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Аннотация. Стабильное питание растений макро- и микроэлементами в количествах, необходимых для их роста, развития, а также формирования урожая в насаждениях многолетних культур (плодовых и винограда) обеспечивает высокую их продуктивность. Это создаёт объективную потребность разработки электронной программы для формирования системы удобрений сельскохозяйственных культур и, в частности, многолетних насаждений в зависимости от урожая, почвенных, а также других факторов, сложившихся в конкретных условиях производства. Применение компьютерной программы по расчёту системы удобрений позволит автоматизировать их расчёт в зависимости от уровней доступности веществ по сезонам, а также способу подкормок, определить правильные нормы их внесения, а также общехозяйственную потребность в прогнозируемый сезон. Корректировка фактического внесения удобрений в виде подкормок в зависимости от результатов листовой диагностики позволит определить особенности удобрения каждого отдельного участка в зависимости от особенностей почвы и объёмов производимой продукции. Расчёт систем удобрений для сельскохозяйственных культур должен включать в себя три основных этапа: доведение содержания основных макро- и микроэлементов, влияющих на продуктивность растений до оптимальных значений, определение и компенсация за счёт подкормок выноса элементов с заданным урожаем, а также корректировка подобранной системы с применением мониторинга концентраций питательных веществ листовой диагностикой. Данный подход позволяет не только обеспечить достаточное содержание доступных для растений элементов питания, но также и выполняет главную функцию сельского хозяйства – обеспечить в своей деятельности поддержание и повышение почвенного плодородия., Consistent nutrition of plants with macro- and microelements in the quantity necessary for their growth and development, as well as crop formation in perennial plantings (fruits and grapes) ensures their high productivity. This creates an objective need to design software for the development of fertilizing system for agricultural crops and, in particular, perennial plantings, depending on the yield, soil and other factors prevailing in particular production conditions. Using of a computer program to calculate fertilizing system will allow you to automate calculations depending on the level of substance availability by season and method of top dressing, as well as to determine the correct application rates and general economic need for the forecasted season. The correction of actual application of fertilizers in the form of top dressings according to the results of foliar diagnostics, will allow determining the characteristics of fertilizing of each individual plot, depending on the soil and volume characteristics of production. The calculation of fertilizing systems for agricultural crops should include three main stages: adjusting the content of basic macro- and microelements affecting the plant productivity to optimal values, determining and compensating by top dressing the removal of elements with a yield, as well as adjusting the selected system with monitoring of nutrient concentrations using foliar diagnostics. This approach does not only ensure a sufficient content of available nutrients, but also performs the main function of agriculture - to ensure in its activities the support and increase of soil fertility., Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, Выпуск 2 (124) 2023, Pages 163-169

Малина (Rubus idaeus L.) является традиционной ягодной культурой в России. Выращивание саженцев перспективных сортов малины в контейнерной технологии позволяет продлить срок реализации посадочного материала, а также высаживать растения в грунт на протяжении всего вегетационного периода. Для получения качественного посадочного материала необходимо подобрать удобрения, которые при контейнерном выращивании будут положительно влиять на параметры надземной и подземной частей саженцев. По этой причине в эксперименте мы использовали удобрения нового поколения. По результатам исследований установлено, что число побегов у сортов и при использовании различных удобрений достоверно не различаются. Доказано значимое влияние сортовых особенностей, удобрений и взаимодействия факторов на объем корневой системы. На суммарную длину побегов существенно влияют сортовые особенности. Максимальные объем корневой системы (640 мл) и длина побегов (136,8 см) установлены у сорта Vajolet. У Georgia длина побегов (90,3 см) и объем корней (399 мл) оказались минимальными. Наилучший эффект на объем корневой системы оказало удобрение Osmocote (766 мл). Наименее эффективным для развития корневой системы оказалось удобрение для плодово-ягодных культур (374 мм). У Vajolet и Przehyba с внесением Osmocote корни имели наибольший объем (902 мл и 827 мл). Наихудшее развитие корневой системы у Georgia с удобрением для плодово-ягодных культур (190 мл) и ОМУ (298 мл), у Przehyba с ОМУ (303 мл)., Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is a traditional berry crop in Russia. Cultivation of seedlings of promising raspberry varieties in container technology allows extending the period of planting material, as well as to plant in the ground throughout the vegetation period. In order to obtain high-quality planting material, it is necessary to select fertilizers that will have a positive effect on the parameters of the above-ground and underground parts of the seedlings during container cultivation. For this reason, we used a new generation of fertilizers in the experiment. According to the results of the research, it was found that the number of shoots in the varieties when using different fertilizers do not differ greatly. A significant effect of variety features, fertilizers and interaction of factors on the volume of the root system has been proved. The total length of shoots is significantly influenced by varietal characteristics. The maximum root system volume (640 ml) and shoot length (136,8 cm) were established in the variety Vajolet. In Georgia the shoot length (90,3 cm) and root volume (399 ml) were minimal. Osmocote fertilizer (766 ml) had the best effect on root system volume. Fertilizer for fruit crops was the least effective for root system development (374 mm). Vajolet and Przehyba with Osmocote had the highest root volume (902 ml and 827 ml). The worst root system development in Georgia with fruit-berry fertilizer (190 ml) and OMU (298 ml), in Przehyba with OMU (303 ml)., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 12 (126) 2022

The current paper has presented the study results on the effect of biological products and microelement fertilizers ‘Organomix’ on productivity of the maize hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 354MV’ carried out in laboratory for cultivation technologies of row crops (FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”) in 2019–2020. The soil in the experimental plot was favorable for the cultivation of corn, containing 3.36% of humus in the arable layer, 24.4 mg of mobile phosphorus, and 360 mg of exchangeable potassium per 1 kg of soil. The soil pH was 7.0. The study was carried out to estimate the effect of the use of biological products for seed treatment and microelement fertilizers ‘Organomix’ for plant treatment on productivity and economic efficiency of maize cultivation. There was low moisture content of sowings during the period of the trial. There was established an uneven distribution of precipitation, the value of the hydrothermal coefficient was less than 1 (0.64 in 2019 and 0.65 in 2020), which indicated the dryness of the vegetation period. The studied biological products and microelement fertilizers influenced the yield structure elements. The applied biological products and microelement fertilizers ‘Organomix’ improved survival rate of plants before harvesting (the plant density was 4.39–4.54 pcs/m2). There was increase of grain productivity indicators, namely cob weight ranged from 112.9 to 125.7 g, grain weight per ear varied from 94.4 to 104.8 g and 1000-grain weight was 221.2–231.4 g. The improvement of the yield structure elements increased grain productivity on 0.25–0.77 t/ha. Economic efficiency showed that the use of biological products and microelement fertilizers raised the conditional net income to the level of 28 061–34 821 rubles/ha, profitability up to 167.6–201.8% and reduced production costs to 4640–5231 rubles/t.

It was noted that when forming the configurations of an unmanned aerial system for pesticide and fertilizer application, it is necessary to take into account the interdependence of unmanned and ground-based aerial systems. (Research purpose) To develop the configurations of an unmanned aerial system for pesticide and fertilizer application. (Materials and methods) The authors used Methodological recommendations on the use of chemicals in the precision farming system (VIM), regulatory and technical documentation for unmanned aerial systems. (Results and discussion) The authors developed a flowchart of the algorithm for forming the configurations of a helicopter type unmanned aerial system for fertilizer and pesticide application, including the formation of both unmanned and ground-based aerial systems. The authors calculated the aerodynamic characteristics of an unmanned coaxial rotor aircraft with a take-off weight of 280 kilograms and a payload of 100 kilograms. A modular-designed sprayer was offered. The authors substantiated the structure of the ground-based aerial complex in the form of a mobile transporter-tanker with a basic transport platform, lifting and transporting and refueling modules, and a universal ground control panel for the pilot-operator. (Conclusions) The authors formed reasonable configurations of a helicopter type unmanned aerial system for pesticide and fertilizer differentiated application in the precision farming system. Aircraft performance limitations were identified for the application of fertilizers and pesticides by a helicopter type unmanned aerial vehicle: the payload of at least 100 kilograms, the operating altitude of 1.0-1.5 meters when bypassing the agricultural field topography and avoiding possible obstacles, the operating airspeed kept below 60 kilometers per hour, automatic take-off and landing on a limited area, autoflight at the speed of 60 kilometers per hour at a one meter altitude in a tacking mode. It was showed that the static ceiling margin, without taking the earth influence into account, with a 280-kilogram flight mass, is 1300 meters, which allows flying in mountainous areas, for example, for the treatment of vineyards with pesticides.

Experience shows that for the irrigation of intensive gardens, various types of equipment and technologies are used, such as continuous irrigation (invasive), drip irrigation, subsurface irrigation and other methods. All irrigation options have some shortcomings, such as water evaporation, high water consumption, high consumption of mineral fertilizers and energy. (Research purpose) To develop an automated system for subsurface irrigation of intensive gardens with groundwater using electric pumps and solar panels, and to create a mathematical model of soil moisture distribution. (Materials and methods) Special devices shaped as pegs were designed to supply water with dissolved mineral fertilizers directly into the root system of intensive gardens. The authors investigated the pegs’ geometric parameters and the criteria for their placement in the soil, taking into account the consumption of water and nutrients. The authors examined soil mechanical composition and salinity as well as its physical and mechanical, technological properties. (Results and discussion) It was found out that the installation of the peg facilitates soil moisturizing through the central pipeline within the radius of 1.55-1.75 meters at the depth of 0.7-0.9 meters. Three-four pegs, being equidistant from each other and inclined in relation to the vertical axis by 20-30 degrees, were placed around a tree. Water consumption was determined for various irrigation methods: for furrow irrigation (control) – 1125.7 cubic meters per hectare, for continuous irrigation (invasive) – 1812.3 cubic meters per hectare, for drip irrigation – 618.6 and subsurface irrigation – 506.4 cubic meters per hectare. (Conclusions) Based on the results of the experimental study carried out in farms with intensive gardens using various irrigation methods, continuous irrigation (invasive), drip irrigation and subsurface irrigation were compared in terms of water consumption. The results show that drip irrigation and subsurface irrigation ensure less water consumption than flood irrigation, by 46 per cent and 57 per cent respectively. It was found out that subsurface irrigation ensures 57 per cent water and 25-35 per cent mineral fertilizer economy, in comparison with the other methods of providing trees with water and nutrients.

The current paper has presented the results of the estimation of productivity of the winter wheat varieties ‘Krasa Dona’, ‘Polina’ and ‘Yubiley Dona’ when using liquid complex fertilizers ‘Strada N + Mono Sulfur (S)’, ‘Strada P + Mono Sulfur (S)’ and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’. The treatment of winter wheat plants was carried out in the form of foliar top-dressings in the stages of tillering and stem extension. The study was carried out on the basis of the FSBSI “Agri- cultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2019-2020. The trials were laid in the crop rotation of the laboratory for primary seed production and seed study. The purpose was to study the effect of liquid complex fertilizers on the productivity of the studied winter wheat varieties. When using fertilizers for all varieties, there was a tendency to an increase in the density of the productive stand on 18-61 pcs/m2 in comparison with the control. The variety ‘Krasa Dona’ showed the best indicators of the traits ‘number of grains per head’, ‘grain weight per head’ and ‘1000 grain weight’ being fertilized with ‘Strada N + S’ (43 pcs., 2.19 g and 45.7 g) and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (46 pcs., 2.30 g and 46.5 g). The variety ‘Polina’ showed good results after being treated with ‘Strada P + S’ (48 pcs., 2.30 g and 42.1 g) and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (51 pcs., 2.43 g and 42.4 g). The variety ‘Yubiley Dona’ showed the greatest increase of the trait ‘number of grains’ with the fertilizer ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’. The trait ‘1000 grains weight’ had an increase of 2.3 g, and ‘grain weight per head’ was 0.29 g. The treatment with fertilizers did not affect the trait ‘plant height’. The highest productivity of the variety ‘Krasa Dona’ was obtained when being fertilized with ‘Strada N + S’ (9.4 t / ha) and ‘Diforma Silicon-potassium’ (9.5 t/ha); the productivity of the variety ‘Polina’ increased after ‘Strada P + S’ (8.8 t/ha) and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (9.1 t/ha), and the productivity of the variety ‘Yubiley Dona’ increased after ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (8.9 t/ha). The maximum economic effect (19080 rubles/ha) with 9.5 t/ha of productivity was obtained from the variety ‘Krasa Dona’ after the treatment with the fertilizer ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’. The experimental results have shown that the use of complex fertilizers has a positive effect on the productivity of winter wheat plants.

Aim.To analyse the patterns of ascorbic acid content in the green mass of Galega orientalis (Galega orientalis Lam.), Gale variety, cultivated under introductory conditions to develop an effective method for increasing feed production.Material and Methods. The influence of the following factors on the accumulation of ascorbic acid in plants was considered: pre‐sowing seed preparation, the presence of a cover crop (pea), cultivation conditions, meteorological factors and the biological age of the grass stand over a three‐year period.Results. It was established that the plant mass of Galega orientalis is a source of ascorbic acid after plants enter the generative phase of development with predominant localization of vitamins in the leaves (96%). Patterns were revealed of ascorbic acid accumulation in the green phytomass of Galega orientalis depending on average daily temperature during the vegetation period (r = ‐0.69) and specific leaf surface (r = ‐0.83‐0.88). Conclusion. The data obtained also indicate a statistically significant positive effect of using Baikal‐EM1 microbiological fertilizer for seed inoculation during preparation for sowing, and a negative effect of the cover crop on the accumulation of ascorbic acid in the plant mass of Galega orientalis in its virginal and generative periods of development.

The results of the research were obtained in 2019-2020 on sod-podzolic middle-loam soil in the conditions of EuroNorth-East of the Russian Federation. There were studied 18 variants of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers in the range from 30 to 150 kg of active ingredient per hectare. Under the conditions of 2019 growing season, nitrogen fertilizers influenced the value of yield of Novichok barley variety to a greater extent (Y = 0.67 - 0. 11x2 + 1.33x, R2 = 0.92), in 2020 - phosphorus fertilizers (Y = 1.48 - 0.02x2 + 0.48x, R2 = 0.99). On average, over 2 years of research, the yield in the control variant without the use of fertilizers was 0.87 t/ha. Yield increase of barley grains because of enlarged fertilizer doses ranged from 1.38 to 3.90 t/ha. The payback of 1 kg of active ingredient of fertilizers with increase of barley yield decreased due to enlarged doses: from 15.3 (N30P30K30) to 8.3 kg (N150P150K150). On average for two years of the research the increasing doses and ratios of mineral fertilizers had no significant effect on technological properties of spring barley seeds. The content of crude protein in grain grew with increase in fertilizer doses (r = 0.55). To obtain grain of the 2nd class of quality it is necessary to apply not less than 90 kg of active ingredient/hectare of ammonium nitrate. According to the content of crude cellulose, the 1st class of grain quality has been obtained, and this indicator did not depend on the application of fertilizers. High profitability of cultivation of the Novichok spring barley variety (from 54.2 to 59.1 %) has been recorded by application of mineral fertilizers in doses N60P60N120, N60P60K60 and N120P120K120.

The study of the effect of the chelate complex “Akvarin 5” on grain productivity and quality was conducted on sodpodzolic soil in 2017-2019. The objects of the study were the spring wheat varieties ‘Daria’ (a standard), ‘Sudarynya’, ‘Ladya’, ‘Kamenka’. The purpose of the study was to determine the efficiency of the water-soluble mineral fertilizer with a complex of microelements “Akvarin 5”, produced by the local industry, on grain productivity and quality of various spring wheat varieties. The highest grain productivity was obtained with the use of mineral fertilizers in combination with additional fertilizing of 3 kg/ha of “Akvarin 5”. The productivity increase was 0.53–0.64 t/ha with 0.19–0.24 t/ha of НСР0.5 in comparison with the control. Spring wheat additional fertilizing with water-soluble fertilizer in its pure form increased protein in grain on 0.27–0.94% in comparison with the control, and when fertilizing “Akvarin 5” according to the N26P38K38 background, this indicator increased to 9.69–11.09%. When treating sowings with 1.5 and 3.0 kg/ha of “Akvarin 5” in its pure form, gluten content in grain increased to 18.71–20.30% in all varieties (in the control it was 17.71–18.91%). Treating of growing plants with “Akvarin 5” against the background of mineral fertilizers promoted the varieties to form grain with 19.89–21.26% of gluten. When treating spring wheat sowings with the water-soluble complex “Akvarin 5”, the cost of grain reduced by 14.4–17.5%, profitability raised on 17.7–22.6 in comparison with the control.

The field trials were carried out in 2018-2019 in the laboratory for cultivation technology of row crops of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (Zernograd). The experimental plot was located in the southern agricultural zone of the Rostov region (with insufficient and unstable moisture). The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem) on loess-like loam, with 3.2% of humus, 18.5-20.0 mg of P2O5, 342-360 mg of K2O per kg of soil. The value of the hydrothermal coefficient in the years of research ranged from 0.27 to 0.66, which characterized the insufficient moisture supply of the vegetation period. The purpose of the current work was to study the effect of biological products and bioorganic fertilizer “Nagro” on the productivity of the mid-ripening hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 354 MB'. The applied bio products had a significant effect on the safety of plants for harvesting, which was at the level of 86.6-87.9% and indicators of the yield structure, where there was a significant improvement in comparison with the control variant on 7.2-26.2 g of a cob weight, 6.0-19.75 g of kernel weight per cob, 19.2-32.3 g of 1000-kernel weight. The productivity increase due to the use of bio products ranged in 0.18-0.56 t/ha. The most energetically efficient variants of the trial were the use of the bioorganic fertilizer “Nagro” and the biological product “Flavobacterin”, where the minimum values of the energy intensity of the product were 4.55 GJ/ha (“Nagro”) and the maximum energy efficiency coefficient was 2.39 GJ/ha (“Flavobacterin”). When using the bioorganic fertilizer “Nagro”, there was the largest net income of 20 343 rubles/ha, with the smallest production cost of 3487 rubles/ha and the highest profitability level of 158%.

The studies were carried out in 2018-2019 in the conditions of the Kirov region on sod-podzolic middle loam soil formed on the eluvia of Perm clays. The range of fertilizer doses in the long-term stationary experiment varied from 30 to 150 kg a.i. (active ingredient). With increase in fertilizer doses, the yield of winter rye of Grafinya variety grew from 3.44 t/ha at the dose of P 60 K 60 to 5.94 t/ha at the dose of N 150 P 150 K 150 . Significant addition of grain yield was obtained in all variants except P 60 , K 60 and K 120 . Maximum addition of grain yield to the control without fertilizers were obtained in variants with application of 120 and 150 kg a.i. /ha NPK − 3.87-4.11 t/ha (LSD 05 = 1.2 t/ha). In 2019 the yield of rye varied from 2.65 t/ha in the control variant to 7.08 t/ha by application of a maximum dose of N 150 P 150 K 150 . In 2018 it varied from 1.01 t/ha to 4.81 t/ha, respectively, which was 1.5-2.6 times less, as during the period of grain formation that year the amount of precipitation was 135% from the norm. The highest payback of 1 kg a.i. of mineral fertilizers was obtained by application of ammonium nitrate N 60 −42.5 kg of grain. Test weight of grain was significantly higher under favorable growing conditions of 2019 and varied from 696 to 728 g/l. With the increase in doses of mineral fertilizers, there was a tendency to decrease the test weight of grain. The 1000-grain mass of winter rye did not depend on the use of fertilizers and was in the range of 28-33 grams. The content of raw protein in the grain grew with increasing doses of fertilizers, but mainly the grain of the third class of quality with the protein content of 88.1 to 110 g/kg was obtained. Bakery qualities depended on the conditions of moisture supply during grain maturation: in 2018 grain of the second and third commodity classes was obtained, in 2019 – that of the fourth class. If full fertilizer was applicated in the dose N 30 Р 30 К 30 , prime cost of 1 ton of grain was 3.663 rubles with a total profitability of 91.1 %. Application of ammonium nitrate alone in the dose of N 60 provided profitability of 156.2 %.

In the field studies of 2018…2019, the influence of macronutrients and weather conditions on pigment complex of leaves of meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.) Dymkovsky variety was assessed. The study was carried out in grainfallow-grass crop rotation in the conditions of Kirov region. Leaf samples (fully developed second or third leaf from above) were taken in the flowering phase, and the chlorophyll and carotenoids content were measured spectrophotometrically under laboratory conditions. It has been found that the content of pigments in the leaves of meadow clover depended mostly on weather conditions of the year of cultivation. The concentration of green pigments (Chl a+b) in clover leaves was in the range of 15.34...19.05 in the conditions of warmer and dry 2018 and 11.47...14.10 mg/g dry matter in colder and humid year of 2019. Chl a accounted for 9.64...11.36 and 6.67...7.98 mg/g (2018 and 2019, respectively). Colder conditions promoted an increase in the ratio of Chl a associated with light-harvesting complexes (from 69…78 up to 89…96 %). Weight content of carotenoids was 2.69...3.12 and 1.52…1.88 mg/g in 2018 and 2019, respectively, and correlated with the content of a total chlorophyll (r = 0.53…0.82). The weight ratio of chlorophylls a/b (1.54... 1.75 in 2018 and 1.18... 1.47 in 2019) indicates a lack of insolation in the conditions of mutually shading of leaves of the created phytocenosis. However, the weight ratio of the sum of chlorophylls to carotenoids (5.7... 6.7 in 2018 and 6.86... 9.65 in 2019) suggests that this abiotic factor has not led to disorders in the structure of the photosynthetic leaf apparatus. Weather conditions considerably modified influence of fertilizers on pigment synthesis: in 2018, nitrogen fertilizers reduced the content of chlorophylls by 11…22 %, full mineral fertilizer on acid soil background led to decrease in the content of pigments by 6.7…11.7 %. In colder conditions of 2019 nitrogen fertilizers did not influence the content of pigments, full mineral fertilizer increased the content of Chl a by 14.1…17.8 %, carotinoids – by 18.2…25.4 %. In the conditions of 2019 the content of Chl a significantly depended on nitrogen content in leaves (r = 0.52…0.92) and correlated with phosphorus level in the soil: for Chl a – r = 0.74 and 0.54, for Chl b r = 0.73 and 0.75 (acid soil background and soil background with lime application, respectively).

Increasing the efficiency of direct strip sowing of grass seeds by means of seeders with active furrow openers is possible when seed and fertilizer working bodies are removed from the zone of operation of disk milling cutters. A structural andtechnological scheme of the coulter group of the sod seeder for strip sowing is proposed, which consists of a milling furrowopener, fertilizer and seed coulters mounted on leashes in the form of torsion spring trailers, and a rolling roller. To ensurehigh quality multilevel sowing of grass seeds and granules of mineral fertilizers, it is necessary at the design stage to determine the length of the fertilizer coulter sides, which prevent premature shedding of soil from the furrow walls until the mineral fertilizer granules reach the bottom of the furrow, and the minimum allowable distance between the fertilizer and seedcoulters, which allows to cover the granules of mineral fertilizers with soil completely while maintaining the compact designof the coulter group. In the course of theoretical research, mathematical dependences were obtained to determine the rationalparameters and operating modes of the coulter group of the proposed design, which will ensure a minimum spread of mineralfertilizer granules over the depth of incorporation and a high stability of the soil layer thickness between mineral fertilizergranules and grass seeds. Rational parameters of the coulter group of the proposed design are determined for the range ofoperating speeds of the sod seeder for strip sowing: angle at the apex of the shank fertilizer coulter in the horizontal planeis 15-20º, the length of the fertilizer coulter sides is 0.040-0.045 m, the width of the fertilizer coulter bell is 0.02 m, minimumpermissible distance between the fertilizer and seed coulters is 0.14-0.16 м.

Technology for the production and use of new multiple slow-release fertilizers from clay-salt waste (sludge) remaining as a result of potassium fertilizers production from natural K-Mg ores, is elaborated in Perm Federal Research Center. The main processes in the technology are waste enrichment and subsequent high-temperature calcination of the enriched concentrate. As a result, the product, received the name the calcine of clay-salt sludge, was formed having the properties of multiple slow-release fertilizer and ameliorant. Laboratory and field experiments on the calcine use as a potassium fertilizer were fulfilled. The studied crops were spring wheat, barley, and potato. The experimental scheme included such treatments: control (without fertilizers), NP – background; NP + KCl and NP + calcine. The use of calcine for grain crops (wheat, barley) on the NP background promoted the yield gains by 1.7–1.9 t/ha compared with the control, the use of standard NPK fertilizers – by 1.8–2.0 t/ha, the difference was within the error of the experiment (HCP 05 = 0.21; 0.38 t/ha). The content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the grain and straw of both crops in the treatments using calcine was approximately equal to the variants using standard fertilizer and significantly higher compared to the control. Differences between calcine treatments were not significant. The application of N 90 P 90 and full mineral fertilizer (N 90 P 90 K 90 ) contributed to the yield increase of potato tubers by 1.43–4.51 t/ha respectively. The use of unconventional potassium fertilizer – calcine on the background of NP was not inferior in efficiency to the use of traditional fertilizer – potassium chloride. The quality parameters of the potato crop (dry matter and starch content in tubers, the content of heavy metals) were also not inferior compared to the use of traditional potassium fertilizer. The use of calcine for potato and cereals in rates equal to K 60-120 did not lead to deterioration of the fertility indicators of sod-podzolic soil. Upon receipt of the cinder, one can use the additional unlimited set of components. In other words, this is a conceptual model for creating new types of mineral fertilizers with desired properties for different soil and climatic conditions and crops with different requirements for mineral nutrition.

Основной характеристикой качества сахарной свеклы является содержание сахара в корнеплодах. За счет применения традиционных минеральных удобрений можно повысить урожайность, а на уровень дигестии они не влияют. Использование кремнийсодержащих препаратов (цеолита, диатомита) позволяет повысить как урожайность, так и сахаристость сахарной свеклы, однако для достижения эффекта требуются высокие дозы, что ограничивает их практическое применение. Препараты серии «Bris Fito» содержат в 3-5,9 раз больше водорастворимого активного кремния, что позволяет снизить вводимые дозы. Полевые исследования действия кремниевого удобрения «BriS Fito» на культуру сахарной свеклы показали, что при норме 50–200 кг/га увеличивалась как урожайность (с 47,5 до 64,7 т/га), так и содержание сахара (с 16,3 до 22,5 %) в корнеплодах., The main qualitative parameter of sugar beet is the sugar content. The use of traditional mineral fertilizers can lead to an increase in yield and, but not to an increase in sugar in root crops. The use of silicon-rich materials (zeolite, diatomite) makes it possible to increase both yield and sugar content, however, their using usually demand high rate for application, which limits their practical use. The Si fertilizer "Bris Fito" contains 3-5.9 times higher content of active Si, which allows the use of traditional rates for application. Field studies of the Si fertilizer "Bris Fito" on sugar beet has demonstrated that at rate 50-200 kg/ha, both the yield (from 47.5 to 64.7 t/ha) and the sugar content (from 16.3 to 22.5%) increases., Сахарная свекла, Выпуск 8 2022

В статье предложена оригинальная конструкция комбинированного орудия для обработки почвы с внесением удобрений, способного повысить качество крошения почвенных глыб и выравненность поверхности поля. The article proposes an original design of a combined tool for tillage with the introduction of fertilizers, which can improve the quality of crumbling of soil blocks and the alignment of the field surface.

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На опытной станции имени Кирова – филиал «ФГБНУ ФАНЦ РД» изучена продуктивность новых перспективных сортов озимой пшеницы (Гром, Васса, Сила, Таня), селекции «НЦЗ имени П.П. Лукъяненко». Почва опытного участка лугово-каштановая тяжелосуглинистая. Цель исследований заключалась в изучении элементов ресурсосбережения высокоурожайных сортов озимой пшеницы в условиях орошения равнинной зоны Дагестана. Сорта озимой пшеницы высевали на трех уровнях минерального питания: 1- без удобрения (контроль); 2 - N90P50 (N10P50 аммофоса под основную обработку, N30 аммиачной селитры - в фазе кущения, N30- выхода в трубку, N20 карбамида - в фазе колошения; 3- N180P100 (N20P100 под основную обработку, N60- в фазе кущения, N60- в фазе выхода в трубку, N40- в фазе колошения). Изучали две системы обработки почвы: система поливного полупара (контроль), влагозарядковый полив вслед за уборкой озимой пшеницы с использованием оставшейся после предшественника оросительной сети нормой 1200 м3/га; б) 2 - 3 дискования по мере отрастания сорняков (июль-август); в) отвальная вспашка на 20-22 см в начале второй декады сентября; г) продольно – поперечные дискования с одновременным боронованием во второй декаде сентября; полупаровая система обработки почвы – а) лущение стерни на глубину 6 – 8 см; б) отвальная вспашка на 20-22 см в третьей декаде июля; в) выравнивание поверхности почвы малой - выравнивателем; г) полив нормой 1200 м3/га в третьей декаде августа; д) дискование с одновременным боронованием. Новизна исследований состоит в том, что впервые в условиях Терско-Сулакской подпровинции Дагестана, экспериментальным путем установлена оптимальная доза минеральных удобрений под озимую пшеницу и определена адаптивная система обработки лугово-каштановой почвы в условиях орошения. Исследования показали, что наиболее высокую урожайность 7,6 т/га, в среднем за 2013-2015 гг., обеспечил сорт Гром, при внесении повышенной дозы минеральных удобрений (N180P100) на фоне полупаровой системы обработки почвы. На контрольном варианте урожайность составила (сорт Таня) 5,6 т/га. Другие сорта также уступали сорту Гром по урожайности зерна в оптимальном варианте: Васса на 1,1 т/га, Сила на 1,4 т/га. Однако в экономическом отношении наиболее эффективной оказалась доза N90P50, где чистого дохода получено на 1200 руб. больше, чем в варианте, где получен наиболее высокий урожай зерна (7,6 т/га)., In the Kirov experimental station - a branch of the "FSBSI FASC RD" the productivity of new promising varieties of winter wheat (Grom, Vassa, Sila, Tanya), selection "NHZ named after P.P. Lukyanenko" was studied. The soil of the experimental site is meadow-chestnut heavy loamy. The purpose of the research was to study the elements of resource saving of high-yielding varieties of winter wheat in the irrigation conditions of the plain zone of Dagestan. Winter wheat varieties were sown at three levels of mineral nutrition: 1- without fertilizer (control); 2 - N90P50 (N10P50 ammophos for main treatment, N30 ammonium nitrate - in the tillering phase, N30 - exit into the tube, N20 - in the earing phase; 3 - N180P100 (N20P100 for main treatment, N60 - in the tillering phase, N60 - in the tube outlet phase, N40 - in the earing phase). Two soil treatment systems were studied: irrigation semi-evaporation system (control), moisture-charging irrigation after harvesting winter wheat using the norm of 1200 m3 / ha remaining after the predecessor; b) 2 - 3 disks as the weeds grow (July-August); c) dump ploughing by 20-22 cm at the beginning of the second decade of September; d) longitudinal -transverse disking with simultaneous harrowing in the second decade of September; semi-steam tillage system – a) peeling of stubble to a depth of 6 – 8 cm; b) dump ploughing by 20-22 cm in the third decade of July; c) leveling of the surface of the soil with a small leveler; d) watering with a rate of 1200 m3 / ha in the third decade of August; e) disking with simultaneous harrowing. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time in the conditions of the Tersk-Sulak subprovince of Dagestan, the optimal dose of mineral fertilizers for winter wheat was established experimentally and an adaptive system for processing meadow-chestnut soil under irrigation conditions was determined. Studies have shown that the highest yield of 7.6 tons / ha, on average for 2013-2015, was provided by the Grom variety, with the introduction of an increased dose of mineral fertilizers (N180P100) against the background of a semi-steam tillage system. On the control version, the yield was (Tanya variety) 5.6 t / ha. Other varieties were also inferior to the Grom variety in terms of grain yield in the optimal version: Vassa by 1.1 t / ha, Sila by 1.4 t / ha. However, in economic terms, the dose of N90P50 turned out to be the most effective, where the net income was obtained by 1200 rubles. more than in the version where the highest grain yield was obtained (7.6 tons / ha)., Горное сельское хозяйство, Выпуск 6 2022

Aim. The purpose of the research is to quantify the agroecological response of plants and the bio‐productivity of crops to irrigation using electrochemical water treatment technology. Material and Methods. The study was carried out using the tomato (Solanum lycoparsicum, hybrid Pink Paradise F1) in a protected ground culture as an example. The experimental site is located in the dry‐steppe zone of light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region (48о56΄46˝N44о51΄45˝E). The magnitude of the electrochemically initiated shift of the redox potential of irrigation water and the options for combining the use of electrochemically treated water were taken as variable experimental factors. Results. It was established that the magnitude of the electrochemically initiated shift of the redox potential of irrigation water has a predominant effect on the estimated biometric indicators: the coefficient of variation of the indicators for this factor reached 9.5‐38.0%. The influence of the method of using electrochemically treated water is estimated at 4.12‐10.24%, but regarding net assimilation the significance of this factor is not statistically proven. The highest estimates of linear growth – 2.21 m, maximum leaf area – 43.4 thousand m2/ha, accumulated biomass – 13.39 t/ha, photosynthetic potential – 3617 thousand m2 days/ha and tomato biological yield – 140.0 t/ha, obtained by the combined use of a catholyte for vegetation and fertilizer irrigation with an electrochemically initiated shift of the redox potential (‐500) mV. Conclusion. The studies have proved the statistical significance of the biometric response of tomato plants to the use of water with electrochemically altered redox potential for vegetation and fertilizer irrigation.

The paper discusses the results of long-term research in the competitive variety testing of the sainfoin variety ‘Shuravi’, introduced into the State List of breeding achievements and approved for use in 2019 in the North Caucasus and Nizhne-Volga regions of Russia.The sainfoin variety ‘Shuravi’ is a complex hybrid species obtained by the methods of individual-family selection and polycross followed by massive negative selection. According to the most morphological and biological characteristics, the variety has been assigned to the Transcaucasian species. The plants are of tall height (95-105 cm). The bush is semi-upright (40%), upright (40%) and semi-sprawling (20%). The root system is vertical with a well-defined main root. The stalk is rough, thick and hollow inside. The kernels are of medium size, mainly with spines. 1000 kernel weight is 18–20 g. The vegetation period ‘sprouts – full ripeness’ is 85–90 days, and the mowing ripeness of the green mass is 45–55 days. According to resistance to major diseases, the variety is not inferior to the standard variety ‘Zernogradsky 2’. The productivity of ‘Shuravi’ green mass during the State variety testing was on 9.6% higher than that of the standard variety, dry matter was on 14.7% higher and seed productivity was on 17.6% higher. In the following years of study in a competitive variety testing, the variety ‘Shuravi’ exceeded the standard variety on 10.3% in green mass productivity and on 9.8% in dry matter. According to the yield of fodder units per 1 hectare, raw and digestible protein, the variety exceeded the standard on 17.0, 15.7 and 16.1% respectively. Exchange energy content per 1 kg of dry matter and supply of a fodder unit with digestible protein in the variety ‘Shuravi’ was at the standard level.The use of the sainfoin variety ‘Shuravi’ as a green fertilizer makes it possible to cover fresh standard organic matter on 9.8–14.7% and nitrogen on 1.8–2.4 kg more compared with the standard; the percentage of phosphorus and potassium is the same as with the standard variety ‘Zernogradsky 2’. In general, when using sainfoin green mass as green manure, soil is supplied with much more such basic nutrients as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium than when applying the same amount of good quality manure.

The article summarizes the results of research conducted in the long-term field trial on black leached soil in 2016-2018. The study dealt with the effect of macro - and microfertilizers applied separately and jointly on the background of soil liming (0.5 and 1.0 h.a.) on the yield of smooth brome and alfalfa changeable in the Republic of Mordovia. Microfertilizers were presented by liquid fertilizer Forsazh (micro). Analysis of perennial grasses productivity showed that in variants without the use of chemicals legume crops (5.52 t/ha) had an advantage over the smooth brome (2.99 t/ha or 54.2%) in dry matter yield. The use of chemicals in alfalfa sowings raised the yield per area unit by 0.86-2.24 t/ha, in cereal grasses – by 0.56-4.83 t/ha. There was observed a positive role of Forsazh (micro) use, which was demonstrated by 0.10 t/ha increase in alfalfa (LSD05 0.05 t/ha), and 0.07 t/ha increase in smooth brome (LSD05 0.07 t/ha) as compared with the background without use of microelements (6.89 and 5.60 t/ha, respectively). The economic analysis showed the highest profitability when cultivating alfalfa in variants with application of complete fertilizer with a dose of nitrogen 50 kg active ingredient/hectare (a.i./ha), smooth brome in variants with application of complete fertilizer with a dose of nitrogen 80 kg a.i./ha (113% and 107%; 88% and 85% without the use of Forsazh and using it, respectively). Recommended doses of mineral fertilizers for perennial grasses should be applied using treatment of crops with liquid mineral fertilizer.