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Purpose: Estimate of the environment density of giant (with the linear size of about megaparsec) radio structures for galaxies and quasars with steep low-frequency spectra taken from the UTR-2 catalogue. Study of the cosmological evolution of environment density of giant radio sources. Determination of dependence of contribution of radio lobes into the emission of giant sources with respect to their environment density. Design/methodology/approach: We use the sample of sources from the UTR-2 catalogue of extragalactic sources to estimate the environment density for giant sources with steep low-frequency spectra. The selection criteria for the examined objects are the following: 1) the spectral index value is equal or larger than 1; 2) the fl ux density of emission at the frequency of 25 MHz is larger than 10 Jy; 3) the sample sources are optically identifi ed. The value of environment density of examined sources is obtained with the assumption of equality of source jet luminosity (at the synchrotron mechanism of radio emission) and its corresponding kinetic luminosity. The analysis of the estimates of environment densities is made for different classes of the sample objects (for galaxies and quasars with linear steep spectra and with break steep spectra). Findings: The estimates of environment density have been derived for giant radio structures formed by the jets of sources with steep spectrum from the UTR-2 catalogue. On the average, the environment density for the quasar structure (~ 10-28 g/sm3) is lesser than the one for the galaxies (~ 10-27 g/sm3 to ~ 10-26 g/sm3). The larger jet environment density is typical for the galaxies and quasars with the break steep spectra than for those with the linear steep spectra. The inverse power relation of the jet environment density and the source redshift (the cosmological evolution of the jet environment density) has been derived. The contribution of jet-related radio lobes into the emission of sources displays the inverse power relation for the environment density of the corresponding radio structures. Conclusions: The mean values of obtained estimates of environment density of giant jets of radio sources with steep low-frequency spectra indicate the lesser environment density of quasar jets than that for the galaxy jets. Giant radio sources with steep low-frequency spectrum (especially, with break steep spectrum) reveal considerable evolution of environment density of jets. The larger contribution of radio lobes (jets) into the emission of sources corresponds to the lesser environment density of sources taken from the UTR-2 catalogue. It can be due to propagation of jets (surrounded by radio lobes) from powerful radio sources to distances of about megaparsec, until the balance of source’s environment density and extragalactic environment density is reached.

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Purpose: to present a brief overview of methods for restoring the large-scale structure of the Universe behind the Zone of Avoidance (ZoA) of the Milky Way; to propose a new “algorithm of darning the ZoA” and new approach based on the Generative adversarial network (GAN) to recover galaxy distribution in the ZoA using optical surveys as an additional platform for programming the artificial neural networks. Design/methodology/approach: Due to the extensive monitoring observations in radio (DOGS project, in HI line), infrared (IRAS and 2MASS surveys), and X-ray spectral ranges, the ZoA has been decreased significantly in size and now the obscured part is about 10% of the sky in the visible spectral range. The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) measurements showed a 180° asymmetry known as the dipole: despite the fact that the resulting vector lies within 20° of the observed CMB dipole, the calculations remain highly ambiguous, partly because the galaxies in the ZoA are not taken into account and the concept of “attractors” should be reconsidered. Hence, the analysis of the spatial distribution of galaxies and their groups in the regions surrounding and behind the ZoA of Milky Way remains a complex and unresolved problem, and estimation of the “invisible” content of the spatial galaxy distribution, which is obscured by this absorption zone, becomes a highly actual one. Restoring the ZoA is possible by indirect methods (signal processing applied to obscured and incomplete data; Voronoi tessellation, etc.). These recovery methods, however, work only for large-scale structures in the ZoA; they are practically not sensitive to individual galaxies and small galaxy systems. We suggest the machine learning technique such as the GAN to apply for modeling the “invisible” spatial galaxy distribution behind the ZoA. Findings: We present “the algorithm of darning the ZoA” for dividing the real extragalactic surveys (e.g, the SDSS DR 14 galaxy sample) on the slices by redshifts, stellar magnitudes, coordinates and other parameters to form a training sample, and the general GAN scheme for the ZoA filling. We discuss principal tasks to generate galaxy distributions and their properties in the ZoA from latent space of features and describe how the discriminative network will compare the obtained artificial survey with the real one and evaluate how it is a realistic one. Conclusions: The incompleteness of data depending on wavelengths indicates that there are steal not resolved problems such as the dynamics in the Local Group and the near Universe; the large-scale structure of the Universe in the sky region obscured by the Milky Way; the velocity flow fields towards the Great Attractor; the CMB dipole. Here, we propose a new “algorithm of darning the ZoA” and the general GAN scheme as an additional machine learning platform to recover a spatial distribution behind the ZoA of our Galaxy.

The article analyzes the interpretation of the future, in which the person either does not have a place or is expected by a sad fate. Other past religious interpretations of the future are also being con-sidered. The problem arose only in the culture of the new time, when faith and reason were contrasted and understood as opposing realities, and the universe was interpreted in the spirit of natural sciences, that is, as a physical reality. There were various paradoxes. A vivid example of such paradoxes the author sees in the works of Vadim Kazyutinsky, who studied the concepts of the universe and galaxies. In particular, his research allows us to assert that cosmology by basic parameters should be attributed to a scientific discipline of the humanitarian type, which does not exclude the presence in it of various physical and other natural sciences disciplines. The position of the well-known Russian philosopher Alexey Losev, who points to the boundaries of explanation in the spirit of the natural sciences, is also analyzed. In the second half of the article, alternative scenarios (Vadim Kazyutinsky, Hannah Arendt and the author) are discussed to overcome the pessimistic understanding of the future. For the author it is humanitarian nature of philosophy. For Kazyutinsky, the worldview that the Stoics professed, as well as faith man and humanity. For Hannah Arendt — the clarification of the crisis of our thought and civilization. The conclusion is drawn that the considered vision of reality, characteristic of rationalism and natural sciences, is an alternative, and not one.

Large-scale structure of Universe consists of galaxy clusters connected by filaments. Single filaments can be detected at redshifts up to 0.15. The general characteriscis of X-ray spectra of Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies, that lies outside clusters, are considered in this work. Seyfert 1 AGN's are the main type of X-ray sources in the selected volume. X-ray spectra for 7 new bright galaxies were obtained from XMM-Neton archive.

The influence of galaxy's triaxiality on the form and orientation of closed orbits laying near the central galactic body being modeled by triaxial ellipsoid is investigated. The inclination of closed orbits around a galaxy depends on the galaxy's triaxiality.