable and fast glucose biosensor is of critical importance in diabetes mellitus. Electrochemical biosensors for glucose identification are widely used. In this work, arrays of highly oriented ZnO nanorods synthesized by a low-cost method of chemical deposition from solution was used as an amperometric enzymatic electrode in which glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized by physical adsorption. The morphology, optical and electrochemical properties of the fabricated modified ITO/ZnO/GOx/Nafion electrode were studied. The influence of the morphology of zinc oxide layers on the activity of the enzyme and biosensor was investigated. The resulting modified ITO/ZnO/GOx/Nafion electrodes with arrays of ordered thin ZnO nanorods showed a high sensitivity of ~50 μA/mM·cm2 for the detection of glucose in solution, i.e. ZnO nanorods with a high specific surface area are an excellent platform for the immobilization of glucose oxidase in biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a very serious pathological condition that occurs in the clinical practice of doctors of various specialties. Often, the presence of MS aggravates the course of comorbidities, while various diseases can serve as a risk factor for its development. The significant prevalence of MS determines the need for its early diagnosis for timely correction and prevention of its long-term complications.The aim. To systematize data on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in various countries and populations and to discuss the most frequently used diagnostic criteria, including racially and ethnically differentiated ones.Materials and method. A literary search was carried out using scientific databases: eLIBRARY, PubMed.NCBI, CyberLeninka, the official website of IDF for the period from 1999 to 2020.Results. It was found that despite different diagnostic criteria used for MS, its prevalence in many countries is comparable (10–30 %) but differs in different populations. Thus, MS occurs more often in Caucasians than among Asians, and its prevalence is significantly higher in the newcomer vs the indigenous population. Nevertheless, a comparative analysis of the frequency of MS is difficult due to the use of research results based on different approaches to its diagnosis in the literature presented in the literature. Although the analysis of literature data indicates the existence of specific features of the prevalence of MS in different populations, the differentiated approaches to detecting MS depending on the race of patients, which are necessary for many countries, have not yet been sufficiently developed.

In the conditions of industrial poultry farming, the body of hens is constantly exposed to numerous technological stressors, the least studied of which are long-term ones, that can provoke chronic stress. One such technological stressor is an increase in the level of cage equipment, which is used by producers to obtain a larger amount of products from 1 m2 of poultry area. The aim of this work was to study the physiological state of the hen’s body based on the clinical biochemical analysis of their blood serum, depending on the battery cages height. In the conditions of a modern complex for the production of edible eggs in a poultry house with an area of 2 915 m2, 4 groups of hens were formed, each of them was kept on a separate floor-analogue in terms of area and cage equipment. Each floor was equipped with «Big Dutchman» 3-tier battery cages. Battery cages of each floor were separated from each other by a lattice floor so that cages of 1–3 tiers entered up to the 1st floor, 4–6 tiers – up to the 2nd, 7–9 tiers – up to the 3rd, and 10–12 tiers – up to 4th floor of cage equipment. Biochemical parameters and activity of hens blood serum enzymes were determined on a BioChem FC-360 biochemical analyzer. For this, 30 blood samples with a volume of 1.0–1.5 ml were taken from axillary veins of laying hens in each group at the age of 18 weeks (at the beginning of the study) and at 52 weeks. It was found that increasing the layering of cage equipment does not have a negative impact on the hen’s body. So, for keeping hens in cages of multi-tier battery cages located on floors 2–4 (4–12 tiers), the biochemical status and activity of their blood serum enzymes were within the physiological norm. Whereas, for hens kept in battery cages of the a multi-tiered system on the 1st floor there was an increase in glucose levels of 60.5–71.0%, creatinine – by 9.7–12.3%, phosphorus – 82.6–100.0%, was observed a decrease in calcium to phosphorus ratio 46.7–50.0%, which was confirmed by an increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase by 22.3–27.0%, as well as an increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase by 3.2–13.8%, lactate dehydrogenase - by 48.5–65.1% and gamma-glutamyl transferase – by 16.4–20.6%. It has been proven that the main consequences of chronic stress caused by keeping hens in the lower floor cells of the multi-tiered battery cage are reflected in the biochemical parameters of their serum, namely increased glucose, creatinine, enzyme activity and violation of calcium to phosphorus ratio.

Non-alcoholic liver disease is associated with liver injury, such as steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. During their development, inflammation is occure and organs damage develops by help of cytokines influences. The intensity of injury depends on sex. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes of interleukins in the blood of male and female rats with hepatosis, hepatitis used by overdrinking of glucose. Material and methods of investigation. The experiments were performed on 60 male and 60 female outbred rats aged from four monthes (start of experiment). Animals were divided into five groups – control 1 (6 monthes old animals), control 2 (8 monthes old animals), glucose 2 monthes (3), glucose 4 monthes (4), and glucose 2+2 monthes (5). Determined in the blood serum Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 4 (IL-4), Interleukin 10 (IL-10). Results. In 3, 4 and 5 groups we determined increasing of proinflammatory interleukins. When comparing the results of 5 groups with 3 in male rats, lower values of anti-inflammatory interleukins were noted with a reliably insignificant difference in the content of pro-inflammatory interleukins. Interleukins changes were not detected in rats female between groups 5 and 3.When comparing 3 and 4 groups, an increase in TNF-α and IL-1β, a decrease in IL-4 and IL-10 both in males and in females were determing, which depended on the duration of glucose consumption. When comparing groups 5 and 4 in males rats, only TNF-α decreased, which can be regarded as a decrease in destructive processes when glucose consumption is stopped. In females, we see a decrease in TNF-α and IL-1β, an increase in IL-4 and IL-10, which may indicate a decrease in the effect of glucose or its long-term effect, since the results of groups 3 and 5 in female rats did not differ. Conclusion. An increase in the content of pro-inflammatory interleukins and a decrease in anti-inflammatory interleukins was detected after 2 months, 4 months of glucose use, which is maintained for 2 months after the cessation of its use only 2 months and depends on the duration of glucose use. In males, the inflammatory reaction is more than in females.

Introduction and purpose. Physical activity is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle, and the far-reaching benefits of practising it are invaluable. Raising awareness in this regard seems to be a key element in the prevention of civilization diseases. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of amateur athletes about the influence of physical effort on changes in selected biochemical parameters. Material and methods. In the study that was conducted using the questionnaire method and electronically using the proprietary form, one hundred physically active people participated. The survey consisted of single-choice and multiple-choice questions as well as open-ended questions. It collected information on (1) demographic and social characteristics, (2) anthropometric measurements, (3) type and duration of physical activity, (4) frequency and time of the training, (5) existing diseases and (6) knowledge about glucose, insulin, lipid profile, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase. The key questions concerned the influence of physical activity on the studied biochemical parameters. Results. The vast majority of respondents revealed a good knowledge of insulin and insulin resistance, carbohydrate metabolism and creatine kinase. The average results of correct answers amounted to 90%, 79% and 71%. The knowledge of the issues related to the lipid profile, and both ALT and AST was slightly worse. Here the distribution of the proper answers was respectively 62% and 60%. Conclusions. Properly conducted education on the influence of physical activity on selected biochemical parameters could be the best solution to broaden the knowledge on this subject.

Milk productivity and a set of biochemical blood parameters characterizing the metabolic status were studied in suck-ling semi-fine-fleece wool-and-meat ewes of the first month of lactation (n = 80) of the experimental herd of L. A. Kaneva farm in the Ust-Tsilemsky district of Komi Republic. The ewes with lambs were kept in the same room in similar conditions of keeping and feeding. To characterize the metabolic type, all controlled ewes were divided into three groups depending on the level of their milk productivity. There was no significant linear variation of the metabolites during the transition from group to group. As a result of studying the associations between milking capacity and biochemical parameters of blood serum within the groups, in high-milking ewes of group 3, statistically significant correlations were found with the level of urea (r = -0.47, P < 0.05), and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (r = 0.40, P < 0.05), as well as not reliable, but relatively high coefficient with glucose (r = 0.36, P > 0.05). As a result of combining urea, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and glucose into one complex index – AP*glucose/urea, it was possible to increase significantly the correlation coefficient with milking capacity to 0.61 at P < 0.001. The obtained results indicate that high-milking ewes have metabolic features developed as the result of the body's adaptation to intensive lactation activity. These features are expressed in the interrelated fluctuation of three metabolites – urea, AP and glucose. It is assumed that urea indicates more efficient assimilation of nitrogen of the diet with an increase in milk productivity, intense inclusion of amino groups into metabolic processes necessary for the synthesis of milk proteins. Glucose and alkaline phosphatase indicate an increase in the intensity of cellular metabolism.

Here we review literature data on properties of a member of nuclear hormone receptors - peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. It was shown that PPARα was expressed on different cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, B- and T-cells. We discuss structure of natural and synthetic ligands of PPARa, molecular and cellular mechanisms of PPARa regulation of lipid and carbohydrate cellular metabolism. PPARa activity in hepatocytes results in decrease of intracellular concentrations of lipid acids. This leads to reduction of VLDL cholesterol, increase in HDL-cholesterol and decrease in triglycerides in plasma of patients taking PPARα agonists. Modulation of PPARa activity may change multiple biological effects of glucocorticoids (GCS) and insulin resistance. It is assumed that PPARα agonists reduce side effects of GCS and at the same time enhance their anti-inflammatory activity due to transrepression of NF-kB. We analyzed the results of several randomized studies, meta-analyses devoted to assessment of efficacy and safety of PPARa agonist fenofibrate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with high risk of micro- and macrovascular events. The studies showed good safety profile of monotherapy with fibrates as well as of their combinations with statins, ezetimibe. Fibrates reduced not only cardiovascular events but also overall mortality. We present the data on the role of PPARa in control of glucose and lipid metabolism in subpopulations of innate and adaptive immunity cells. The data show that glucose and lipid metabolism play an important role in the fate of cells of innate and adaptive immunity. The metabolic state of lymphocytes has dynamic nature and depends on their functional activity. Transition from dormant cells with relatively low metabolism rate to activated and proliferating cells is accompanied with increase of metabolic demands. This transition is supported with the switch from oxidative metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) after antigen recognition by T-cells and B-cells. It was shown that granulocytes, dendritic cells and M1 macrophages were dependent on glucose metabolism during their activation while M2 macrophages were dependent on fatty acids oxidation. In contrast with lymphocytes, activated myeloid cells do not proliferate well but still have increased glycolysis which is necessary for their effector function. It is stressed that modulation of immune cells metabolism via PPARα gives new opportunities to modulate intensity and duration of immune responses in chronic diseases. We analyze studies performed on animal models of some chronic diseases, human patients with rheumatoid arthritis and different phenotypes of osteoarthritis. Most of the studies showed clinical efficacy and pleiotropic effects of PPARα agonists: antiinflammatory, immunomodulating and lipid modulating, primarily reduction of triglycerides and increase in HDL-C. The presented literature data suggest efficacy of PPARα agonists against individual components of polypathies. This could reduce risk of polypharmacy and reduce direct treatment costs. It is not unlikely that the use of PPARα agonists in a patient with multimorbidity could prevent acquiring a new disease. These are merely suggestions and much effort and time is required to perform large-scale randomized controlled studies evaluating new indications for the use of PPARa agonists.

The mechanism of development of insulin resistance is not fully deciphered. Disorders that lead to insulin resistance can occur at the following levels of the insulin signaling pathway: pre-receptor (abnormal insulin), receptor (reduced number or affnity of receptors), glucose transport (reduced number of GLUT4 molecules), and post-receptor (signal transmission disorders) level. The article analyzes the signaling pathway of insulin, and considers the effect of gene mutations on signal transmission and glucose transport to the cell.

The aim of the current study was to estimate the effects of acute hypoxia and reoxygenation on energy metabolism and activities of antioxidant enzymes as markers of oxidative stress in Baikal deep water amphipods Ommatogammarus carneolus melanophthalmus. The amphipods were exposed under hypoxic conditions at 4 mg of О2/L during 3 hours with following normoxic recovery at 9-11 mg of О2/L for 3 hours. There were no significant changes in most of studied parameters except glucose content. High lactate content and antioxidant enzymes activity in control group and absence of their reaction to hypoxia and reoxygenation can be explained by difficulties with adaptation to atmospheric pressure in O. carneolus melanophthalmus or by low level of hypoxia for studied species.

The aim. To study changes in the indices of carbohydrate-lipid metabolism and antioxidant protection in metabolic syndrome with arterial hypertension and abdominal obesity depended on climatic factors in Azerbaijan. Methods. We examined 16 patients with newly diagnosed arterial hypertension with abdominal obesity on the background of the metabolic syndrome aged 25 to 70 years (16 men). To study the components of carbohydrate, lipid metabolism and antioxidant protection in patients, blood was collected from the cubital vein after a 12-hour fast. The study of the parameters of the general blood test performed on the apparatus Mythic 18 (Switzerland). The levels of glucose, glicohemoglobin, C-peptide, insulin, cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, and the activity of superoxide dismutase enzymes, catalase, and interleukin-8 studied. Results. The insulin level in the blood plasma of patients compared with the control group showed a significant increase in the studied parameter in this pathology. Despite the fact that glucose and insulin in the control group were 4,58±0,15 mM/l and 16,2±0,6 uU/ml, with this pathology, statistically significantly increased and became 5,58±0,26 mM/l and 18,3±0,7 uU/ml. The content of glucose in patients varied in the reference range. The average value of this parameter was close to the threshold value (5.58±0.26 mM/l), which signals the need to monitor blood sugar levels. Despite the fact that glycohemoglobin did not undergo changes, the content of C-peptide increased compensatory. Compared to the control group, cholesterol increased by 43.5% p

Antihyperglycemic interventions have centered on increasing insulin availability, improving insulin sensitivity or restoring β-cell activity to normalize plasma glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. An alternative strategy is to enhance urinary glucose excretion by targeting renal sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLTs). Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce blood glucose by increasing urinary glucose excretion and present a valuable therapeutic option for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Presently, clinically available SGLT2 inhibitors include canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin.

Aim. To determine the relationship between the blood aldosterone levels and parameters of carbohydrate metabolism in patients with heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).Material and methods. This cross-sectional study included 158 patients with stable HFpEF. HFpEF was established in the presence of symptoms and/or signs of HF, left ventricular ejection fraction >50%, increased blood NT-proBNP levels, and characteristic structural cardiac changes according to echocardiography. The study did not include patients with primary hyperaldosteronism and those taking mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists within the previous 6 weeks. In all patients, the blood aldosterone and carbohydrate metabolism parameters were assessed. The aldosterone levels were determined by the enzyme immunoassay and the concentration of 40-160 pg/ml was considered the reference values. Diabetes was diagnosed in the following cases: history of diabetes, treatment with antidiabetic drugs, blood glucose level ≥7,0 mmol/L in two samples or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) >6,5%. Prediabetes was recorded if the blood glucose level in a patient without diabetes was in the range of ≥5,6 mmol/L and

Introduction. In patients with vascular encephalopathy (VE), the performance of cognitive tasks may be accompanied by stress and an increase in the level of cortisol affecting the regulation of insulin and glucose metabolism. It is known that an elevated level of cortisol may cause neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus, and it also can lead to insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, which negatively affects cognitive function. Objective: to evaluate the association of parameters of cortisol, insulin and glucose levels and their reactivity with the cognitive results in patients with VE. Methods. Eighty four patients with VE (60 women and 24 men) aged 4387 years were examined. Patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome were excluded from the cohort. All patients performed 3 cognitive tasks (corrective, verbal fluency and verbal memory assessment, the Luria test). Cortisol and insulin in saliva, and glucose in peripheral capillary blood before and after testing of cognitive functions were examined. Results. In women, the level of salivary cortisol and insulin after the cognitive tasks increased significantly, and the blood glucose level decreased. In men, similar reactive changes of these hormones and glucose were observed, but the changes did not reach statistical significance. In men and women the higher reactivity of cortisol was accompanied by lower, and insulin and glucose by higher results of cognitive performance. Conclusion. In patients with VE, the cognitive performance is accompanied by reactive changes in cortisol, insulin and glucose levels associated with higher results in cognitive tests.

Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) is a frequent complication of insulin therapy. Up to half insulin-treated individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes report the problems with hypoglycemia awareness, and 15–25% of patients have a permanent IAH. A recurrent hypoglycemia is a cornerstone in IAH formation. The repeated episodes of hypoglycemia impair neurohumoral response to hypoglycemia, reduce its symptoms and induce inadequate brain adaptation to low glucose levels. In this regard, the IAH phenomenon can be considered as an example of "metabolic memory" in diabetes. The IAH is associated with episodes of severe hypoglycemia, fear of hypoglycemia and cognitive dysfunction. These associates can be combined into IAH syndrome. Development of IAH becomes a serious barrier in diabetes management. A growing body of evidence indicates that IAH is a reversible condition. If the syndrome is present, the hypoglycemia avoidance should be primary goal of the treatment. Structured training under specialized programs with psychological support is the most reasonable therapeutic approach to IAH amending. Technological approaches, including continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, real-time continuous glucose monitoring, closed-loop insulin delivery systems ("artificial pancreas"), and islet transplantation also showed efficacy in hypoglycemia awareness improvement in some clinical studies. The diabetes management in patients with IAH is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, step-by-step approach, from insulin personalization and therapeutic training to advanced medical technologies, should be recommended for these patients.

Objective: to compare the level of modified low-density lipoproteins (mLDL) in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) and without DM2; to identify the factors affecting mLDL сontent.Materials and methods. The study involved 64 patients; they were divided into 2 groups. The main group included 32 patients with DM2 (15 men and 17 women, median age – 65 years), the control group 2 included 32 patients without DM2 (15 men and 17 women, median age – 60.5 years). All patients (100 %) had arterial hypertension. Both groups were generally comparable in the main clinical and laboratory characteristics. Mann–Whitney test, Spearman correlation coefficient were used for statistical data processing.Results. In patients with DM2 mLDL level was significantly higher (р

Aim. To determine the prevalence of hypertension (HTN) in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP), chronic pancreatitis (CP), pancreatic cancer (PC) and establish associations of HTN with other risk factors (obesity, dyslipidemia (DLP), plasma glucose ≥7,0 mmol/l, smoking, alcohol consumption).Material and methods. This observational multicenter clinical cross-sectional uncontrolled study included 44 patients with AP, 97 patients with CP and 45 patients with PC. The groups were comparable by sex and age. The HTN was diagnosed according to the criteria of Russian Society of Cardiology (2020).Results. HTN was much more common in patients with PC (55,6%) than in patients with AP (25,0%) (χ 2 =8,6, p=0,003). In patients with CP, the prevalence of HTN (39,2%) did not differ from those with AP or PC. Among patients with AP and HTN, higher levels of triglycerides (TG) (U=88,0, p=0,010) and glucose (U=89,5, p=0,011) than in non-HTN patients with AP were determined. In HTN patients with CP, glucose ≥7,0 mmol/l was recorded 3 times more often than in non-HTN patients with CP (χ 2 =16,2, p=0,000). In patients with PC and HTN, a higher mean body mass index (BMI) (F=7,8, p=0,008) and less common normal body weight than in non-HTN patients with PC (28,0 and 65,0%, χ 2 =6,2, p=0,013) was revealed. In patients with CP, increased glucose levels by 1 mmol/l (Exp (B)=1,933, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1,350-2,767, p=0,000) or BMI by 1 kg/m2 (Exp (B)=1,224, 95% CI 1,085-1,380, p=0,001) raised the probability of HTN; in patients with PC, increased BMI by 1 kg/ m2 (Exp (B)=1,394, 95% CI 1,057-1,840, p=0,019) or age by 1 year (Exp (B)=1,251, 95% CI 1,052-1,489, p=0,011) raised the probability of HTN.Conclusion. HTN was more often observed in patients with PC than in those with AP. In patients with CP, the prevalence of HTN did not differ from those with AP or PC. HTN was a cofactor to other metabolic risk factors (glucose ≥7,0 mmol/l, obesity) in patients with AP or CP; behavioral risk factors, on the contrary, were less common in HTN patients with AP or CP. In patients with CP, there was a direct association of HTN with glucose levels or BMI, and in patients with PC — HTN with BMI or age.

Subject of Research. The paper presents the study of metafilm application possibility as a biosensor for blood glucose concentration estimation purposes. Method. The metafilm used in this research is a bandpass filter based on cross-shaped resonators for terahertz frequency range. Transmission spectrum of this filter is being affected by the changing optical properties of surrounding media (refractive index, permittivity and others). A change in glucose concentration leads to a change in blood optical properties, therefore, if a filter has a contact with blood, there is a shift of blood transmission spectrum observed. The shift is going to lower frequencies direction, and the shift value depends on glucose concentration. Three frequencies for more detailed study are chosen based on our previous research of blood permittivity dependence on glucose level correlation. All transmission spectra are obtained as the results of numerical experiments in COMSOL Multiphysics software. Main Results. The general algorithm is developed for selection of filter metafilm geometrical parameters based on cross-shaped resonators for given resonance frequency and Q-factor. This algorithm is used for calculation of three biosensor parameters with different spectral characteristics aimed at determination of the best properties of metafilm filter for biosensor purposes. The possibility of metafilm-based biosensor application was proved for determination of blood glucose concentration. Modelling showed that a filter with higher resonance frequency (0.5 THz) has a higher sensitivity (from 2.0 mmol/l to 0.5 mmol/l in the range of 3.0-9.0 mmol/l). Practical Relevance. This method will give the possibility to avoid puncturing during glucose concentration test, because the change in blood chemical composition may demonstrate the influence on skin refractive index. Moreover, biosensors of this type are highly sensitive to the changes in the material optical properties

Carbon fixation in soil, its transformation and mineralization are the important stages of carbon cycle regulating soil fertility and ecosystem stability. Organic fertilizers and toxic substances, such as heavy metals, lead to changes in the natural carbon flux. Organic and soluble organic carbon contents, microbial biomass, and cumulative respiratory activity have been measured for soils influenced by glucose and cadmium addition and sampled from various depths. Soluble organic compounds (here glucose) lead to a strong increase in metabolic activity, but they cause no carbon fixation in soil in the form of microbial biomass or insoluble compounds. The introduction of heavy metals into the soil has reduced the carbon flux rate through the soluble carbon pool, but has left the microbial biomass carbon unaffected. These effects turned out to be more pronounced in subsoils (below 20 cm) having low organic matter content.

Gestational diabetes is a violation of carbohydrates tolerance of any severity that detected for the first time during pregnancy. The need for timely and accurate diagnosis of gestational diabetes is caused by a high frequency of pregnancy complications and neonatal morbidity. The oral glucose tolerance test is recommended to use for the gestational diabetes diagnostics. This test is considered positive (the diagnosis of gestational diabetes installed), if at least one of the glucose indicators exceeds normal levels. The optimal duration of oral glucose tolerance test is 24–28 weeks of pregnancy; in exceptional cases is up to 32 weeks (at high risk for gestational diabetes, ultrasonic symptoms of diabetic fetopathy). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) evaluations can a useful as a test to assess the state of carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy. HbA1c provides an integrated view of the level of blood glucose over a long period of time, can be used in the detection and monitoring of carbohydrate metabolism disorders during pregnancy. Many studies have confirmed the assosiation of glycated hemoglobin and blood glucose level. Determination of glycated hemoglobin has several advantages: the test result on HbA1c is independent of food intake (possible evaluation is not an empty stomach, which is important for toxicosis in pregnant), patient’s psycho-emotional state, blood samples can be carried out at any time (stable over a wide temperature interval and time). If diagnosis of “gestational diabetes” confirmed it is recommended diet with restriction of carbohydrate and fat, dosed physical activity and glycemic control. Criteria for gestational diabetes compensate on the diet background: fasting glucose level < 5.0 mmol/l, in 1 hour after ingestion < 7.5 mmol/l. Inability to achieve glycemic targets within 2 weeks of self-control or the presence of ultrasonic signs of diabetic fetopathy are indications for insulin therapy.

Subject of Research. We present results of permittivity research in gigahertz frequency range for saline and glucose solutions used in medical practice. Experiment results are substantiated theoretically on the basis of Debye-Cole model. Method. Researches have been carried out on blood plasma of healthy donor, water, normal saline and glucose solutions with different concentration from 3 to 12 mmol/l. Experiments have been performed by an active nearfield method based on measuring the impedance of a plane air-liquid boundary with open end of coaxial waveguide in the frequency range from 1 to 12 GHz. Measurement results have been processed with the use of vector analyzer computer system from Rohde & Schwarz. Transmittance spectra have been determined by means of IR-spectrometer from TENZOR-Bruker. Main Results. Simulation results have shown good agreement between the experimental results and the model, as well as the choice of the main parameters of the Debye-Cole model in the studied frequency range for all media. It has been shown that the range of 3-6 GHz can be considered as the main one in the development of diagnostic sensors for the non-invasive analysis of the glucose concentration in the human blood. Practical Relevance. Electrodynamic models of test fluid replacing human blood give the possibility to simulate the sensor basic characteristics for qualitative and quantitative estimation of glucose concentration in human blood and can be used to create an experimental sample of a non- invasive glucometer.

The influence of GABA and its generation compounds complex on the alloxan-induced blood glucose and brain and pancreas neuroactive amino acids content shifts has been studied. It was shown that5 days intraperitoneal injection of complex to alloxan-treated rats prevented hyperglycemic effect and normalized neuroactive amino acids shifts, induced by alloxan in animals brain and pancreas. The analyzed complex may be tested in the diabetes mellitus patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed method for calculation of the energy value of culture media is based on stoichiometric properties of biological oxidative reactions in the cell and allows for assessment of the nutritional value of organic substrates with consideration of their elemental composition. Three organogen elements (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) participate in the third stage of catabolism, which is the universal way of biological oxidation of organic nutritive substrate compounds. Their content in the composition of an organic compound (or food substrate) allows for calculation of the amount of energy converted into work during cellular metabolism. The idea to calculate the energy value of a food substrate is based on the principle of energetic conjugation, according to which the useful energy of food substrates within the cell is accumulated in the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bonds formed by biological oxidation of the substrate. Calculation of the energy values of organic substrate is traditionally based on the energy of the abiotic oxidation. The proportion of the useful energy converted into work is not considered in this case. The inherent problem of this approach is that the amount of ATP has been calculated only for several universal metabolites with known oxidative pathways, such as pyruvate and acetate. The proposed method is based on stoichiometric patterns and makes it possible to calculate the amount of ATP from the elemental composition of compounds and the mass fractions of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The results of calculation of biological oxidation energy obtained by this method coincide with the published data on biological oxidation metabolites in the citric acid cycle. The presented method, based on the composition of the compounds, allows for calculation of the energy value of any food substrate or culture medium containing a variety of organic compounds, including the case when their metabolic pathway of biological oxidation is unknown and the calculation of the bioenergetic value seems impossible.

A biological function of the phylogenetically late humoral mediator insulin is to provide energy substrates for locomotion, i.e. movement resulting from contraction of striated muscles. Insulin is able to meet this evolutionary demand of an organism by means of the effective ATP production in the mitochondria. Exogenous fatty acids, optimised endogenous fatty acids produced from glucose and glucose itself are the major substrates for ATP synthesis. Cells stimulated by insulin produce ω-9 С18:1 oleic acid from glucose. This fatty acid is oxidised by the mitochondria at a higher rate than exogenous and endogenous C16:0 palmitic fatty acid. In the normal state of insulin system and mitochondria, the frequent cause of insulin resistance is the non-optimal properties of dietary fatty acids supplied for oxidation by the mitochondria. Dietary excess of saturated palmitic fatty acid over monogenic oleic fatty acid causes insulin resistance to develop. Insulin resistance syndrome is the condition of in vivo energy deficiency and insufficient production of ATP for the realisation of the biological adaptation and compensation. Insulin effectively inhibits lipolysis only in phylogenetically late subcutaneous adipocytes but not in phylogenetically early visceral fat cells of the omentum. Discrepancy in the regulation of energy substrate metabolism against the background of a ‘relative biological perfection’ of higher mammals is the aetiological basis of insulin resistance.

Improved prognoses of patients with type 2 diabetes are primarily determined by the extent of blood glucose control (correction of both hyper- and hypoglycemia and normalization of blood glucose levels). The proper identification and timely correction of abnormal blood glucose levels require frequent blood glucose monitoring by the patient. Currently used methods for the self-monitoring of blood glucose have significant drawbacks that limit their use. The most significant problems with these methods include insufficient accuracy, invasiveness and high cost, leading to noncompliance and difficult assessment of disease status. Such factors underscore the need for a noninvasive, cost-effective and highly accurate method to measure blood glucose levels. There are several different approaches for the noninvasive measurement of blood glucose levels, including optical analysis, ultrasound and bioimpedance. The concept of a noninvasive glucometer was launched more than 30 years ago. Nevertheless, most noninvasive technologies are still in early stages of development and are not used in clinical practice. This review describers the most promising developments in this area.

The effects of glucose and cadmium addition, as well as their combination on the CO2 efflux from soils, which differed by the total organic carbon content and texture, were studied. Glucose (10 g/kg) addition induced an increase in the CO2 efflux from soil and a decrease in the content of dissolved organic carbon. The intensity of this effect reduced in samples with the low total organic carbon content. Cadmium (300 mg/kg) addition alone did not affect the studied parameters. In case of combined addition of glucose and cadmium, the mineralization activity of microbial community was mainly determined by glucose amendment.

An experimental study was performed on outbred male rats. In the first series of chronic experiments we studied the process of glucose absorption in an isolated loop of a jejunum in 12 rats. In the second series we studied the changes of lipid peroxidation during immobilization with the introduction of MFB and without in 18 rats in each group. Rats were operated in a special way. During all the days of immobilization there is an increased DK in serum of rats, reaching maximum on the seventh day of daily one hour immobilization. Lipid peroxidation products (conjugated dienes, malonicdialdehyde) and antioxidant activity of serum in chronic immobilization stress (1 hour a day during 7 days) and glucose absorption in a jejunum were investigated. Activation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and its correlation with inhibition of glucose absorption rate were revealed. 2-ethyl-6-methyl- 3-hydroxypyridine succinate (EMHPS) administration of a 10 mg/kg a day dose for 7 days resulted in primary and end lipid peroxidation product decrease and increase in blood serum antioxidant activity. Under EMHPS correction, the glucose absorption rate approached the control group level in chronic immobilization stress. Activation of lipid peroxidation was suggested as one of the possible mechanisms of glucose absorption reduction during stress. Activation of the POL can be one of the decline reasons of the glucose absorption process during stress.