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Background. In the context of global climate change, the study and development of genetic material with environmental plasticity and stability in the manifestation of its traits becomes relevant. The scientific and practical results achieved in triticale breeding place this crop among the most popular cereals in terms of economic importance. However, the main problem for the use of triticale in breeding practice is its limited genetic resources.Materials and methods. The research materials were 161 winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus) accessions from the global collection of VIR. The study and breeding-oriented assessment of the material were based on conventional breeding techniques and carried out according to the guidelines approved by VIR with minor amendments. The obtained research data underwent statistical analysis using the method by A. V. Kilchevsky and L. V. Khotyleva.Results. Environmental and genetic parameters were analyzed under the conditions of the Middle Volga Region of Russia. Genotypes were identified for their high general adaptability, i. e., securing the highest average yield in the entire set of environments. Cultivars were also selected for their least variable high yields under the impact of weather conditions. The analysis of the studied set of accessions showed that both high-yielding and low-yielding genotypes were stable. The character’s mean value and its environmental sensitivity were relatively independent and could be incorporated in one genotype in various combinations. This finding can be used in the process of triticale breeding.

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Conservation of cattle breed diversity is one of the urgent problems of animal husbandry. Of special interest is the study of the last remaining population of Red Gorbatov cattle, descended from Tyrolean cattle, which is represented by Tux-Z illertal breed today. The purpose of the research was to study the influence of bloodline of Red Gorbatov breed on dairy productivity of cows. The objectives of the study included analysis of the current state of gene pool population of Red Gorbatov cattle saturated with Angler and Red Danish breeds over the last years. Purebred Red Gorbatov cows and crossbred animals obtained by crossing with Angler and Red Danish breeds were compared according to the following indicators of milk productivity: average milk yield for all lactations, fat and protein content in milk, milk fat and protein yield. Average value, coefficients of variation and correlation were calculated. The results of the study showed some superiority of crossbred animals over purebred Red Gorbatov cattle in the value of milk yields: by 5.7 % in crossbreeds with Angler breed and 12.9 % in crossbreeds with Red Danish breed, however, the differences in the values of the trait were not statistically significant. Differences in content of fat and protein in milk were not significant and were in the range from 0.01 to 0.04 %. The revealed values of correlation coefficients showed a significant unrealized potential of milk productivity.

Background. Cultivation of scab-resistant apple cultivars with better fruit storability increases the economic efficiency and environmental friendliness of horticulture. Hence, the development of such cultivars is an important task in modern apple-tree breeding.Materials and methods. A set of 646 hybrid plants obtained in six cross combinations (Renet Simirenko/Modi, Renet Simirenko/Smeralda, Renet Simirenko/Renoir, Renet Simirenko/Fujion, Renoir/Granny Smith, and Modi/Granny Smith) was studied. Their scab resistance was assessed under natural infection pressure for two years using a quantitative scale. The Rvi6 gene was identified using the PCR analysis with the primer pair VfC1+VfC. The Md-ACS1 gene alleles were detected with a known SCAR DNA marker. The chi-square test was applied for statistical confirmation of the data.Results. Based on the DNA marker analysis, 328 plants carrying the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene were identified. The results of the phenotypic resistance assessment confirmed the correspondence of the resistant phenotype / dominant allele of the gene for most plants. Molecular genetics analysis of the Md-ACS1 gene disclosed its allelic combinations. A total of 190, 322, and 126 plants carrying allelic variants of Md-ACS1-2/2, Md-ACS1-1/2, and Md-ACS1-1/1, respectively, were identified. Among the plants with the dominant allele of the scab resistance Rvi6 gene, 92 plant forms were identified with Md-ACS1-2/2, and 143 heterozygous ones (Md-ACS1-1/2), also valuable for breeders.Conclusion. A wide range of apple breeding forms carrying valuable alleles of the Rvi6 and Md-ACS1 genes were selected. Hybrid forms with target alleles of both genes responsible for important agronomic traits would contribute to the intensification of breeding efforts aimed at producing scab-resistant apple cultivars with increased fruit storability. They can also be used for breeding purposes as complex donors.

In Russia, the number of beef cattle until recently was concentrated mainly in Kalmykia and adjacent regions. However, the lack of purposeful breeding has led to the fact that the purebred livestock of Kalmyk meat breed has significantly decreased and lost its unique qualities. Introduction of embryo transfer biotechnology can solve the problem of restoring breed qualities under the condition of accelerated reproduction of genotyped livestock. The aim of the research was to study Kalmyk breed response to polyovulation considering further increase in transferrable embryo productivity - the main indicator specific to each breed. As the formation of the breed took place in pasture conditions with a pronounced seasonal sexual cycle, there were doubts about the possibility of using embryo transfer technology in any season. The experiments were carried out on Kalmyk cows at Kalmytskoye farm in 2010 and at the Regional Research and Production Center for Reproduction of Farm Animals, Kalmyk State University, in 2022. The results of the study showed that it was better to synchronize sexual hunting using prostaglandins after 3-4 months after calving (May-October). According to the results of immunogenetic testing, 10 breeding cows and 2 breeding bulls were selected as donors. In September-October, in order to test the embryo transfer method in nomadic animal husbandry, the first work was carried out to stimulate poliovulation and obtain embryos from 3 donor cows. A total of 23 embryos and eggs were obtained, 10 of which were suitable for transplantation. Transferrable embryos were frozen on a ZEM-4 software freezer after equilibration in 1.5 M ethylene glycol cryoprotector solution.

Khanty are indigenous Siberian people living on the territory of Western Siberia, mainly on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. The present study is aimed at a comprehensive analysis of the structure of the Khanty gene pool and their comparison with other populations of the indigenous population of Southern and Western Siberia. To address the issues of genetic proximity of the Khanty with other indigenous peoples, we performed genotyping of a wide genomic set of autosomal markers using high-density biochips, as well as an expanded set of SNP and STR markers of the Y-chromosome in various ethnic groups: Khakas, Tuvans, Southern Altaians, Siberian Tatars, Chulyms (Turkic language family) and Kets (Yeniseian language family). The structure of the gene pool of the Khanty and other West Siberian and South Siberian populations was studied using a genome-wide panel of autosomal single nucleotide polymorphic markers and Y-chromosome markers. The results of the analysis of autosomal SNPs frequencies by various methods, the similarities in the composition of the Y-chromosome haplogroups and YSTR haplotypes indicate that the Khanty gene pool is quite specific. When analyzing autosomal SNPs, the Ugrian genetic component completely dominates in both samples (up to 99–100 %). The samples of the Khanty showed the maximum match in IBD blocks with each other, with a sample of the Kets, Chulyms, Tuvans, Tomsk Tatars, Khakas, Kachins, and Southern Altaians. The degree of coincidence of IBD blocks between the Khanty, Kets, and Tomsk Tatars is consistent with the results of the distribution of allele frequencies and common genetic components in these populations. According to the composition of the Y-chromosome haplogroups, the two samples of the Khanty differ significantly from each other. A detailed phylogenetic analysis of various Y-chromosome haplogroups made it possible to describe and clarify the differences in the phylogeny and structure of individual ethnospecific sublines, to determine their relationship, traces of population expansion in the Khanty gene pool. Variants of different haplogroups of the Y-chromosome in the Khanty, Khakas and Tuvans go back to their common ancestral lines. The results of a comparative analysis of male samples indicate a close genetic relationship between the Khanty and Nenets, Komi, Udmurts and Kets. The specificity of haplotypes, the discovery of various terminal SNPs confirms that the Khanty did not come into contact with other ethnic groups for a long time, except for the Nenets, which included many Khanty clans.

Tuvans are one of the most compactly living peoples of Southern Siberia, settled mainly in the territory of Tuva. The gene pool of the Tuvans is quite isolated, due to endogamy and a very low frequency of interethnic marriages. The structure of the gene pool of the Tuvans and other Siberian populations was studied using a genomewide panel of autosomal single nucleotide polymorphic markers and Y-chromosome markers. The results of the analysis of the frequencies of autosomal SNPs by various methods, the similarities in the composition of the Y-chromosome haplogroups and YSTR haplotypes show that the gene pool of the Tuvans is very heterogeneous in terms of the composition of genetic components. It includes the ancient autochthonous Yeniseian component, which dominates among the Chulym Turks and Kets, the East Siberian component, which prevails among the Yakuts and Evenks, and the Far Eastern component, the frequency of which is maximum among the Nivkhs and Udeges. Analysis of the composition of IBD-blocks on autosomes shows the maximum genetic relationship of the Tuvans with the Southern Altaians, Khakas and Shors, who were formed during the settlement of the Turkic groups of populations on the territory of the Altai-Sayan region. A very diverse composition of the Tuvan gene pool is shown for various sublines of Y-chromosomal haplogroups, most of which show strong ethnic specificity. Phylogenetic analysis of individual Y-chromosome haplogroups demonstrates the maximum proximity of the gene pool of the Tuvans with the Altaians, Khakas and Shors. Differences in frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups between the Todzhans and Tuvans and a change in the frequencies of haplogroups from south to north associated with the East Asian component were found. The majority of the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroups in the Tuvans demonstrate the founder effect, the formation age of which is fully consistent with the data on their ethnogenesis.

The article shows the stages of breeding work to create a variety of white-grain Adygeiskaya corn. In order to collect, study and preserve local populations, the Institute researchers traveled to various auls and villages of Adygea. The studies were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods of breeding work with corn. In the course of the research, the task was solved to reduce the height of plants to 2.0 m, to resist to lodging, fragility of the stem and loose smut, to increase productivity. For the period of 1999–2000 75% of the original material was rejected. In subsequent years, to increase the efficiency of selection, elite cobs were selected in the amount of 50–100 pieces after additional rejection in laboratory conditions and were sown by families. In 2007, the line AB-73 was allocated, which received the name Adygeiskaya. The new variety showed a grain yield of 60.8–71.0 centners/ha, which is 12.2 centners/ha higher than the Urvanskaya white standard, the yield of grain from the cob was 82.0%, the standard – 81.3%. Its grain is distinguished by good quality indicators: fat – 5.0%, protein – 11.9%. The variety has passed production testing in the fields of Adygea, the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Abkhazia. Approved for the use since 2009. High productivity and adaptability of the variety allow us to recommend it for wide use in production. The creation of the white-grain Adygeiskaya corn variety is a significant step in expanding the range of varieties used in production, as well as a contribution to the formation of a modern strategy for the scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation, the results of scientific research are important for the development of the theory and practice of breeding work.

Narrow-leaved lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a cultivated multipurpose species with a very short history of domestication. It is used as a green manure, and for feed and food. This crop shows good prospects for use in pharmacology and as a source of fish feeds in aquaculture. However, its genetic potential for the development of productive and adaptable cultivars is far from being realized. For crop species, the genetic base of the cultivated gene pool has repeatedly been shown as being much narrower than that of the wild gene pool. Therefore, efficient utilization of a species’ genetic resources is important for the crop’s further improvement. Analyzing the information on the germplasm collections preserved in national gene banks can help perceive the worldwide diversity of L. angustifolius genetic resources and understand how they are studied and used. In this context, the data on the narrow-leaved lupine collection held by VIR are presented: its size and composition, the breeding status of accessions, methods of studying and disclosing intraspecific differentiation, the classifications used, and the comparison of this information with available data on other collections. It appeared that VIR’s collection of narrow-leaved lupine, ranking as the world’s second largest, differed significantly from others by the prevalence of advanced cultivars and breeding material in it, while wild accessions prevailed in most collections. The importance of the wild gene pool for the narrow-leaved lupine breeding in Australia, the world leader in lupine production, is highlighted. The need to get an insight into the species’ ecogeographic diversity in order to develop cultivars adaptable to certain cultivation conditions is shown. The data on the testing of VIR’s collection for main crop characters valuable for breeders are presented. Special attention is paid to the study of accessions with limited branching as a promising gene pool for cultivation in relatively northern regions of Russia. They demonstrate lower but more stable productivity, and suitability for cultivation in planting patterns, which has a number of agronomic advantages. Analyzing the work with narrow-leaved lupine genetic resources in different national gene banks over the world helps shape the prospects of further activities with VIR’s collection as the only source of promising material for domestic breeding.

There are two ways to solve the Aral problem. The first is to give water in such quantity as to restore the sea to its former shores. Under this condition, it will be necessary to abandon irrigated agriculture, which is practically not realistic. The second way is to cover the drained bottom with desert plants that could grow with the smallest amount of precipitation. But it should be taken into account that the drained bottom is represented by different types of bottom sediments both in chemical and granulometric composition. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly understand on which types of bottom sediments one or another type of plant can be planted. In this regard, a gene pool of desert woody and shrubby plants was laid on the drained bottom of the Aral Sea, where there was water and ships sailed 45 years ago. When laying the gene pool, 15 species of desert plants were tested on medium and highly saline soil in order to identify the relationship of plants to their degree of salinity. Seeds and root system of plants were treated with gumimax "double strength" before sowing and planting. The average degree of soil salinization is maintained by such rocks as Salsola orientalis S.G.Gmel., Ceratoides latens J.F. (Gmel), Nitrarias choberi L., Salsola Richteri Kar. Salsola Paletzkiana Litw., Aelenia subaphylla (C.A.Mey) Aellen, Aristida Karelini Trin. Et Rupr. Roshev, Lycium, Kochia, Halostachys, Tamarix, Ephedra, Ammodendron conollyi Bge, Asrtagalus ammodendron Bge, Haloxylon aphyllum (Minkw.), Calligonum capu tmedusa (Schrenk), Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Guerke. The above-mentioned rocks were planted on soils with a strong degree of salinization, however, as our studies have shown, such a strong salinization cannot withstand sandy acacia, candym, ephedra, seline, izen. The scope of application of the results resulting from this work are different types of bottom sediments of the drained bottom of the Aral Sea.

The paper presents the methodology for conducting activities in order to develop a unified forest-seed zoning of the territory of Ukraine. The theoretical basis for the development of forest-seed zoning is the natural intraspecific variability of tree species formed in the course of evolution as a result of local populations’ adaptation to the conditions of their environment under the influence of natural selection. The scheme of the current physical-and-geographical zoning of the territory of Ukraine was used as a basis for the demarcation of individual units of forest-seed zoning. It is proposed to introduce a system of unified territorial zoning units of the following rank levels: sub-district, district, and region. The spatial boundaries of the zoning units are determined by the physical and geographical conditions of the territory, taking into account the patterns of distribution and nature of forest vegetation reflected in special types of zoning, in particular, geobotanical, forest site type, integrated forestry, forest planting and others. The process of detailing the boundaries of individual zoning units can be of permanent nature, given the active progress in the development of modern methods of analyzing the genetic structure of tree species populations. The boundaries of unified zoning units established on the basis of the above described approach are common to all forest-forming species. The proposed principle of using unified zoning units differs from the system of forest seed zoning that has been applied since 1982, with subsequent additions which involved the construction of separate zoning schemes for the following species: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), European larch (Larix decidua Mill), European oak (Quercus robur L.), Sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.), European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). The current forest-seed zoning is characterized by large-scale base units, and its provisions do not provide adequate efficiency in maintaining the genetic purity and stability of the selection structure of the most valuable populations. Sub-districts, as the basic units of zoning, are proposed to be divided into donor and recipient ones. The status of donor sub-districts stipulates a complete prohibition on the use within their boundaries of generative material populations from other districts. Donor sub-districts also serve as a source of generative material for a specific list of the recipient sub-districts. The forest-seed zoning recommended for implementation will ensure the the gene pool of tree species preservation, the effective protection of the most valuable populations from the penetration of foreign genetic material, as well as the enrichment of the gene pool of less valuable populations due to the artificially regulated influx of genes from the most valuable populations.

Relevance. One of the most important directions in the breeding and variety study of fruits, in particular domestic plum European, is the breeding of cultivars with high commercial and consumer qualities of fruits. In this regard, the assessment of some commercial and consumer qualities of fruits in plum cultivars of the RRIFCB gene pool was of great practical and scientific interest. Material and methods. As objects of research, we used 8 plum cultivars of the RRIFCB gene pool and a control cultivar of the RRIFCB breeding Bolkhovchanka. The studies were carried out on the basis of the laboratory of breeding and variety study of stone fruit crops of RRIFCB in 2015-2019. Determination of color, shape, average weight, taste, size of fruit, size and shape of the stone, density of pulp, separation and length of the stalk, color of the juice were carried out in accordance with the "Program and methodology for the variety study of stone fruit crops" and "Pomology". Results. Most of the studied plum cultivars from the gene pool of the Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crops Breeding have valuable commercial and consumer qualities of fruits, which will allow them to be used in further breeding for this trait. Cultivars Californiyskaya krupnaya, Zarechnaya rannyaya, Volgogradskaya can be recommended for further use in breeding as sources of high fruit mass. Cultivars Californiyskaya krupnaya and Bolkhovchanka can be recommended for further use in breeding as sources of high pulp content in fruits and fruit sizes. On the basis of the tasting assessment of the fresh fruits, the fruits of the cultivar Volgogradskaya stood out positively.

Relevance. A study of the seasonal (phenological) phenomena and natural connections between them on the background of the relevant environmental conditions is of great scientific and practical interest. Knowledge of the dynamics of the seasonal development of woody plants helps in the selection of species and their assessment from an aesthetic and sanitary points of view, as well as in the development and implementation of measures to increase the sustainability of urban green spaces. Materials and methods. The purpose of these studies is to create a database of the dynamics of seasonal development of North American woody plants based on the results of many years of phenological monitoring (2003-2017). The 20 species and forms of North American woody introducers e of the VNIISPK arboretum genetic collection were the objects. Results. It was revealed that the growing season of woody North American plants corresponds to the climatic conditions of the forest-steppe zone of central Russia. The species with the earliest beginning of the growing season (the third decade of March) were distinguished. There were Mahonia pinnata, M. aquifolia, Betula lenta and B. lutea. On the basis of phenological calendars, phenological spectrums have been constructed. These consist of three lines (the development of leaves, shoots, flowers and fruits) with the corresponding color symbols. It has been revealed that phenospectrums vary depending on the conditions of the year. As a result, the database of 20 species and forms of North American woody plants was formed in the form of phenological spectrums against the background of registration of weather conditions in the forest-steppe zone of Russia. The database includes three options for the possible dynamics of the seasonal development of introduced North American plants. The created database allows observing, comparing, evaluating and forecasting changes in the seasonal rhythm of the studied species of introduced North American plants.

The article substantiates the need to preserve and replenish the gene pool of subtropical, southern fruit crops and flower-decorative plants in the foothill zone of the North-West Caucasus. In the conditions of the Republic of Adygea such a collection was created for the first time. The complete list of plants studied in the Adygh branch of the FSBSI ARSRIFSC is given, including tea, persimmon, unabi, pawpaw, walnut, hazel, hazelnuts, chestnuts, pecans, apple trees, Kuril tea, flower crops, etc., growing in the collection sites of the Adygh branch of FSBSI ARSRIFSC. The gene pool of fruit is replenished annually: in 2019, the number of unabi variety was increased by five plants, in 2018 walnut-bearing plants were increased due to 1 new variety of hazelnuts «Golovskaya club-shaped» and 1 decorative carmine-red form of hazel. The gene pool of flower and ornamental crops was increased in 2019, including 2 species and 72 varieties.The article describes the subtropical, southern fruit crops and flower-decorative plants from the gene pool of the Adygh branch, which is represented by 159 samples. The results of assessing the state of crops in the conditions of the branch showed that the death of plants due to adverse climatic conditions was not observed. In the foothills of the North-West Caucasus there is great potential for cultivating unconventional fruit and flower-decorative crops from the gene pool of the Adygea branch.

Conservation of the world’s plant genetic resources is one of the most significant and relevant problems of mankind. At Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station of VIR, where the largest stone fruit plant genetic diversity in Russia is assembled (more than 5 thousand genotypes: cultivars and species, wild forms, distant hybrids and polyploids), a collection maintenance technology of ‘border hedging’ has been developed and successfully used. This method makes it quite economical (in terms of space reduction, simplification of the system of care for the storage garden, and decreasing the use of chemical protection agents) to maintain a large number of live accessions ex situ. The border hedging technology is based on a propagule nursery system that enables plants to grow longer than in conventional gardens, constantly keeping them in a state of active growth. The basic elements of this technology are dense arrangement of plants (intervals for high-growing plants: 4.0–5.0 m between rows, and 1.0–1.5 m in a row; for low-growing ones: 2.5 m between rows, and 0.5–1.0 m in a row) and annual pruning of shoots at a height of 1.0–1.2 m. Years of experience in using a denser planting pattern for collection garden maintenance helped to identify a number of most significant factors in this system, which make up the scientific basis of the technology for optimally efficient preservation of genotypes and their genetic compliance (representativeness). Among them are biological features of the in situ plant growth habit, including vigor, selection of rootstock or decision on own-root cultivation, layout of the plot, and maintenance system. If it is necessary to study the accessions in the garden where they are preserved in order to make their initial evaluation (approbation, morphological description, study of crop structure, biochemical or biotechnological assessment, analysis of resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors), the plants should not be pruned for 1–2 years. Upon completion of these works, the trees are coppiced again.

The author considers possible approaches to the reintroduction into the wild of three taxa of equids (Przewalski's horse, Turkmenian kulan, and eastern kiang) kept in zoos and breeding centres in Russia and neighbouring countries. The approach is based on personal 40-year experience in zoos and literature. The positive results in Russia are noted. Proposed are measures for restoration of the lost populations and the creation of new ones in those areas where animals lived during historical and prehistoric time. Therefore, it is proposed to establish a reserve Przewalski horse population on the island Vodnyi on the lake Manych-Gudilo in Rostov Region (Russia). It would replace the population of feral domestic horses living there. Such wildlife reservation would be used for completion of the restored natural populations of this species and for needs of zoos. We considered the issue of kulan resettlement in steppe and semi-arid zones protected from poaching as well as the possibility to use these areas for conservation of both thoroughbred Turkmenian kulans, and their hybrids with kiangs. This will increase a genetic diversity and stability of new populations. The main threat for restoration of wild equids is poaching, and for the Przewalski's horse, there is also the danger of easy hybridisation with domestic horses. In the region, 10 to 23 Przewalski's horse foals (on average, 15.7) 14 to 82 Turkmenian kulan foals (on average 39), 0 to 13 kiang foals (on average 3.9) are annually born. Out of them, on average 1.5 individuals of Przewalski's horses, 3.7 individuals of kulans, 0.0 individuals of kiangs died during their first year. The largest populations of equids are known in the Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve, Bukhara breeding centres (Kagan), Prague zoo, Tallinn zoo, and Riga zoo. The total number of animals of each species has remained stable for the last 10 years. Thus, the role of zoos in conservation of endangered equid species remains important.

An analysis of the system of breeding work in the pig industry of our country has been carried out. The scientifc and organizational factors that determine the improvement of breed and productive qualities of pigs have been analyzed. On the basis of many years of experimental data, selection practices obtained in the process of creating new breeding achievements, and using the scientifc results of the world science on genetics and animal breeding, proposals have been developed for a new system for assessing and improving the genetic potential of animal productivity based on modern achievements in genetics. In particular, a critical analysis was performed on the existing instructions for boning pigs, linear breeding, which does not meet the criteria of reality in the systematization of biological objects. The positive effect of breeding pigs in a closed mode in the form of a “line-population”, using such genetic markers as erythrocyte antigens, erythrocyte enzymes, lipoproteins, allowing intensifcation of the selection process, has been experimentally proved. When hogging pigs and developing breeding plans with a herd, it was proposed to use such selection and genetic parameters as heritability factors, phenotypic and genetic correlations, selective differential, selective effect, etc. for assessment of animals and prognostication of productivity. A system of continuous scoring of each selectable feature was developed, in contrast to the interval to the classes used in our country at the present time. A model of the selection index, taking into account the selection and economic signifcance of each of its components, has been proposed. Theoretical paths have been shown towards and experimental proof given to a relatively rapid transformation of breeds of animals bred in Russia to world-class productivity, as opposed to the constant import of breeding animals.

Applying quasigenetic markers - non-biological traits which are nevertheless inherited in generations - is one of the research fields within human population genetics. For the West European, East European, and Caucasus populations, surnames are typical quasigenetic markers. For Central Asian populations, particularly Kazakh, the clan affiliation serves as a good marker: a set of papers demonstrated that many clans include mainly persons which biologically descent from a recent common ancestor. In this study, we analyzed a large (~4.2 million persons) dataset on quasigenetic markers - the geographic distribution of 50 Kazakh clans at the beginning of the 20th century, and compared the dataset with the direct data of the Y-chro-mosomal diversity in modern Kazakh populations. The analysis included three steps: the isonymy method, which is standard for quasigenetic markers, comparing frequencies of quasigenetic markers, and comparing the quasigenetic and genetic datasets. We constructed 50 maps of frequency of the distribution of each clan and revealed that these maps correlate with the maps of genetic distances. The Mantel test also demonstrated a significant correlation between geographic and quasigenetic distances (г = 0.60; p < 0.05). The analysis of inter-population variability revealed the largest diversity between geographic territories corresponding to the social-territorial groups of the Kazakh Khanate (zhuzes) rather than to other historical groups that existed on the territory of Kazakhstan in preceding and modern epochs. The same is evidenced by the principal components and multidimensional scaling plots, which grouped geographic populations into three clusters corresponding to three zhuzes. This indicates that the final structuring of the Kazakh gene pool might have occurred during the Kazakh Khanate period.

The cherry collection maintained at Pavlovsk Experimental station of VIR has been studied since 1967 in the context of the dynamics of newly acquired accessions. The main goal was to identify sources of the highest winter hardiness, frost tolerance and resistance to harmful diseases, such as cherry leaf spot and brown rot of the fruit, as well as other biological and economic traits valuable for breeders, such as self-fertility or large fruit size. Many years of research have resulted in identifying genotypes with different levels of field resistance in the years with average and epiphytotic type of disease development, and with the best indices of biological and economic traits.

The main results of research on onion crops in the laboratory of seed selection and technology of cultivation of vegetable cultures of SibNIIRS for a 40-year period are given. Collection, study and reproduction of local and varieties from other regions made it possible to create an extensive gene pool of onion plants for various breeding and direct use in production. More than 1500 samples belonging to 52 species of the genus Allium have been studied. The following species are most developed in the selection plan: shallots, shnitt, batoon, slizun, fragrant, Altai. The advantages of cultivation of shallots onions in comparison with onion are shown. The main methods of selection of onion cultures are presented in the historical section. As a result of selection, polycross and interspecific hybridization (A. ascalonicum x A. cepa), 15 sorts of shallots of different maturation period have been created and entered into the State Register. The most productive were the hybrid populations, where the sorts of shallots were used as maternal forms: the bulb weight increased, the number of them in the nest decreased, and they were more evenly sized. The advantage of the landing of the shallows in the nursery of competitive variety testing is shown. A clonal nursery of rhizome perennial onions was created in 5 species, numbering 330 samples (shnitt, Altai, slizun, baton, fragrant). Interest for selection on a set of economic features is 19 (productivity of seeds and green leaves, intensity of regrowth after cut, qualitative composition of leaves, resistance to diseases).

The popularity and wide spread of table beet due to its high nutritional qualities, content of biologically active substances (betaine and betanin), that make it a functional food. For Russia, characterized by a wide variety of soil and climatic conditions, varieties with high adaptability are necessary. Results of studying the genetic resources of table beet, including evaluation of cold resistance and non-bolting, monogermicity, productivity and quality of production are given in article. 56 accessions received by the collection of VIR from 17 countries are served as material for researches. Field study, evaluation of accessions during storage and analysis were carried out according to the methodological instructions of VIR. The evalution of the different origin beet accessions for their bolting showed that varieties from Sweden and Finland, as well as from the northwestern region of Russia, were the most bolting resistant. The variation in the level of bolting in domestic varieties of table beet was significant: from resistant to strongly bolting. The greatest tendency to bolting was observed in domestic varieties of southern origin. The harmfulness of the black root is especially significantly in the modern technology of beet cultivation, when sowing is carried out at a given density of standing plants. There are no varieties absolutely resistant to black root yet. Extra Early Egypt (USA), Banko (Sweden) and Fire Chief (USA), Detroit Supra and Detroit Bolivar (Netherlands), Kholodostoikaya 19 (Belarus), Bravo (Russia) were carried out from the studied accessions. The varieties of wide range, which annually provide a stable harvest in different soil and climatic conditions: Special Crosby (USA) and Forono (Denmark), Bordo 237 (Russia). For the Northern areas as well as inwinter and early spring sowings varieties Fiere Chief и Extra Early (USA), Banko and Adoptiv (Sweden), Podzimnyaya-474 Polyarnaya Ploskaya (Russia) are suitable.

Мета. Вивчити нові інтродуковані зразки сої та виділити генетичні джерела основних біологічних та господарсько-цінних ознак для подальшого використання їх у селекційному процесі. Методи. Лабораторний, польовий, статистичний. Результати. Вивчення інтродукованого матеріалу дало змогу виділити зразки сої за комплексом цінних ознак. Так, ‘Староукраинка’, 014728 (RUS) характеризується ультраскоростиглістю і високим урожаєм насіння. Зразки ‘Б 44/22’, 02625; ‘Б 4/411’, 02624 (KAZ) мають велику довжину стебла та високий урожай насіння. ‘А 14/253’, 02636 (KAZ) поєднує в собі великі показники довжини стебла, висоти прикріплення нижнього бобу над рівнем ґрунту зі стійкістю до посухи та хвороб. ‘А 14/23’, 02635 (KAZ) характеризується високим врожаєм насіння та стійкістю до посухи. Зразки ‘А 16/145’, 02637; ‘А 16/145’, 02637 (KAZ) є стійкими до посухи та хвороб. Вивчення інтродукованих зразків сої протягом п’яти років дало змогу виділити зразки-еталони за ознаками: дуже коротка тривалість періоду сходи–повна стиглість (90–100 діб) – ‘Актай’, 0142258 (HUN), ‘А 9/562’, 02633 (KAZ); велика висота прикріплення нижнього бобу над рівнем ґрунту (16,1–20,0 см) – ‘А 16/145’, 02637; ‘А 14/253’, 02636 (KAZ); високий урожай насіння (116–135%) – ‘Б 46/6-1’, 02643 (KAZ); висока маса 1000 насінин (191–250 г) – ‘Б 19/622’, 02639 (KAZ); низька маса 1000 насінин (71–130 г) – ‘Б 19/622’, 02639 (KAZ). Після всебічного оцінювання в колекційному розсаднику і конкурсному сортовипробуванні, кращі за комплексом господарсько-цінних ознак сорти та лінії закладені до розсадника гібридизації і будуть використані для створення нових сортів сої. Висновки. Інтродуковані зразки, виділені за комплексом цінних ознак і зразки-еталони рекомендовано до використання в селекційному процесі для створення нових сортів сої, на генетичній основі адаптованих до зрошуваних умов Південного Степу України.

Presented here are the results of studying the apricot gene pool at the South Ural Research Institute of Horticulture and Potato Cultivation (YUNIISK) in the context of the most important economically valuable traits. Varieties and forms of apricot have been identified for their high winter hardiness, fruit quality, and maximum adaptability to major biotic and abiotic factors of the environment -traits of great interest for further breeding work.

Nowadays there is much tension in the Russian modern vine growing industry around the issue of enhancing the range of grape varieties, which is aimed at production of highly adaptive grape plants and sustainable production of competitive grape varieties in the unstable stressing weather conditions of the moderate continental climate in the south of Russia. In this view, we believe it important to carry out research into the origin, generation and preservation of genetic resources so that they can be involved in the selection process and reach most important objectives of the national economy. The role of a variety and ampelographic collections becomes more important. The Anapa ampelographic collection (http://azosviv.info/category/osnovnye_razdely/anapskaya_ampelograficheskaya_kollekciya) is Russia’s largest gene pool depository of grape varieties brought from various countries of Europe, Asia and America, and Russia’s regions as well. It contains 4921 grape varieties, including Vitis vinifera L. (2975), V. amurensis Rupr. (40), V. labrusca L. (50), the interspecies varieties V. vinifera L.×V. amurensis Rupr. (210), V. vinifera L.×V. labrusca L. (168), blended interspecies hybrids V. vinifera L.× hybrids SV (220), V. vinifera L.×V. amurensis Rupr.×hybrids SV (70), and other samples. We carry out extensive research into collection varieties for their production and selection. We select varieties and forms showing good agronomic characters in productivity, quality of grapes and wine products, winter hardiness, drought resistance, and resistance to pests. We have identified, preserved and now use in selection, as sources of good agronomic characters of resistance to low temperatures in winter, such varieties as Riesling of the Rhine, Rkatsiteli, Aligoté, Riesling of Italy, Traminer Pink, Pinot Noir, Rara Neagra, Cabernet Sauvignon, Coarna Neagra, Pinot Gris, Gamay Freaux, Saperavi, Muscat Ottonel, Madeleine Angevine, Cabernet Franc, Khikhvi, Pearl of Csaba, Chardonnay, Krasnostop of Anapa, Dostoiniy, Krasnostop AZOS, etc. The collection has given birth to twenty seven varieties and elite forms, of which twelve varieties have been sent to the State Committee for the Testing of New Varieties of Agricultural Plants (Pluto, Muzhestvenniy (Courageous), Gordiy (Proud), Maran, Varvarovsky, Harmony, Progress, Gorniy (Mountaneous), Saturn, Dimitry, Vladimir, Kurchansky). We carry out a molecular genetic testing of the accumulated gene pool and DNA-classification of varieties. We have studied the microsatellite polymorphism in the genotypes of autochthonous grape varieties of the Don River and the Republic of Dagestan. We are performing the DNA-classification of varieties selected by the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture (Krasnodar), which is advantageous for the identification of pure varieties in planting material and vineyards and specifying of the parent forms of grape varieties, as well as when any disputes arise as to the variety authorship.

Мета. Серед описаних у фаховій літературі ідентифікованих генів стійкості проти збудника бурої іржі виділити чужо­рідні, інтрогресовані у вид Triticum aestivum L. джерела, встановити їх походження та перспективи використання в селекційній практиці. Результати. Пшениця озима м’яка як основна зернова культура належить до групи рослин, яких найдавніше вирощують у контрольованих умовах. Протягом періоду вегетації вона зазнає згубного впливу збудників хвороб, тому пошук джерел стійкості проти них є першочерговим завданням селекції. Бура іржа – одна з найпоширеніших і шкодочинних хвороб пшениці. Вона призводить до значних втрат урожаю та погіршення якості зерна. Популяція збудника Puccinia reconditа вирізняється неабиякою адаптивною здатністю. Висока варіабельність вірулентності гриба призводить до накопичення патотипів, здатних долати гени стійкості пшениці. Найбільш екологічно безпечним методом контролювання захворювання є створення стійких сортів. Ефективність селекції на стійкість проти бурої іржі можна покращити, використовуючи різні Lr-гени стійкості. На цей час у геному пшениці та її родичів ідентифіковано й охарактеризовано за хромосомною локалізацією та ефективністю понад 90 (Lr) генів стійкості проти цього збудника. Виявлено, що майже всі ефективні на території України гени стійкості проти збудника бурої іржі, окрім Lr10 та Lr23, є чужорідними, перенесеними в Triticum aestivum від інших видів: Aegilops speltoides – гени Lr28, Lr35, Lr36, Lr47, Lr51, Lr66; Aegilops tauschii – Lr1, Lr21, Lr22а, Lr32, Lr39, Lr42; Triticum timopheevii – Lr18 та Lr50; Thinopyrum elongatum – Lr19, Lr29, Lr24; Secale cereale – Lr25, Lr26 та Lr45; Aegilops umbellulata – Lr9, Lr76; Triticum speltа – Lr44, Lr65, Lr71; Triticum dicoccoides – Lr53, Lr64; Aegilops triuncialis – Lr58, LrTr; Tr. timopheevii spp. viticulosum – LrTt1; Aegilops ventricosa – Lr37; Aegilops kotschyi – Lr54; Elymus trachycaulis – Lr55; Aegilops sharonensis – Lr56; Aegilops geniculate – Lr57; Aegilops peregrine – Lr59; Triticum turgidum – Lr61; Aegilops neglecta – Lr62; Triticum monococcum – Lr63. Висновки. Залучення до схрещувань культурних та диких видів родичів пшениці дасть змогу отримати неоднорідний за стійкістю проти збудника бурої іржі селекційний матеріал.

Drought during the wheat vegetative period happens often in West Siberia and Kazakhstan condition. For this reason, varieties with adaptation to climatic zones, drought tolerance and high stability have high importance. The breeding efficiency and rates depend on the amount of information on genotypes in every study cycle. The aim of this study was to screen breeding material in Siberian and Kazakhstan research institutes from KASIB nurseries for drought tolerance and to develop a drought tolerant pool. For the evaluation of genotypes, it is necessary to study them in diverse condition. The basic purpose of the present work is to study breading material of durum wheat from KASIB institutions at different ecological sites. In 2000–2015, durum wheat entries in the Kazakhstan-Siberian program were studied. Progress in durum wheat breeding was tested in Russian and Kazakhstan institutes. Entries were screened for drought tolerance, yield and yield stability. They have value for including in hybridization for developing varieties with adaptation to Siberian and Kazakhstan conditions. The following varieties and lines are recommended for breading for drought tolerance: 383-МС, 452-МС, Каrgala 303, Каrgala 447, Каrgalа 24, Каrgala 1515/06, Каrgala 1516/06, Каrgala 69, Каrgala 1538, Каrgalа 1540, Каrgalа 1539, Kargalа 1671, Каrgalа 1411 (Акtubinsk Agricultural Experimental Station), Hordeiforme 91-25-5, Hordeiforme 91-22-2, Jemthujina Sibiri, Hordeiforme 94-94-13, Hordeiforme 98-42-1, Hordeiforme 01-121-3, Hordeiforme 02-156-1 (Siberian Research Agricultural Institute), Аltin schigis, Аltin dala, Line Г1549 (Каrabalyk Experimental Station), Hordeiforme 373, Hordeiforme 627 (Altai Research Agricultural Institute), 17394, 18053, Nauriz-6 (Кazakh Research-Production Center of Agriculture and Plant Growing), Коllektivnaya 2, ТС-15 (Kurgan Research Agricultural Institute), Line 653d-4 (Sаmara Research Agricultural Institute).

The collection of carrot and table beet in Russia has more than 400 varieties and hybrids, included in the State Register of the Russian Federation. In domestic assortment of carrot, the proportion of F1 hybrids is about 50%, beet – about 20%. The most domestic varieties of root crops are characterized by a high level of adaptability with combination of high yield, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Varieties and hybrids of carrot and beet originated from domestic breeding programs exceed on an average estimation the foreign ones in contents of dry matter, sugars, betanin and carotenoids. They better retain high root qualities during long-term storage. In the breeding of varieties of carrots and table beets, it is important to take into account the suitability to machine harvesting. Varieties with erect leaf rosette and solid leaf attaching to the root head are better adapted to mechanized harvesting. The use of industrial technologies in the production of beet root in large amounts depends on the availability of monogerm varieties that gave mechanized formation of plantations. An important role in solving these problems belongs to the use of the breeding of a diverse initial material. The 250 carrots accessions and 165 table beet accessions were studied in the Pushkin laboratories of VIR (Pushkin, Leningrad region). Evaluation of collection accessions on the complex of valuable traits was carried out. As a result of study, initial breeding material for high yield, early-maturation, high quality of production, bolting, resistance to diseases and pests, suitability for mechanized cultivation has been selected and recommended.

In the paper the principles and methods of gene pools preservation of domestic animals breeds are explored. Currently 17 % of world species are under threat of extinction. The arguments in favor of preserving local breeds are: 1) economic factors, such as moderation of quality requirements for food products, moderation of hygienic and climatic conditions (new types of diseases, vaccines, changes in the external environment), necessity to keep a reserve for successful breeding, opportunity to use local breeds in harsh environmental conditions; 2) scientific factors, in particular, possibility of studying the gene pool of local breeds in order to reconstruct the evolution of domesticated species (exploring local breeds can reveal the mechanisms of the evolutionary processes, ontogeny, behavior patterns, natural and artificial selection); 3) cultural and historical factors related to the fact that native breeds represent living monuments of traditional culture of the population. Breeding is only possible while main-taining its inter- and interbreed genetic diversity, which can be identified through using various molecular genetic techniques. The examples of using new genetic technologies while preserving local breeds of two domesticated species are provided: sheep (Ovis aries) and cattle (Bos taurus). Using ISSR-fingerprinting (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) some data were obtained, allowing us to determine the coefficient of genetic originality, to analyze population structure, to uncover similarities and differences, to identify and evaluate consolidation, breed purity and genealogical relationships of gene pools in a number of species (inbreeding). Within breeds of the same species or within one species it is possible to spot the ancient or the most estranged from the “protogene pool” groups of animals and, thus, to use these data in the breeding strategy aimed at the preservation of animal forms close to the ancestral form. Using various DNA markers, methods of genomic and genetic breeding in nature conservation and genetic selection of domesticated species provides an opportunity to obtain data on the genetic potential (value, originality) of the breed, which is important for scientific justification of its preservation.

Recently, the particularities in carrot trait variation, namely root color and shape; carotene content; duration of vegetative period; resistance to diseases and pests have been established. But such traits as yield capacity, root marketability, root quality, long-storability as well as their genetic determination haven’t been well studied. Consequently, thorough study of genetically diverse accessions and the search for phenotypically well-identified traits are very actual tasks. The ecological and geographical study of carrot enables to reveal polymorphisms among cultivars, in order to use it in the breeding program. The study of collection accessions of local and foreign origin in contrasted conditions varying in temperature and water regimes revealed the significant variation of main biological and economically valuable traits, including root yield and quality. The root yield was substantially higher in Pushkin (Leningrad oblast) than in Vologda oblast. Comparatively stable yield and quality were shown in local cultivars: ‘Nanatskay Krasnaya’, ‘Princess’ and ‘Gribovskaya’. Very important requirement for highly marketable products is the cultivar resistance to disease and pests. There are no completely resistant genotypes to carrot psylla among accessions studied. Carrot accessions bearing resistance to the pest and also showing high productivity and quality were ‘Losinoostrovskaya 13’ (Russia), ‘Gavrilovskaya’ (Ukraine), ‘Feonia’ (Denmark), ‘New Model’ (UK), ‘Betina’ (the Netherlands) that can be used for breeding program. ‘Krasnaya Dlinnaya’ (Russia) and ‘Chantenay а Coeur Rouge’ (France) were comparatively resistant to powdery mildew.

There were recorded the dynamics of growth of the production volume of the aquaculture sector in Moldova, was determined the status and future lines of its development. There were pointed the historical stages of the profile science development and major scientific achievements, their role in the development of fish farming. There were presented the results of fish consumption in Moldova, the conditions to increase the consumer demand and the ways of cost reducing. Were indicated the potential opportunities for aquaculture development.

Purpose. Providing information on the formation, composition, maintenance of the collection of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Mill.) genus at Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production (Poltava region), and areas of its use: introduction, preservation and study of the material, for the set of index, formation of special collections and providing research and education institutions of Ukraine with a valuable original material. Methods. Methodical developments dealing with formation and maintenance of crop collections, methodical literature on the study of buckwheat collection for breeding and agronomic performance. Results. The author represented results of the collection material study for the main breeding and economically valuable traits including yield, productivity, resistance to abiotic and biotic factors of the environment. The results of work are considered aimed on creating special collections of the gene pool – base, trait (for yield and large seeds; for productivity, drought and heat resistance; for suitability for mechanical cultivation), educational and core ones. Conclusions. All formed and registered collections are a valuable base material for solving a number of breeding goals to increase the quantity and improve the quality of plant production.

The results of comprehensive assessment of the collection samples of carrot are presented. Such traits as a resistance to carrot psylla and carrot fly, high yield, earlyripeness, high content of carotene were evaluated. The carrot varieties total resistant to psylla were not found. The genotypes with combination of such traits as a mild tolerance to pests, stable productivity and fruits quality are recommended as the initial breeding material for development of new varieties and hybrids of carrot.

The features of cultivation and storage of seed collections of the gene pool of vegetable crops have been studied. Elements to improve growing techniques of seeds for dispatch for long term storage are offered. The optimal conditions for storage of vegetable seeds of the gene bank are found. The features of conservation of the collection of vegetative propagated vegetable crops have been analyzed.

The results of study of 62 tomato accessions from the world collection of VIR in the open ground are presented. The promising samples from different groups of ripeness were selected for several valuable agronomic characters.

Fruit biochemical composition of the apple varietal pool was being studied for 58 years in the oldest pomological institution All Russia Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding. Contents of soluble dry matter, total sugar, titratable acids, pectin, ascorbic acid, and P-active substances have been studied. Directed apple breeding for higher content of ascorbic acid in fruit has been carried out since 1970. Biochemical compositions have been studied in 265 apple varieties from the Institute collection, 52 varieties raised at the Institute, and 1400 hybrid seedlings, including 373 selected elite ones. Sources of high contents of biochemically valuable substances and features of their inheritance have been determined amongst the apple varieties and hybrid seedlings. Varieties with high contents of sugars, ascorbic acid, and P-active substances in fruit, as well as with best sugar and acid proportions have been developed and included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Recommended for Use. It is shown that apple breeding for fruit biochemical composition improvement has great prospects, since the introduction of such varieties would allow increasing the nourishing and preventive value of fruit without additional consumption of nonrenewable energy sources.

This article shows that weight dynamics in newborn domestic pig individuals reflects adaptive changes in the gene pool of the population. Our results show that the coordination of the gene pool with altered ambient conditions in domestic pigs may be long. It includes at least two time spans in which different selection vectors act. The first period forms a positive link between weight at birth and weight in maturity, and the second period destroys that link.

Ukraine played an important role in N.I. Vavilov’s personality formation and implementation of his ideas. The National Plant Gene Bank of Ukraine is the most significant embodiment of his heritage. The paper considers the history, directions and results of Ukrainian scientists’ activity in the formation, introduction, and registration of gene bank collections; their accessioning; preservation in life and genetic invariance; study and use in plant breeding, research, and education.

Botanical and ecological study of material collected in different areas of Kyrgyzstan showed a broad variability of ecological and morphological forms in wheat landraces. A total of 60 subspecies of spring wheat belonging to 6 species were found. Several ecological groups are recognized in Kyrgyzstan. The most common ecotypes, subrigidum and rigidum, are related to the Iran-Asian subspecies. At the present time, about 80 wheat varieties bred in FSU countries are successfully passing the state variety trial. The following winter and spring wheat varieties were identified on the base of analysis of productivity and quality: Dordoi 16 Mereke 70, Kiyal (st), Suleiman, Kasiet, and Araket. Up to 35 varieties of winter wheat and 12 varieties of spring wheat bred in Kyrgyzstan and abroad are tested annually and recommended for growing in various ecological zones of Kyrgyzstan.

The article is dedicated to fund-raising activities and the conservation of plant genetic resources in Azerbaijan. Brief information is provided on the activities of the National Gene Bank, functioning at the Institute of Genetics Resources of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, the foundation of the Information Centre and the development of a unified information system with a centralized database on Plant Genetic Resources in Azerbaijan.

The paper discusses the results of a study of the gene pool of Yaskolbinsk Tobol -Irtysh Siberian Tatars of Tyumen region according to STR-markers of the Y-chromosome. The sample is formed of 86 men living in Achirsk and Laytamaksk rural settlements in Tobolsk region. The main research method was the analysis of highly variable microsatellite STR-markers of Y-chromosomes using the Y-filer set on the Applied Biosystems 3130 xl Genetic Analyzer sequencer. Genotyping of DNA samples in the gene pool of Yaskolbinsk Tatars found eight Y-chromosome haplo-groups (J2b-M12, N1b-P43, L2-M317, N1c-LLY22, N-M231, O3-M122, R1a-M198, R1b1-M73) with the major haplogroup of N1b-P43.Relatively low diversity of Y-chromosome haplogroups in the population of Yaskolbinsk Tatars may be due to the effect of genetic drift, due to their small size and geographical isolation. It was also noted that the gene pool of Yaskolbinsk Tatars shows similarities with the gene pool of a number of other Turkic peoples of Siberia, in particular, with such peoples of the Altai-Sayan region, as the Shors and the Altaians.

The history of creation and genealogical 11 cultivars of Chaenomeles ssp.: Amphora, Kalif, Karavaievskyi, Nika, Nikolai, Nina, Pomaranchevyi, Sviatkovyi, Tsytrynovyi, Vitaminnyi, Jan is presented.